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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.131 Effect of Seed Priming on Plant Growth and Bulb Yield in Onion (Allium cepa L.) B. Thejeshwini1*, A. Manohar Rao2, M. Hanuman Nayak3 and Razia Sultana4 1 Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, SKLTSHU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, India 2 Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, 4Department of Seed Science & Technology, Seed Research and Technology Centre, PJTSAU, Hyderabad, India 3 Department of Horticulture, Vegetable Research Station, ARI, SKLTSHU, Hyderabad, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Onion, Seed priming, GA3, Bulb yield Article Info Accepted: 10 December 2018 Available Online: 10 January 2019 Seed priming is one of the pre-sowing seed management techniques where the seeds are partially soaked and subsequently dried back for invigorative effect that expresses on field emergence and extend up to yield. A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different priming treatments on growth and bulb yield of onion during Rabi season. Seed of fresh and aged seed lots of onion cv. Agrifound Dark Red were subjected to hydro priming with distilled water for 24 hrs (T 1), halo priming with 3% KNO3 for 12hrs (T2), osmo priming with PEG 6000 (-1.0 MPa) for 24 hrs (T 3), sand matric priming with 80% WHC for 24 hrs (T4), GA3 priming @100ppm for 6 hrs (T5) and control (T6). Significant variation recorded in fresh and aged seed lots and also among the seed priming treatments with respect to the growth and yield characters studied viz., field emergence percentage, plant height, number of leaves at 45, 75 and 95 DAT, equatorial bulb diameter, bulb height, average bulb weight and total bulb yield. It was observed that seed priming with GA3 @100ppm for 6 hrs has showed better effect in improving all the growth and bulb characters studied in both the fresh and aged seed lots over the control. Introduction Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop grown and consumed widely across the world. India is the second largest producer of onion in the world next to China and ranks third in export of fresh onions. It is an indispensable vegetable in every kitchen and has gained the importance of a cash crop in recent years because of its very high export potential. Indian onions are famous for their pungency due to the presence of a volatile oil ‘Allyl propyl disulphide’ and are available round the year. It is used both in raw and mature bulb stage as vegetable and spices. It is valued for its characteristics flavour, pungent taste and medicinal importance (Padmini et al., 2007; Tyagi and Yadav, 2007). Use of quality seed is the most important factor as quality seeds ensure better germination as well 1242 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 as better yield. Onion seeds have poor longevity and storability which lose its viability very rapidly (Mumtaz Khan et al., 2004). Seed priming is one of the best methods which show rapid and uniform germination, synchrony in growth, development and increased yield. Seedling establishment is an important factor in bulb production of onion and largely depends on the seed germination and vigour. Seed quality enhancement is possible through various seed priming techniques including hydro priming, halo priming, osmo priming, thermo priming, solid matrix priming, and bio priming (Ashraf and Foolad 2005; Venkatasubramanian and Umarani, 2007). Critical Difference (C.D.) were calculated wherever the results were significant. The different priming treatments followed were, hydro priming, halo priming, osmo priming, sand matric priming and GA3 priming. Hydro priming Onion seeds of fresh and aged seed lots were primed on blotter paper wetted with distilled water for 24 hrs at room temperature and shade dried back to their original moisture content. Halo priming Seed priming is commonly used to reduce the time between seed sowing, seedling emergence and also to overcome the constraints of low quality seed, untimely sowing, poor