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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 61-67 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.008 Effect of Seed Rate and Rice Cultivars on Growth and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Md. Naiyar Ali1*, Akhilesh Sah2 and T. Izhar3 1 Department of Agronomy, BAU, Ranchi-834 006, Jharkhand, India 2 (Agronomy) ZRS Chianki, Palamu (BAU) Jharkhand, India 3 PBG, BAU, Ranchi-834 006, Jharkhand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Seed rate and rice cultivars, Growth and productivity, Rice, Oryza sativa. Article Info Accepted: 04 September 2017 Available Online: 10 November 2017 A field experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University farm (Lat:23⁰ 17’N, Long:83⁰ 19’E, Altitude:625 m above MSL) in Kharif 2012 and 2013 with 3 rice hybrids and one high yielding variety viz., DRRH-3, PAC-837,ARIZE TEJ and Lalat having four seed rate in split plot design to assess the effect of varying seed rate and cultivars under aerobic condition. Rice hybrids, PAC 837 gave significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, effective tillers (306 m-2), grains per panicle (115), 1000-grain weight (24.30 g) resulting in higher grain (4.94 t ha-1) and straw (7.03t ha-1) yield and harvest index (41.20%) with net return (Rs. 37790 ha 1 ) and benefit cost ratio (1.48) than other rice cultivars. Rice hybrid PAC 837 sown with 25 kg seed per ha produced higher grain yield (5.2 t ha-1), net return (` 41710 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (1.70) than other combinations of hybrids or HYV and seed rate except hybrid rice PAC 837 sown with 35 kg seed ha -1. Hence, it may be concluded that cultivation of aerobic rice hybrid PAC 837 with 25kg seed per ha may be practiced in Jharkhand for higher productivity and profitability. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.), one of most important cereal food crops in the world. Rice provides 32-95 per cent of the dietary energy and contributes 40 per cent of food grain production, providing direct employment to 70 per cent people in rural areas of India. In India, rice is grown in an area of 44 million hectare with total production of 105.24 million tones and average productivity of 2.4 t ha-1. Whereas in Jharkhand rice is cultivated in 17.4 lakhs ha with total production of 31.6 lakhs tones. In the past four decades, our country has made spectacular progress in rice production and productivity. The increasing scarcity of water threatens the sustainability of the irrigated rice production system and hence the food security and livelihood of rice producers and consumers. Aerobic rice is a new way of rice production system in which specially developed, input-response rice varieties are grown in well-drained, nonpuddled, and non-saturated soils without ponded water (Bouman et al., 2005). To realize the maximum possible benefits from aerobic rice, it is essential to adopt recommended package and practices for successful cultivation and maximizing yield of rice under aerobic system. As a result of 61 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 agronomic trials conducted over decades, in multi locations, a package of practices have been optimized for obtaining optimum yield of rice under water scarce conditions. Appropriate agronomic management is thus a pre-requisite to explore the full potential of available resource. Among the various cultural practices suitable rice variety and optimum seed rate are most important for maximizing yield. Experiment was carried out on clay loam soil having low available N (270.5 kg ha-1) and available K (130.8 kg ha-1) with medium in available P (19.1 kg ha-1) and organic C (4.7 g kg-1) during kharif 2012 and 2013 at Birsa Agricultural University farm, Ranchi. