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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.112 Effect of Pre-harvest Application of Ca, K, B and Zn on Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra Anugya Kumari*, Rewati Raman Singh and Manoj Kundu Department of Fruit and Fruit Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour-813210, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Mango, Potassium, Calcium, Boron, Zinc, Yield, Quality Article Info Accepted: 18 May 2020 Available Online: 10 June 2020 The present study was conducted to investigate the role of calcium, potassium, boron and zinc on yield and quality of mango cv. Langra. The treatments includes CaCl2 4%, CaCl2 6%, CaCl28%, K2SO4 1.0%, K2SO41.5%, K2SO4 2.0%, Borax 1.0%, Borax 1.5%), Borax 2.0%, ZnSO4 0.2%, ZnSO4 0.4%, ZnSO4 0.8%) and T13 control. Spraying was done 30 days before anticipated day of harvesting. The result revealed that among all the treatments borax 2 % was most effective in increasing fruit weight, pulp weight, and pulp percentage. Whereas CaCl2 4.0% had given highestyield/plant with better fruit quality attributes. On the other hand number of fruits per plant and fruit quality parameters such as TSS, TSS: acid ratio, sugars, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid content, total phenolics was highest in borax 1%. Thus, present study concluded that borax 1% and CaCl2 4% was most efficient in enhancing yield and yield attributes as well as in retaining the quality of mango fruits. crops (Anonymous, 2015). Mango fruits are esteemed due its pleasing aroma, marvellous flavour, luscious taste, attractive colour with high nutritive value, which has fascinated the market. Introduction Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is choicest fruit crop of India, cultivated in tropical and subtropical region around the world. India is leading producer and around 2.516 MT/ha area is under mango cultivation with an annual production of 18431MT. Although, production of this crop is very high but the productivity is quite lower than other fruit Among the various cultivars of northern India, Langrais one of the main cultivar which is widely cultivated and preferred by the consumers. Although it is one of the choicest 892 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 variety but its yield is very low. This main reason for lower yield is its biennial bearing habit, low fruit set, excessive fruit drop, poor fruit growth, development of abscission layer and deficiency of nutrients in different part of the country. Materials and Methods Experimental site The research was done in mango orchard of Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour, Bhagalpur. Application of different macro and micronutrients has shown immense potential to increase the yield and productivity of mango with improved fruit quality (Selvaraj et al., 2000). Potassium plays major role in many biochemical and physiological processes such as growth, yield, quality and biotic and abiotic tolerance (Cakmak, 2005; Pettigrew, 2008). The potassium treatments improve the productivity of several mango cultivars (Baiea et al., 2015; Taha et al., 2014). On the other hand, calcium spraying increased the productivity of mango due to the reduction of abscission layer formation (Kumar et al., 2006). Calcium application safely supplements endogenous calcium to fresh fruits during development of fruits (Raese and Drake, 2000). Boron improves translocation of sugar, cell wall synthesis and their structure as well as lignifications that affect fruit quality (Blevins and Lukaszewski, 1998). Zinc plays an important role in enzymatic reactions and helps in better growth and development. It also regulates the metabolism of protein as well as carbohydrate and improves the auxin content which helps in fruit retention. Plant materials and treatments For this study 21 years old mango trees (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Langra of uniform vigour, growing in a compact block were selected. All the trees were managed under similar cultural schedule during whole period of study. Randomized block design (RBD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications for each, were used for this experiment. The details of experimental treatment