sowing techniques, inadequate soil moisture and adverse soil conditions (Parera and Cantliffe, 1994).The present study is planned and conducted to access the effect of different priming treatments on growth and bulb yield in onion. Materials and Methods The field study was carried out at Vegetable Research Station, ARI, SKLTSHU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad from August, 2017 to February, 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (Factorial) (RCBD) with three replications. The field data on growth parameters was recorded at 45, 75 and 95 DAT and yield attributing parameters data was recorded at the time of harvest. Equatorial diameter of bulb and bulb height was measured using digital Vernier Caliper.Data obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis by following the standard ANOVA method for Randomized Complete Block Design with Factorial concept (Panse and Sukhatme, 1985) and Cleaned onion seeds were primed on blotter paper wetted with 3% KNO3salt solution for 12 hrs at room temperature. The primed seed were shade dried at room temperature until the seed reaches to the original seed moisture content. Osmo priming Osmo priming was done using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) with an osmotic potential of -1.0 MPa. The solution was prepared by mixing 27.3 g per 100 ml of distilled water (Nienow and Bujaski, 1991). Onion seeds were soaked in PEG solution for 24 hrs at room temperature along with aeration as suggested by (Jagosz, 2015) and then shade dried to original moisture content. Sand matric priming Onion seed of both seed lots were placed in perforated plastic covers. For this a tray (25x15x10 cm3 size) with a sterilized sand of two kg quantity was taken and 246 ml of distilled water per kg of sand was added to attain 80 per cent water holding capacity as suggested by Venkatasubramaniam and 1243 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 Umarani (2007). The seeds were primed in sand and retrieved after 24 hrs and shade dried to original seed moisture content. GA3 priming Onion seeds of both the seed lots were primed on blotter paper wetted with 100ppm gibberellic acid solution for 6 hrs at room temperature. They were then allowed to shade dry until the seed reaches its original seed moisture content. Results and Discussion The data on field emergence as influenced by the seed lots and priming treatments are presented in Table 1. Field emergence (%) gives accurate and reproducible results in predicting the planting value under field condition. Significant variation was observed in the field emergence between fresh and aged seed lots and among seed priming treatments. A mean value of 82.33 and 70.11% field emergence in fresh and aged seed lots was recorded. Highest field emergence percentage was recorded in GA3 priming treatment with 80.50% followed by halo priming with 78.67% while, lowest was recorded in control with 72.33% of field emergence. Among the interactions, S1T5 and S2T5 (GA3@100 ppm for 6 h) recorded highest field emergence percentage i.e., 86.67 and 74.33% in fresh and aged seed lots. Priming treatment activates the metabolic activity in the first phase of germination before sowing and hence provides added advantage of better emergence, growth and establishment of seedlings in the field (Vanangamudi and Kulandaivelu, 1989). These results are in conformity with Poonam et al., (2006) on partially aged sunflower seeds who reported best field emergence is achieved when seeds treated with GA3. Plant height: Significant variation in the plant height is noticed at 45, 75 and 95 days after transplanting between fresh and aged seed lots and among seed priming treatments (Table 2). At 45 days a mean plant height of 28.23 cm and 24.74 cm, at 75 days i.e., 59.56 cm and 57.69 cm and at 95 DAT 54.62 cm and 51.57 cm was recorded in fresh seed lot and aged seed lots. Plant height was highest in GA3 priming treatment with 27.51cm at 45 DAT, 60.34 cm at 75 DAT and 55.41cm at 95 DAT respectively. T2 with 27.26 cm at 45 DAT, 59.68 cm at 75 DAT and also T3 at 75 DAT