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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2189-2194 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 03 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.275 Effect of Supplementing Neem, Ginger and Garlic Powder on Immune Response of Commercial Layers K. M. Vishwas1*, T. N. Krishnamurthy2, H. C. Indresh1 and B. N. Suresh3 1 2 Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary college, Hebbal, Bangalore, India Department of Livestock Production Management, Veterinary college, shivamogga, India 3 Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Hassan, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Lymphoid organ, immune response, Newcastle disease, Infectious bursal disease, layers, spleen Article Info Accepted: 25 February 2021 Available Online: 10 March 2021 An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementing neem, ginger and garlic powder on immune response in commercial layers. Five hundred layer birds of twenty eight weeks age were distributed into 25 replicates of 20 birds each. Basal diet T1 and the experimental diets were prepared by incorporating garlic powder@ 0.5% (T2), neem powder @ 0.5% (T3), ginger powder @ 1% (T4) and garlic @ 0.5%, neem @ 0.5% and ginger powder @ 1% in combination (T5). The duration of the experiment was 20 weeks divided into 5 phases of 4 weeks each. The serum samples collected on each phase were assayed for antibody titre against Newcastle disease virus (ND) and Infectious bursal disease virus (IBD) using haemagglutination inhibition test and ELISA, respectively. At peak production stage (45th week) of the experiment, two birds from each replicate in different treatment groups respectively was sacrificed and the weight lymphoid organs such as spleen and thymus were taken during the slaughter of the birds. Inclusion of neem, ginger and garlic individually and also in combination improved the immune response against Newcastle disease but there was no effect on immune response against Infectious bursal disease. Feeding of neem, ginger and garlic powder revealed non-significant effect(P>0.05) on weight of lymphoid organs. It was concluded that feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder was beneficial in improving immune response against the Newcastle disease. Introduction The fast growing nature of poultry birds and their shorter generation interval has been associated over the years with the use of antibiotic growth promoters at sub-therapeutic doses in poultry feeds in order to improve the production performance by reducing the subclinical infection (Nettleton 1991). Other benefits of antibiotic growth promoter compounds include control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Enterococci species in the gut (NOAH 2001). 2189 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2189-2194 Although birds raised with the antibiotic growth promoters achieved good performance, their potential side effects became a real public health problem worldwide (Bager. 1998) and led to the ban of these products by the European Union in January 2006. This decision has therefore stimulated a search for alternatives. Plant derived additives have been proven to control pathogens due to their antimicrobial activity (Dorman and Deans 2000). Medicinal plants and probiotics are currently considered safe and offer a possible alternative to satisfy customer demands and current market challenges. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible for the antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of A.indica leaves (Grover et al., 2011). Ginger is desirable for greater productivity in poultry, increased palatability of feed, nutrient utilization, appetite stimulation, increased gastric juice flow. Hence it can be used as a substitute for antibiotic growth promoters (Owen and Amakiri, 2012). Garlic (Allium sativum) with its anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic properties, recognized as one of the most important plant species used for organic poultry production.. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing neem, ginger and garlic powder on immune response in commercial layers. Materials and Methods birds per replicate and 100 birds per treatment. The birds are fed in two phases, layer phase I and layer phase II diets as per BIS (2007). From 31st week the birds were fed with the respective experimental diet till the completion of the experiment at 50th week. The trial duration was for 20 weeks (31st week to 50th week) and this duration was divided into five phases of 4 weeks each. The basal diet (control–T1) was formulated as per the standard recommendations of BIS (2007) nutrient requirements. The treatment group T2, T3 and T4 was supplemented with garlic powder 0.5 per cent, neem powder 0.5per cent and ginger powder 1per cent respectively. The treatment group T5 was supplemented with garlic powder 0.5per cent + neem powder 0.5per cent + ginger powder 1per cent. Immune response against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease The serum samples collected on each phase were assayed for antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus (ND) and Infectious bursal disease virus (IBD) using haem agglutination inhibition test and ELISA, respectively. Immune organ weight The weight lymphoid organs such as spleen, bursa of fabricius and thymus were taken during the slaughter of the birds on 45th week (peak stage of the experiment) of the experiment and expressed as per cent of live body weight. A total of five hundred layer birds of twenty eight week age were selected and the birds were reared by feeding the basal diet for 2 weeks for acclimatization. The birds were allocated into five treatment groups with 20 2190 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2189-2194 Results and Discussion Antibody titre against Infectious bursal disease Antibody titre against Newcastle disease In the first phase antibody titre against Newcastle disease (log10 HI titre) were 1.322 (T1), 1.331 (T2), 1.364 (T3), 1.366 (T4) and 1.377 (T5), respectively. In second phase of the experiment antibody titre (log10 HI titre) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in T2, T3, T4 and T5 when compared to the control group and the titre values were 1.324 (T1), 1.378 (T2), 1.421 (T3), 1.420 (T4) and 1.422 (T5), respectively. In the third phase of the experiment antibody titre values (log10 HI titre) were 1.311 (T1), 1.396 (T2), 1.409 (T3), 1.412 (T4) and 1.446 (T5) and the antibody titre was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in T2, T3, T4 and T5 when compared to the control group. In fourth phase of the experiment antibody titre (log10 HI titre) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in T2, T3, T4 and T5 when compared to the control group and the titre values were 1.331 (T1), 1.409 (T2), 1.411 (T3), 1.398 (T4) and 1.439 (T5), respectively. In the fifth phase of the experiment antibody titre (log10 HI titre) values were 1.298 (T1), 1.388 (T2), 1.428 (T3), 1.401 (T4), 1.421 (T5) and the antibody titre was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in T2, T3, T4 and T5 when compared to the control group. The results of Antibody titre against Newcastle disease are represented in the table 1. The study is in agreement with Garba et al., (2013) who supplemented garlic and neem leaf aqueous extracts to broilers at the rate of 5 g each per litre of water individually and also in combination at the rate of 2.5 g each per litre of water and observed significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in the antibody titre. The significant increase recorded in this study could be attributed to the effects of garlic and neem on B- lymphocyte which differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells. In first phase, the average IBDV titre under different treatment groups viz., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 1659.43, 1766.65, 1841.66, 1898.88 and 1913.56, respectively. The average IBDV titre in second phase of experiment under different treatment groups were 1602.21 (T1), 2178.32 (T2), 2254.88 (T3), 2107.76 (T4) and 2456.76 (T5). In third phase of the experiment the IBDV titre under different treatment groups viz., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 1578.32, 2210.58, 2190.21, 2278.76 and 2512.87, respectively. The average IBDV titre in fourth phase of experiment under different treatment groups were 1615.12 (T1), 2098.67 (T2), 2167.87 (T3), 2145.76 (T4) and 2490.90 (T5). In last phase of the experiment the average IBDV titre under different treatment groups viz., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 1589.32, 2130.98, 2069.76, 2170.76 and 2521.87, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed nonsignificant (P > 0.05) difference in IBDV titre among different treatment groups during all phases of the experiment. The results of Antibody titre against Infectious bursal diseases are represented in the table 2. The present study is in disagreement with the Jawad et al., (2013) who supplemented neem leaves at the rate of 2 %, 4 % and 6 %. They observed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the antibody titre against the IBD in the groups fed with neem leaves compared to the control group at 14th, 21st, and 42nd day. Dissimilar results are also observed