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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.322 Entrepreneurship Development among Rural Women in Bangalore Rural District of Karnataka, India A.M. Maruthesha1*, D. Vijayalakshmi2 and Pritham2 1 Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere - 577219 (Karnataka), India Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru (Karnataka), India 2 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Entrepreneurship, Finger millet, Self help groups and value addition Article Info Accepted: 20 April 2018 Available Online: 10 May 2018 The present study on entrepreneurship development among rural women was conducted in selected villages of Bangalore rural district in Karnataka state. The selected villages were Heggadehalli of Doddballapur taluk and Venkatahalli of Devanahalli taluk during the year 2013-14. The data was collected from the 200 rural women using semi structured interview schedule. The collected data was analysed using appropriate statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that, the total production of finger millet malt for two years was 12,288 kg, followed by hurihittu 3,456 kg and malt chocolate 144 kg. The cost for finger millet malt at household level was Rs. 4,74,316 (Rs. 38.6/kg), hurihittu Rs. 3,28,320 (Rs. 95/kg) and malt chocolate Rs. 39,456 (Rs. 274/kg). The total selling cost of finger millet malt was Rs. 9,83,040 (Rs. 80/kg), hurihittu Rs. 51,8,400 (Rs. 150/kg) and malt chocolate 64,800 (Rs. 450/kg), with net profit of Rs. 35,961 from the three products. Majority of the SHG members marketed the value added products through retail shops, medical shops, Krishimela, field days, exhibitions and by direct sales. Initially majority of the rural SHG women were in medium income group (54%) followed by 36 per cent in low income group and only 10 per cent were in high income group. Noticeable improvements was observed after the intervention programme i.e., 62 per cent of them were in medium income group, 24 per cent in high income group and only 14 per cent were low income group (Rs. <2,000). Introduction Processing of agricultural commodities is very much essential and important step in value addition. Majority of rural women are still depending on traditional method of processing which is time consuming, labour intensive, resulting in inferior quality output. These manual physical methods like cleaning, sorting, separating, sieving and milling etc., involve drudgery to women besides their other farming and family activities. SHG women are lacking in value addition, improved processing technology and machinery usage within easy reach, even for basic cleaning and milling facilities and transport to far places. Rural women are very poor in value addition activities even today most of the food grains sold to local market without scientific cleaning for soil, mud and stones, choppy grains and 2771 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 glums and getting poor price. The uneven size grading and milling leads to poor milling recovery and inferior output. Graded foods grains and their end products fetch better price in market. In this scenario, the farmer and farm women need to be educated in value addition before processing, marketing or consuming. Entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in economic development. However, the women entrepreneurs are considered to be the most important economic agents for the economic augmentation of any country. It is a wellknown fact that women have played and continued to play key role in conservation of basic life support systems. Hence, entrepreneurship development is a possible approach to empower women. A women as an entrepreneur is economically more powerful than as mere worker, because ownership not only confers control over assets but also gives her the freedom to take decision. This would also uplift her social status in society. The Self Help Groups(SHG) in rural India are causing a silent revolution not only in terms of providing micro credit but also by contributing in other forms to make the agriculture sustainable (Savitha et al., 2009). Empowering women needs a holistic approach to encourage their participation in decision making in the household, community and local domestic sectors and prepare women to take up leadership position in agricultural activities. In this backdrop, the present study was undertaken to know the Entrepreneurship development among rural women in Bangalore rural district of Karnataka in value addition and processing of agricultural products for sustainable income and development. Materials and Methods The present study on socio-economic characteristics, food habits and dietary intake of rural women was conducted in selected villages of Bangalore rural district in Karnataka state. The selected villages were Heggadehalli of Doddballapur taluk and Venkatahalli of Devanahalli taluk during the year 2013-14. The villages selected come in the frame work of the project on “Partnering with higher education in India for improving nutritional quality of food by biotechnology approaches” funded by USAID. Ninety rural women from Heggadehalli village and 110 rural women from Venkatahalli village were selected randomly for the study, thus making a total sample of 200 respondents. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the study and validity of the questionnaire. The pilot study was conducted on 10 per cent of the sample Size. The study used both qualitative and quantitative assessment measures. The data was collected from the respondent rural women using semi structured interview schedule developed for the study. The collected data was tabulated and analysed using appropriate statistical tools like frequency, parentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation etc., to draw valid conclusions. Results and Discussion Cost of production of finger millet products (per kg) Starting of small scale agro-processing unit in a village requires lot of inputs in terms of machinery, raw materials, technical support, human resources, packaging and labelling as well as marketing channels are very important. In the present study training programme on finger millet processing and value addition was imparted to make rural women selfemployed with small scale production, for this 2772 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 purpose essential equipments like milling unit, weighing balance, sealing machine, gas stove and utensils were provided by the project and duration of the economic life of the essential equipments was eight years (Table 1). The cost of production of different ingredients of finger millet products are depicted in Table 2. The ingredients used were green gram, wheat, soya, skim milk powder, butter, cocoa powder, vanilla and labour and flour mill charges. The cost of production of finger millet malt was Rs. 38.60 /kg, followed by hurihittu Rs, 95/kg and maximum cost of production was recorded Rs. 274 for the production of one kg of malt chocolate. The differences in cost of production for one kg of finger millet malt, hurihittu and malt chocolate was difference in cost of per kg is attributed to difference in the raw material, production cost and their required inputs including packaging and labelling which was very high in malt chocolate. Similar observations were reported by Rekha Rani (2002) for iron enriched food products. Overall cost of production, returns and profit of finger millet products Table 3 reveals that, the total production cost was Rs. 4,74,316, Rs. 3,28,320 and Rs 39,456 for finger millet malt, hurihittu and malt chocolate respectively and the total selling cost was Rs. 9,83,040 for finger millet malt, Rs. 5,18,400 for hurihittu and Rs. 64,800 for malt chocolate with a yield of 12,288 kg, 3,456 kg and 144 kg respectively. With respect to profit there was Rs. 5, 08,724, Rs. 1, 90,080 and Rs. 25,344 for finger millet malt, hurihittu and malt chocolate respectively. The profit per member was Rs. 15,897 for finger millet malt, Rs. 15,840 for hurihittu and malt chocolate was Rs. 4,224. Finger millet is a major staple food crop in the area and is consumed in the form of finger millet ball (dumpling) and roti, for which finger millet flour is main raw material. There was a surplus production in the area which could be marketed by processing and value addition to get higher profit. Value addition technology was better and easy for women belonging to higher income and they used their own available facilities. The similar findings were reported by RBRC project (2010), where the women SHG groups produced totally 400 kg finger millet malt and marketed at rural and Bangaluru urban for Rs. 80/kg with the earning of Rs. 32,000/month. Marketing strategies used for value added products Marketing of value added products is a big challenge being faced by the small scale production units. In the present study products like finger millet malt, hurihittu and malt chocolate were marketed using different channels (Table 4). There was a multiple response for marketing of these products. Malt was marked through agents (16%) and it was also sold on Krishimela, field days and exhibitions (40%) and direct sale (10%). The malt was also sold