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with sixteen treatment combinations in three replications. Rice hybrids (DRRH-3, PAC837 and ARIZE TEZ) and Lalat were allotted randomly to four main plots; while different seed rate (15, 25, 35 and 45kg ha-1) were randomly allotted to four sub plots. Recommended dose of chemical fertilizer 150 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, 90 kg K2O ha-1 was applied through urea, diammonium phosphate and murate of potash, respectively. Half dose of nitrogen and full amount of phosphorus and potassium were applied in experimental field as basal. Rest half of nitrogen was applied in two equal splits as top dressing i.e. first top dressed at maximum tillering stage and second dressed at panicle primordial initiation stage. The crop was sown on 21th June, 2012 and 20th June 2013. Crop was raised using recommended cultural practices. The yield attributes were estimated from the plants cut from row length and averaged. Test weight (1000grain weight) was estimated from sample randomly drawn from each treatment. The straw yield was computed by deducted the grain yield from the total biological yield. Seed rate and row spacing are known to decide plant population per unit area and affects yield attribute formation and yield of aerobic rice. A number of workers have reported that maintenance of a critical level of rice plant population in field was most necessary to maximize grain yields. Seed rate significantly determines the plant population, yield components, yield and relative economic output of aerobic rice. Optimum seed rate with proper row spacing under aerobic rice system provided higher yield. The major yield advantages are related to proper crop establishment, efficient utilization of the natural resources and better weeds suppression due to proper plant population and together with other agronomic cultural practices. But in Jharkhand situation, information on optimum seed rate of suitable hybrid rice for aerobic is very meager. Materials and Methods A field experiment was carried out at rice research farm in western section of Birsa Agricultural University Ranchi, Jharkhand, during the kharif season of 2012 and 2013 to find out the productivity of aerobic rice hybrids under different seed rates. The experimental plot was typical medium land, well-drained soil with fairly uniform topography. Geographically, agronomical research farm of Birsa Agricultural University farm, Ranchi, Jharkhand is situated at 23°17´ N latitude and 85°10´ E longitude of with an altitude of 625 m above the mean sea level. Results and Discussion Growth parameters Total tillers per m2 at maturity At maturity, rice hybrid PAC 837 produced higher total tillers(327) than Arize Tez (304 m-2), DRRH-3 (268 m-2) and Lalat (250 m-2) respectively. Crop sown with 35 kg per ha produced 30.12 and 14.15 percent higher total tillers than 15 (232 m-2) and 25 (285m-2) kg seed per ha (Table 1.) This might be due to 62 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 the fact that PAC 837 had capacity to produce more tiller than other rice hybrids Arize Tez, DRRH-3 and Lalat. The similar results were also reported earlier by Patel (1999). Sharma et al., (1998) also reported that increasing seed rate increased the total tillers of rice but may not be true for productive tillers beyond optimum seed rate. Net assimilation rate (NAR) Net assimilation rate of aerobic rice influenced significantly by rice cultivars and seed rate (Table 1). Rice hybrid PAC 837 had maximum and significantly higher net assimilation rate (4.0 g m-2 day-1) than Arize Tez (3.40 g m-2 day-1), DRRH-3 (3.30 g m-2 day-1) and Lalat (3.20). Among seed rate, crop sown with 35 kg seed per ha had higher net assimilation rate (4.0 g m-2 day-1) than crop sown with lower seed rates. In other words, net assimilation rate recorded under 35 kg seed per ha was 14.4 and 31.6 percent higher than crop sown with 25 and 15 kg seed per ha respectively. Crop growth rate (CGR) at 90 days after to maturity During 90 days after sowing to maturity, rice hybrids PAC 837 recorded similar crop growth rate as Arize Tez (14.50 g m-2 day-1). However, PAC 837 (17.85 g m-2 day-1) produced significantly higher crop growth rate than DRRH -3 (8.70 g m-2 day-1) and Lalat (8.50g m-2 day-1). Increasing seed rate from 15 to 45 kg per ha increased the crop growth rate of aerobic rice hybrids significantly over its preceding lower