plan employed in this study are as follow: T1(CaCl2 4%), T2 (CaCl26%),T3 (CaCl28%), T4 (K2SO41.0%), T5 (K2SO41.5%), T6 (K2SO42.0%), T7 (Borax 1.0%), T8 (Borax 1.5%), T9 (Borax 2.0%), T10 (ZnSO4 0.2%), T11 (ZnSO4 0.4%), T12 (ZnSO4 0.8%) and T13 Control (Water spray). These nutrients were applied as foliar spray at 30 days before harvest of fruits. Observation recorded Yield attributing characters and yield Total numbers of fruits for each replication under each treatment were counted manually. Fruit weight, Pulp weight, peel and stone weight, yield per plant as well as Yield per ha were recorded. Fruit length and width was measured by using Vernier calliper (mm). Specific gravity and fruit volume was calculated by conventional water displacement method. Pulp: stone ratio was calculated by dividing weight of pulp with weight of stone and also edible: non-edible ratio was estimated. Various experiments have been conducted on foliar spray of micro-nutrients, shown significant response to improve yield and quality of fruits and found 10 to 20 times more efficient than soil application (Shukla, 2011; Zaman and Schumann, 2006). Present study was planned to evaluate the response of foliar spray of calcium, potassium, boron and zinc on yield and quality of mango fruits cv. Langra. 893 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 number of fruits per plant. Borax1% (191.33) had maximum number of fruits per plant followed by borax 1.5% (184.33) while minimum (140.00) in untreated plant. Fruit weight was highest in borax 2.0% (353.07 gm) followed by CaCl2 4% (351.83) and minimum in K2SO4 1.5% (275.73 gm). Foliar application of boron showed positive effect because it promotes cell division, expansion, sugar metabolism and accumulation of carbohydrates (Sourour, 2000). It also helps in better photosynthesis, accumulation of starch and auxin synthesis. The balance auxin in plant regulates the fruit drop and helps in maximum number of fruit retention. Similar results were reported in mango, papaya and guava (Sankar et al., 2013; Kavitha, 2000; Sarolia et al., 2007). The appreciable improvement in fruit weight by boron application had been reported by Pathak et al., 2011, Bhatt et al., 2012; Bhowmick et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2012; Yadav et al., 2013. It might be due to involvement of boron in hormonal metabolism, cell division and expansion and also enhanced assimilates accumulation from other parts to developing fruits However, the maximum yield/plant and yield/ha (63.79 kg, 6.37 t/ha respectively) was recorded in CaCl24.0% while the minimum in control. Boron and calcium significantly increased yield, it might be an increase in fruit number as fruit drop reduced, higher fruit weight. These results were in agreement with earlier studies of Singh and Maurya, 2004 and Singh et al., 2012 in mango. Fruit quality attributes Total soluble solids were recorded with the help of hand refractometer. Titratable acidity was calculated by standard titration method (AOAC, 2000). TSS: TA ratio was calculated by dividing the TSS with titratable acidity. Total sugar was done by using Lane and Eynone (1923) method and expressed in percentage. Total carotenoids was evaluated by the protocol of Roy (1973) and values were expressed as mg 100 g-1fresh weight basis (FW).Ascorbic acid was estimated by 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol dye method (Jones and Hughes, 1983) and results were expressed in mg 100/g FW. Total phenols were extracted by a method described by Singleton et al., (1999) and were expressed as microgram of gallic acid equivalent/100 g FW (mg GAE g-1FW). Total Antioxidant activity was calculated according to the protocol of Apak et al., (2004) CUPRAC assay and expressed as μmol Trolox equivalent/100 gFW. Statistical analysis The Data were analyzed using statistical analysis software SAS 9.2 and means were calculated by using Duncan’s multiple range test. Mean difference were tested by ‘F’ test at five per cent level of significance. Treatments were compared at five per cent level of significance. Results and Discussion Fruit weight, fruit length, width, volume and specific gravity Yield attributing characters Table.2 showed that treatments have significant effects on fruit weight, length width and