on request to the extent of 10 per cent. Same trend was observed for sale of hurihittu and malt chocolate. To enhance the income of rural women for selling value added products different channels were used such as advertisement, branding and enhancement of consumer preferences through awareness programmes. The findings reported by other researcher are in line with the present findings. Ravichandran and Narayanarajan (2004) found that advertisement played a vital role in influencing the purchase decision of particular brand. Socio-economic factors such as sex, age, education, occupation and income influence the brand preference motivated the buyer to choose a particular brand. Quality of product also largely determines the buyer market. 2773 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 Table.1 Cost estimation for establishment of small scale agro-processing unit Essential equipments Milling unit Electronic balance Vessels Sealing machine Gas stove Total Price(Rs) Economic life (Years) 12,000 8 5,000 8 Depreciation/ Year 1500 625 Depreciation/ Month 125 52 Depreciation/ Day 4.16 1.73 3,000 2,500 3,000 25,500 375 312 375 3187 31.25 26 31.25 265.5 1.04 0.86 1.04 8.83 8 8 8 Depreciation/Year = Price of essential equipment x 0.02 Depreciation/Month = (value of Depreciation/year) /12 Depreciation/Day = (value of Depreciation/month) /30 Interest on investment @ 10.5% = 25,500 x 0.105 = 2,677.5/Year = 223.12/Month = 7.35/Day Total investment / day = Depreciation/day + Interest on Investment = 8.83 + 7.35 = 16.18/day. Total investment Table.2 Cost of production of finger millet products (per kg) Sl. No. 1 Finger millet malt Ingredients Cost(Rs) Finger Millet 3.60 Hurihittu Ingredients Finger millet Cost(Rs) 15.00 2 Green gram 6.00 Butter milk 25.00 3 Wheat 2.50 10.00 Defatted soya flour Skimmed 5 milk powder Cardamom 6 Gas 7 Labour 8 charges Flour mill 9 charges Packaging & 10 Labelling Total(Rs) 2.50 Coconut powder Defatted soya flour Sugar Malt chocolate Ingredients Finger millet malt Skimmed milk powder Cocoa powder 4.00 Vanilla 12.00 15.00 Sugar 50.00 Cardamom Gas Labour charges Flour mill charges Packaging & Labelling 2.00 2.00 15.00 Butter Gas Labour charges Ghee / Vanaspathi Packaging and Labelling 60.00 12.00 15.00 4 2.50 1.50 2.00 15.00 1.00 2.00 38.6 4.00 3.00 95 2774 Cost(Rs) 50.00 5.00 25.00 5.00 40.00 274 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 Table.3 Overall cost of production, returns and profit of finger millet products Sl. No. 1 2 Parameters 3 Total selling cost (Rs.) 4 a. b. c. Profit in Rs. Net profit (3-2) Per member (for 2 years) Per member (for one year) Total production Total production cost Finger millet malt(kg) 12,288 4,74,316 (Rs.38.6/kg) 9,83,040 (Rs.80/kg) Hurihittu (kg) 3,456 3,28,320 (Rs.95/kg) 5,18,400 (Rs.150/kg) Malt chocolate(kg) 144 39,456 (Rs.274/kg) 64,800 (Rs.450/kg) 5,08,723 15,897 7,948 1,90,080 15,840 7,920 25,344 4,224 2,112 Table.4 Mode of marketing of products through different channels Value added products Finger millet malt Hurihittu Malt chocolate Request Per Agents Per Direct by cent (n) cent sale by individual the (n) women (n) 5 10 8 16 5 Per Others cent (retail shops and medical shops) (n) 10 12 (n=50) Per UAS Per cent Krishimela, cent field days and exhibitions (n) 24 20 40 4 5 12 6 36 16 8 10 7 2 14 4 6 3 18 8 15 32 Table.5 Economic status of SHG rural women before and after training programme Classification Income group Low (Rs.<2000) Medium (Rs.2000-3000) High (Rs.>3000) Total Entrepreneurs Before Number Per cent 18 36 27 54 05 10 50 100 The most important and difficult thing in a business is to satisfy a customer. Therefore, selling the first production batches was not easy. The customers will subject the products to all sorts of tests. They also tend to develop preferences for particular brands and need a After Number 7 31 12 50 Per cent 14 62 24 100 lot of persuasion to change. Deciding the pricing of the product is another challenge. Price plays an important role in determining how the product performs. If it is too low, customers may perceive the quality as inferior. If it is too high, it may cause hurdles 2775 30 64 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 2771-2777 in terms of inadequate buying power and also scepticism to back the product and its cost (Sabikhi, 2005). Economic status of the rural women before and after training programme is presented in Table 5. It was evident that before training programme 54 per cent of the entrepreneurs belonged to middle income group (Rs. 2,0003,000) followed by 36 per cent in low income group (

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