seed rate. During 90 days after sowing to maturity, crop sown with 45 kg seed per ha and 35 kg seed per ha produced maximum and significantly higher crop growth rate (16.6 and 15.4 g m-2 day-1) than crop sown with 15 kg seed per ha (9.6 g m-2 day-1). Dry matter accumulation in panicles at maturity Dry matter accumulation in panicle of aerobic rice was influenced by rice cultivars and seed rate (Table 1). At maturity PAC 837 produced 33.5 and 84.2 percent more panicle dry matter than Arize Tez (615.2 g m-2), DRRH-3(446 g m-2) and Lalat (440.1g m-2). Crop sown with 35 kg seed per ha accumulated maximum and significantly higher panicle dry matter (712.2 g m-2) than crop sown with lower seed rates at maturity. This might be due to more number of total productive tillers per m2 (Table 1) in case of former. As well as having higher efficiency to convert solar energy in to chemical energy resulting in total dry matter accumulation (Table 1) in hybrid PAC 837 as DRRH-3. Yield attributes and yield Productive tiller per m2 Productive tiller of aerobic rice significantly influenced by cultivars and its seed rate (Table 2). Among rice hybrid, PAC 837 produced maximum and significantly higher number of effective tillers (306 m-2) than other rice hybrids Arize Tez (289 m-2), DRRH-3 (251 m-2) and Lalat(249 m-2). Among seed rate, productive tiller of aerobic rice significantly increased with each increased in seed rate up to 35kg per ha and thereafter decreased. Aerobic rice hybrids sown with 35kg seed per ha produced Leaf area index (LAI) Among rice hybrids, PAC 837 recorded maximum and significantly higher leaf area index (4.41) than other rice hybrids, Arize Tez, DRRH-3 and Lalat at 70 days after sowing. Crop sown with 35 kg seed per ha produced maximum and significantly higher leaf area (4.77) than either lower and higher seed rate at 70 days after sowing respectively (Table 1). 63 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 maximum productive tiller (323 m-2) and was 30.6 and 15.7 percent higher than sown with 15 and 25kg seed per ha respectively. Interaction effect of rice hybrids and seed-rate was not significant on productive tiller. and significantly higher grain weight was observed when crop sown with 35 kg seed per ha. This may be due to, higher total tillers, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate resulting in higher yield attributing characters. Nayak et al., (2003) working with hybrids also reported rice hybrid ‘PA 6201’ had higher number of effective tiller and grains per panicle. Increasing seed rate of aerobic rice increased the yield attributes up to 35 kg seed per ha and produced higher productive tillers (323 m-2), panicle length (23.40 cm), grains per panicle (101) and 1000 grain weight (22.0 g) than sown with lower seed rates. Yield attributes which determine the yield are the resultant effect of the vegetative development of the crop. In this case also, crop sown with 35 kg seed per ha had higher total tillers, crop growth rate and leaf area index resulting in higher yield attributes. Reddy et al., (1986) found that the number of panicles and its length increased with the increasing seeding rates. Similar results have been reported previously by Yu Jun et al., (2007). Panicle weight Panicle weight of aerobic rice significantly influenced by hybrids and its seed rate (Table 2). Among rice hybrids, PAC 837 produced heaviest panicle (2.70g) than other rice hybrids Arize-Tez (2.40g), DRRH-3 (2.3g) and Lalat (2.25g). Among seed-rate, aerobic rice sown with 35kg seed per ha produced heavier panicle (2.60g) than the crop sown with 25 kg seed per ha. Further crop sown with either 15 kg seed per ha (2.4g) or 35 kg seed kg per ha (2.6g) and 45 kg seed per ha (2.5g) produced almost similar panicle weight. Grains per panicle Grains per panicle of aerobic rice significantly influenced by cultivars and its seed rate (Table 2). Among rice hybrids PAC 837(115) and Arize Tez (107) produced significantly higher grains per panicle than DRRH-3(95). Aerobic rice sown with seed rate of 35 kg seed per ha produced maximum and significantly higher grains per panicle than all other seed rates. Grain yield Aerobic rice hybrid, PAC 837 produced maximum and significantly higher grain yield (4.94t ha-1) than other rice cultivars hybrids, Arize Tez (4.43 t ha-1), DRRH-3 (3.23t ha-1) and Lalat (3.10t ha-1), which is 11.5 34.6 and 37.2 percent higher than aerobic rice cultivars Arize Tez and DRRH-3 Lalat, respectively (Table 2). 