by Ghasemi et al., (2013)who supplemented ginger oil to the broiler birds at the rate of 100 mg/ kg and 200 mg/ kg of feed and observed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the antibody titre against IBD and IB. 2191 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2189-2194 Table.1 Effect of feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder on immunological response (NDV log HI titre) of commercial layers on phase wise manner Experimental group T1 Description of the treatment Control T2 Control + garlic powder 0.5% Control + neem powder 0.5% Control + ginger powder 1% Control + garlic 0.5% + neem 0.5%+ ginger powder 1% T3 T4 T5 st 1 phase 1.322 ± 0.30 1.331 ± 0.17 1.364 ± 0.12 1.366 ± 0.22 1.377 ± 0.18 nd 2 phase 1.324 ± 0.18b 1.378 ± 0.15a 1.421 ± 0.34a 1.420± 0.23a 1.422 ± 0.21a NDV log HI titre 3 phase 4th phase 1.311 ± 1.331 ± b 0.14 0.23b 1.396 ± 1.409 ± a 0.19 0.23a 1.409 ± 1.411 ± 0.21a 0.15a 1.412 ± 1.398 ± 0.24a 0.15a 1.446 ± 1.439 ± 0.25a 0.11a rd 5th phase 1.298 ± 0.11b 1.388 ± 0.54a 1.428 ± 0.23a 1.401 ± 0.19a 1.421 ±0.32a Average 1.313 ± 0.27b 1.392 ± 0.16a 1.416 ± 0.11a 1.405 ± 0.21a 1.429 ± 0.18a a, b means in the same column with no common superscript differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Table.2 Effect of feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder on immunological response IBDV titre (ELISA) of commercial layers on phase wise manner Experimental group T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Description of the treatment Control Control + garlic powder 0.5% Control + neem powder 0.5% Control + ginger powder 1% Control + garlic 0.5% + neem 0.5%+ ginger powder 1% 1st phase 2nd phase IBDV titre (ELISA) 3rd phase 4th phase 5th phase Average 1659.43 ± 288.30 1766.65 ± 163.80 1602.21 ± 116.21 2178.32 ± 154.54 1578.32 ± 142.43 2210.58 ± 176.43 1615.12 ± 160.32 2098.67 ± 198.43 1589.32 ± 148.76 2130.98 ± 231.98 1588.60 ± 245.76 2156.59 ± 167.87 1841.66 ± 359.74 2254.88 ± 213.76 2190.21 ± 160.98 2167.87 ± 176.33 2069.76 ± 267.87 2203.45 ± 111.89 1898.88 ± 231.06 2107.76 ± 325.89 2278.76 ± 213.78 2145.76 ± 165.98 2170.76 ± 176.89 2159.98 ± 149.09 1913.56 ± 291.49 2456.76 ± 154.78 2512.87 ± 176.76 2490.90± 410.98 2521.87 ± 321.90 2478.79 ± 310.88 2192 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2189-2194 Table.3 Effect of feeding neem, ginger and garlic powder on immune organ weight (g/100g body weight) of commercial layers Experimental Description of the treatment group T1 Control T2 Control + garlic powder 0.5% T3 Control + neem powder 0.5% T4 Control + ginger powder 1% T5 Control + garlic 0.5% + neem 0.5%+ ginger powder 1% Immune organs weight (g/100g body weight) Spleen Thymus 0.129 ± 0.340 ± 0.150 0.047b 0.121 ± 0.352 ± 0.009 0.017b 0.133 ± 0.366 ± 0.019 0.027b 0.127 ± 0.373 ± 0.107 0.047b 0.135 ± 0.418 ± 0.009 0.040a a, b means in the same column with no common superscript differ significantly (p ≤ 0.05) Immune organ weight There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the weight of the spleen (g/100g body weight) among all the treatment groups compared to the control group. The weight of the spleen in T1, T2, T3, T4 are T5 are 0.129, 0.121, 0.133, 0.127 and 0.135, respectively. The weight of thymus (g/100g body weight) was significantly highest (P ≤ 0.05) in the birds of the treatment group which was fed with combination of neem, ginger and garlic powder compared to all other groups and thymus weight in T1, T2, T3, T4 are T5 are 0.340, 0.352, 0.366, 0.373 and 0.418, respectively and there was no significant difference among T2, T3, T4 and T5 with control. The results of immune organ weight are represented in the table 3. The findings are in agreement with Khatum et al., (2013) who supplemented tulsi and neem leaves at the rate of 1, 2 and 3 ml/ litre of drinking water and observed no significant difference (P > 0.05)in the weight of the spleen. 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W., Eds Academic press., pp 611 – 628 Qorbanpour, M., Fahim, T., Javandel, F., Nosrati, M., Paz, E., Seidavi, A., Ragni, M., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V.,2018. Effect of dietary ginger (Zingiberofficinale Roscoe) and multistrain probiotic on growth and carcass traits, blood biochemistry, immune responses and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens. Animals (Basel).,8: 117 How to cite this article: Vishwas, K. M., T. N. Krishnamurthy, H. C. Indresh and Suresh, B. N. 2021. Effect of Supplementing Neem, Ginger and Garlic Powder on Immune Response of Commercial Layers. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 2189-2194. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.275 2194