i.e., 59.45 cm were on par with GA3 treatment. Lowest plant height was recorded in control 25.12 cm at 45 DAT, 56.13 cm at 75 DAT and 50.29 cm at 95 DAT respectively. Interaction varied significantly and the combinations S1T5 and S2T5 recorded highest plant height i.e., 29.11cm 25.91cm at 45 DAT; 61.03 cm and 59.64 cm at 75 DAT and 57.29 cm and 53.53 cm at 95 DAT in both the fresh and aged seed lots. Enhancement in the morphological characters may be due to GA3 which helps in breaking seed dormancy, promotes germination, internodal length and cell division in cambial zone and increases the size of leaves (Nalini Tiwari et al., 2001; Shukla et al., 2010). Number of leaves: Significant variation in number of leaves per plant was noticed between fresh and aged seed lots and among the seed priming treatments (Table 3). At 45 days a mean number of leaves per plant of 5.94 and 4.88, at 75 days 8.58 and 7.9 and at 95 DAT 8.51 and 7.75 was recorded in fresh and aged seed lots respectively. More number of leaves per plant was recorded in T5 (GA3) priming treatment with 6.43 at 45 DAT, 9.21 at 75 DAT and 9.11 at 95 DAT. T2 treatment with 6.17 at 45 DAT 8.79 at 75 DAT and also T3 8.66 at 75 DAT were on par with T5 treatment respectively. Less number of leaves per plant was recorded in control 4.11 at 45 DAT, 6.81 at 75 DAT and 7.0 at 95 DAT 1244 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 respectively. Among the interactions,S1T5 and S2T5 recorded more number of leaves per plant i.e., 7 and 5.85 at 45 DAT; 9.47 and 8.95 at 75 DAT and 9.57 and 8.64 at 95 DAT in both the fresh and aged seed lots. GA3also stimulates hydrolytic enzymes that are needed for the degradation of the cells surrounding the radicle and thus speeds germination by promoting seedling elongation growth of cereal seeds (Rood et al., 1990). Seed priming with growth regulator increases the number of leaves Amin et al., (2007). Significant variation in equatorial bulb diameter and bulb height is noticed between fresh and aged seed lots and among seed priming treatments (Table 4). Equatorial bulb diameter (cm): A mean equatorial diameter of 6.09 cm and 5.59 cm was recorded in fresh and aged seed lots. Among the treatments, T5 recorded maximum equatorial diameter of 6.52 cm and T2 with 6.32 cm was on par with T5 followed by T3 with 5.82 cm. Table.1 Effect of seed priming on field emergence percentage in onion Treatment T1-Hydro priming T2-Halo priming T3-Osmo priming T4-Sand matric T5-GA3 priming T6-Control Mean Fresh seed lot(S1) 81.33 Aged seed lot(S2) 69.00 Mean 85.00 83.00 80.00 86.67 78.00 82.33 S 0.24 0.70 72.33 70.00 68.33 74.33 66.67 70.11 T 0.41 1.20 78.67 76.50 74.17 80.50 72.33 SE(m)+ CD at 5% 75.17 S×T 0.58 1.70 Table.2 Effect of seed priming on plant height (cm) at 45, 75 and 95 DAT in onion Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Mean SE(m)+ CD at 5% S1 28.34 28.91 28.51 27.74 29.11 26.73 28.23 S 0.08 0.25 45 DAT S2 24.48 25.61 24.82 24.14 25.91 23.50 24.74 T 0.15 0.44 Mean 26.41 27.26 26.67 25.94 27.51 25.12 S×T 0.21 0.62 S1 60.10 60.78 60.37 58.41 61.03 57.60 59.71 S 0.20 0.58 1245 75 DAT S2 Mean 58.22 59.16 58.59 59.68 58.52 59.45 56.53 57.47 59.64 60.34 54.67 56.13 57.69 S×T T 0.35 0.49 1.01 1.43 S1 54.63 56.17 55.22 53.38 57.29 51.04 54.62 S 0.19 0.55 95 DAT S2 Mean 51.45 53.04 52.66 54.41 51.63 53.43 50.64 52.01 53.53 55.41 49.54 50.29 51.57 S×T T 0.32 0.46 0.95 1.35 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 Table.3 Effect of seed priming on number of leaves at 45, 75 and 95 DAT in onion Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Mean SE(m)+ CD at 5% S1 5.78 6.35 6.26 5.74 7.00 4.51 5.94 S 0.08 0.02 45 DAT S2 Mean 4.67 5.23 5.99 6.17 4.74 5.50 4.33 5.03 5.85 6.43 3.72 4.11 4.88 S×T T 0.13 0.19 0.39 0.55 S1 8.67 8.83 8.81 7.95 9.47 7.77 8.58 S 0.12 0.35 75 DAT S2 Mean 8.01 8.34 8.75 8.79 8.51 8.66 7.34 7.64 8.95 9.21 5.84 6.81 7.90 S×T T 0.20 0.29 0.60 0.85 S1 8.25 9.17 8.80 8.12 9.57 7.16 8.51 S 0.09 0.27 95 DAT S2 Mean 7.45 7.85 8.38 8.77 7.83 8.32 7.39 7.75 8.64 9.11 6.84 7.00 7.75 S×T T 0.16 0.23 0.48 0.67 Table.4 Effect of seed