1000 grain weight Thousand grain weight of aerobic rice significantly influenced by cultivars and its seed-rate (Table 2). Among rice hybrids, PAC 837 produced boldest grain and was significantly heavier (24.30g) than other rice hybrids Arize Tez (22.8g) and DRRH-3 (22.6 g). Among seed rate, 1000-grain weight of aerobic rice increased with each increase in seed rate up to 35 kg seed per ha and thereafter decreased significantly. Maximum Grain yield of aerobic rice significantly increased with increasing seed rate up to 35 kg per ha (4.75t ha-1) and thereafter decreased significantly. Aerobic rice sown with seed rate of 35kg per ha produced maximum and was 26.7, 10.7 and 8.6 percent higher than those sown with seed rate of 15, 25, and 45 kg per ha respectively. 64 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 Table.1 Growth parameters as aerobic rice as influenced by cultivars and seed rates (Pooled data of two years) Treatments Dry matter accumulation in panicle at maturity Tillers/m2 at maturity CGR(g/m2/day) at 90-maturity 268 327 304 250 3.55 13.93 8.70 17.85 14.50 8.50 1.84 7.23 3.400 4.000 3.490 3.20 0.132 0.532 4.04 4.40 4.06 3.80 0.03 0.11 446.10 821.75 615.2 440.1 13.40 52.60 232 285 332 349 5.76 17.10 9.6 13.2 15.40 16.60 1.72 5.10 3.022 3.478 3.978 3.789 0.123 0.370 3.56 3.80 4.77 4.52 0.06 0.20 526.40 568.70 712.20 703.30 17.20 50.98 Cultivars DRRH-3 PAC-837 Arize Tez Lalat SEm± CD (P=0.05) Seed rates (kg/ha) 15 25 35 45 SEm± CD (P=0.05) NAR at LAI at 9070 DAS maturity Table.2 Yield attributes, yield and harvest index of aerobic rice as influenced by cultivars and seed rates (Pooled data of two years) Treatment Cultivars DRRH-3 PAC-837 Arize Tez Lalat SEm± CD (P=0.05) Seed rate (kg/ha) 15 25 35 45 SEm± CD (P=0.05) Productive tiller/m2 Panicle weight(g) Grains /panicle 1000grain weight (g) Grain yield (t ha-1) 251 306 289 249 3.71 14.56 2.30 2.70 2.40 2.25 0.05 0.20 95 115 107 85 2.05 8.08 22.60 24.30 22.80 23.40 0.27 1.05 224 272 323 309 6.77 20.11 2.40 2.30 2.6 2.5 0.06 0.18 101 101 118 102 1.90 5.66 21.60 24.0 25.30 23.40 0.42 1.25 65 Straw yield (t ha-1) Harvest index (%) 3.23 4.94 4.43 3.10 0.03 0.12 4.88 7.03 6.35 4.50 0.03 0.10 39.60 41.20 41.10 38.20 0.23 0.90 3.48 4.24 4.75 4.34 0.10 0.28 5.48 5.98 6.74 6.15 0.12 0.36 38.20 41.50 41.40 41.30 0.63 1.87 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 Table.3 Economics of aerobic rice as influenced by cultivars and seed rates (Pooled data of two years) Treatment Cultivars DRRH-3 PAC 837 Arize Tez Lalat SEm± CD (p=0.05) Seed rate (kg/ha) 15 25 35 45 SEm± CD (p=0.05) Cost of cultivation (Rs. ha -1) Gross return (Rs. ha-1) Net return (`Rs.ha-1) Benefit cost ratio 25690 25690 25690 24550 42170 63480 56970 41270 292 1146 16470 37790 31270 16720 292 1146 0.64 1.48 1.23 0.68 0.01 0.04 22090 24490 26890 29290 45730 54410 60930 55744 927 2750 23640 29918 34040 26450 927 2750 1.07 1.22 1.27 0.90 0.04 0.12 Interaction effect of rice hybrids and seed-rate was not significant in grain yield. rate, harvest index recorded with seed rate of 25, 35 and 45 kg seed per ha were statistically similar among themselves and was significantly higher than the seed rate of 15 kg per ha. Maximum harvest index (41.5%) was recorded with seed rate of 25kg per ha while the minimum with seed rate of 15 kg per ha. Straw yield Aerobic rice hybrid, PAC837 produced maximum and significantly higher straw yield (7.03t ha-1) than other aerobic rice hybrid, Arize Tez (6.35t ha-1) DRRH-3 (4.88t ha-1) and Lalat (4.5t ha-1). Straw yield of aerobic rice significantly increased with increasing seed rate up to 35kg per ha and thereafter decreased significantly. Aerobic rice sown with seed rate 35kg per ha produced maximum (6.74t ha-1). Economics Gross return Gross return of aerobic rice hybrids were significantly influenced by seed rates (Table 3). Among hybrids, PAC 837 gave highest and significantly higher (Rs. 63480 ha-1) gross return than other rice hybrids Arize Tez (Rs.56970 ha-1) DRRH-3 (Rs.42170 ha-1) ) and Lalat (Rs.41270 ha-1). Further, rice Arize Tez gave significantly higher gross return than DRRH-3 and Lalat. Interaction effect of aerobic rice hybrid and seed rate was not significant on the production of straw yield. Harvest index Harvest index aerobic rice significantly influenced by hybrids and its seed rate (Table 2). Aerobic rice hybrid, PAC 837 recorded maximum and significant higher harvest index (41.20%) than other ricecultivars. Among seed Increasing seed rates significantly increased the gross return up to 35 kg seed ha-1 (Rs. 60930 ha-1), thereafter it decreased significantly. Rice hybrid, PAC 837 sown with 35 kg seed per ha 66 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 61-67 (Table 3) recorded maximum and significantly higher gross return (Rs. 69130 ha-1) than all other combinations of hybrids and seed rates except PAC 837 sown with 25kg seed per ha (Rs. 66200), 45kg per ha (Rs. 65730 ha-1) and Arize Tez sown with 35 kg per seed ha (Rs. 65070 ha-1). This might be due to higher grain and straw yield (Table 2) of the crop. It confirmed the result of Power and Deshpande (2001) and Kewat et al., (2002). References Bouman, B.A.M., Peng, S., Castaneda, A.R. and Visperas, R.M. 2005. Yield and water used of tropical aerobic rice systems. Agic. Water Manag, 74: 87-105. Kewat, M. L.; Agrawal, S. B.; Agrawal, K. K. and Sharma R. S. 2002. Effect of divergent plant spacing and age of seedlings on yield and economics of hybrid rice. Indian J. Agron., 47 (3): 367371 Nayak, B. C; Dalei, B. B. and Chodhury, B. K. 2003. Response of hybrid rice to date of planting, spacing and seedling rate during wet season. Indian J. Agron., 48(3): 112114. Powar. S. L. and Deshpande, V. N. 2001. Effect of integrated agro-technology on Sahyadri hybrid rice in medium black sail in high rainfall area. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 26 (3): 272-276. Reddy, G. V. and Reddy, P. S. 1986. Effect of time of planting and spacing on IET-2508 in puddled soil during dry season. Oryza, 23 (1): 53-55. Sharma, A. R. and Ghosh, A. 1998. Optimum seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer requirement of rice under semi-deep water ecosystem. Journal of Agronomy and Crop science. 181(3): 167Yu Jun, Guo Xingqiang, and Xie Guanghui. 2007. Yield of aerobic rice at different seeding rates in North China. Journal of China Agricultural University. 6: 127132. Net return Net return of aerobic rice also followed the pattern of gross return and grain yield (Table 3). Hybrid rice PAC 837 gave significantly higher (Rs. 37790 ha-1) net return than other rice hybrids Arize Tez (Rs. 31270 ha-1), DRRH-3 (Rs. 16470 ha-1) and Lalat (Rs.16720 ha-1). Further hybrid rice Arize Tez also gave significantly higher net return than DRRH-3 and Lalat. Among seed rates, increasing seed rate increased the net return up to 35 kg seed per ha (Rs.34040 ha-1) thereafter it decreased. Rice hybrid PAC 837 sown with 35 kg seed per ha recorded maximum and significantly higher net return (Rs.42240 ha-1) than all other combinations of hybrids and seed rates except PAC 837 sown with 25 kg seed per ha (Rs. 41710 ha-1) and Arize Tez with 35 kg seed per ha (Rs.38170 ha-1). Benefit: cost ratio Benefit: cost ratio is the ratio of net return and cost of cultivation. Benefit: cost ratio of aerobic rice significantly influenced by hybrids and seed rates (Table 3). Hybrid rice PAC 837 (1.48) recorded significantly higher benefit: cost ratio than rest of rice cultivars. Among seed rates, crop sown with 35kg seed per ha (1.27) being similar to crop sown with 25 kg seed per ha (1.22) was significantly higher than other seed rates. How to cite this article: Md. Naiyar Ali, Akhilesh Sah and Izhar, T. 2017. Effect of Seed Rate and Rice Cultivars on Growth and Productivity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(11): 61-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.008 67