priming on equatorial diameter (cm) and bulb height (cm) in onion Treatment T1-Hydro priming T2-Halo priming T3-Osmo priming T4-Sand matric T5-GA3 priming T6-Control Mean SE(m)+ CD at 5% Fresh seed Aged seed lot(S1) lot(S2) 5.85 5.63 6.63 6.00 5.90 5.75 5.74 5.29 6.85 6.19 5.58 4.70 6.09 5.59 S T 0.08 0.13 0.23 0.40 Mean Fresh seed Aged seed Mean lot(S1) lot(S2) 6.43 5.90 5.74 6.17 6.65 6.10 6.32 6.38 6.53 5.98 5.82 6.26 6.19 5.21 5.51 5.70 6.74 6.56 6.52 6.65 5.18 4.57 5.14 4.87 6.29 5.72 S×T S×T S T 0.19 0.09 0.16 0.23 0.56 0.28 0.48 0.68 Table.5 Effect of seed priming on average weight of bulb (g) and total bulb yield (t ha-1) in onion Treatment T1-Hydro priming T2-Halo priming T3-Osmo priming T4-Sand matric T5-GA3 priming T6-Control Mean SE(m)+ CD at 5% Fresh seed Aged seed lot (S1) lot (S2) 99.07 96.43 103.45 101.10 101.47 98.91 97.24 94.77 105.35 102.95 95.76 93.05 100.39 97.87 S T 0.23 0.40 0.68 1.18 1246 Mean 97.75 102.28 100.19 96.01 104.15 94.41 S×T 0.57 1.68 Fresh seed Aged seed Mean lot (S1) lot (S2) 27.41 25.00 26.21 30.60 26.54 28.57 29.40 25.92 27.66 28.95 22.18 25.56 32.68 29.34 31.01 24.77 20.30 22.54 28.97 24.88 S×T S T 0.20 0.35 0.49 0.59 1.03 1.45 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1242-1249 Minimum equatorial diameter was recorded in unprimed seeds with 5.14 cm. Interaction varied significantly and S1T5 and S2T5 recorded maximum equatorial diameter i.e., 6.85 cm and 6.19 cm in both the fresh and aged seed lots. S1T2 with an equatorial diameter of 6.63 cm was on par with S1T5combination. Bulb height (cm): A mean bulb height of 6.29 cm and 5.72 cm was recorded in fresh and aged seed lots. T5treatment recorded maximum bulb height of 6.65 cm and T2 with 6.38 cm and also T3 with 6.26 cm were on par with T5 treatment. Minimum bulb height was recorded in unprimed seeds with 4.87 cm. Among the interactions, S1T5 and S2T5 recorded maximum bulb height i.e., 6.74 cm and 6.56 cm in both the fresh and aged seed lots. S1T2 (3% KNO3 for 12 h) with a bulb height of 6.65 cm and S1T3 (PEG 6000, -1.0 MPa for 24 h) with 6.53 cm and also S1T1 combination with 6.43 cm were on par with S1T5 combination respectively. These results are in accordance with Devarajuet al., (2011) who reported that priming treatments showed significant effect on enhancement of field performance like plant height, number of leaves, equatorial and polar diameter of bulbs, etc. KNO3 stands next to gibberellic acid in the seedling performance. Average weight of bulb (g): Average weight of bulbs in fresh (100.39 g) and aged seed lot (97.87 g) showed significant variation. The seed priming treatments were found to be significant (Table 5). The treatment GA3 @ 100 ppm recorded maximum average bulb weight i.e., 104.15 g; followed by halo priming with 102.28 g. Minimum average bulb weight was recorded in control treatment with 94.41 g. Combinations S1T5 and S2T5 recorded maximum average bulb weight i.e., 105.35 g and 102.95 g in both the fresh and aged seed lots. Total bulb yield (t ha-1): There is significant variation in total bulb yield for the fresh seed lot (28.97 t ha-1) and aged seed lot (24.88 t ha-1). The seed treatments significantly differed for total bulb yield (Table 5). T5 (GA3 @ 100 ppm) recorded highest total bulb yield of 31.01t ha-1 followed by T2 and T3 with 28.57 and 27.66 t ha-1 respectively. Among the interactions, S1T5 and S2T5 (GA3@100 ppm) recorded highest total bulb yield of 32.68 t ha-1 and 29.34 t ha-1 in both the fresh and aged seed lots. It was followed by S1T2 (3% KNO3 for 12 h) with 30.60 t ha-1 and S1T3 (PEG 6000, -1.0 MPa for 24 h) with 29.40 t ha-1 respectively. The yield increase was due to the increase in bulb size and weight. Enhanced yield by the use of GA3 was also reported by Pramanik et al., (2015) in sesame. In onion among the yield components, bulb diameter and bulb weight had maximum contribution towards onion bulb yield (Singh, 2001). Jagadish (1993) in onion cv. Pusa red noted increased plant stand, growth and number of bulbs than control in seeds treated with GA3. 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