volume. The maximum fruit length and volume was recorded in CaCl2 4.0%. Appreciable improvement in fruit length and volume by CaCl2application might be because of hormonal metabolism, increased cell Fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per ha Total number of fruits from each plant, fruit weight, yield/plant and yield/ha were presented in table-1.Result revealed that all the treatments have significantly higher 894 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 division and expansion, synthesis and changes of carbohydrates and carbohydrate enzyme (Rani and Brahmachari, 2001; Banis et al., 1997). The similar reports were found by Kulkarni and Yewale (2012) and Karemera and Habimana (2014). The maximum fruit width (80.81mm) was recorded in ZnSO4 0.8% while minimum in control (69.287mm). This increase in width might be due to direct role of zinc in hastening the process of cell division and cell elongation. Positive effect of zinc on fruit width was also reported by Singh et al., (2013). However, specific gravity was recorded highest in borax 1.5% followed by borax 2% while minimum in K2SO4 1.0%. highest in CaCl2 8% and minimum in K2SO41% (Table-4). Fruit pulp: stone ratio was recorded highest in K2SO4 1% followed by borax 2% while it was minimum in borax 1.5%. The maximum edible: non-edible ratio was recorded in borax 2% followed by CaCl2 4.0% (Table-3). Similar findings were observed by Karemeraa and Habimana, 2014). Fruit quality attributes Total soluble solids The maximum TSS (21.08oB) was observed in borax 1% followed CaCl2 4% and minimum in control fruits (Table-5). Pulp and stone characteristics and Edible: Non-edible ratio Increase in TSS by boron application attributed to the rapid mobilization of sugars and other soluble solids from leaves to developing fruits. These findings were in agreement with the findings of Bhowmick et al., (2012), Singh et al., (2012), Nehete et al., (2011) and Bhatt et al., (2012). The maximum pulp weight was recorded in borax 2% (290.60 gm) followed by CaCl24% while the minimum pulp weight was found in control (213.66 gm). Boron increased fruit weight by more accumulation of photosynthates in the matured fruits. Result was in close conformity with Bhowmick et al., 2012; Karemera et al., 2014 and Bhusan and Panda, 2015. Whereas, maximum peel weight was recorded in control (37.13 gm) followed by K2SO4 1.5% (38.55 gm) while minimum in CaCl24.0% (23.42 gm). The maximum stone weight was recorded in CaCl2 4.0% followed by CaCl2 8% while the minimum stone weight was found in control (Table-3). Titratable acidity (%) A critical review of data (Table-5) indicated that the highest titratable acidity (0.29%) was found in untreated fruits whereas it was lowest (0.24%) in ZnSO40.8% as followed ZnSO40.2%. ZnSO4 effectively reduced acidity by accumulation of more total soluble solids. Enzymatic reactions need Zn for transformation of carbohydrates, hexokinase activity and sugar conversion (Dutta and Dhua, 2002). Similar effect of zinc was found in other fruit crops such as aonla, mango etc. (Meena et al., 2014; Panday and Jain, 2014). From table-4it was clear that maximum pulp percentage was recorded in borax 2% followed by CaCl24% and the minimum in K2SO4 1.5%. Highest peel percentage was recorded in control (13.47%) followed by K2SO41.5% (13.26%) while minimum peel percentage was found in CaCl24% (6.66 %). TSS: TA ratio Foliar application of borax 1.0% had significantly highest TSS: TA ratio as compare to other treatments (table-5). These finding of Bhusan et al., (2015) and Bhowmick et al., (2012) were showed similar result. The stone percentage was recorded 895 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 Table.1 Effect of chemicals on yield attributing characters of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control Total number of fruits/plant 181.33bc 178.33cde 176.00def 174.67ef 168.00g 165.67g 191.33a 184.33b 173.67f 164.33g 176.00def 180.33bcd 140.00h Fruit weight (gm) 351.83ab 339.60bc 324.23efg 334.83cde 275.73j 295.36i 312.36fgh 325.28def 353.07a 307.66hi 311.33gh 338.00cd 276.08j Yield /plant (kg) 63.79a 60.56ab 56.96bc 58.47abc 46.30e 48.94e 59.76abc 59.96abc 61.28ab 50.55ed 54.81cd 60.95ab 38.65f Yield/ha (t) 6.37 a 6.05ab 5.69bc 5.84abc 4.63e 4.89e 5.97abc 5.99abc 6.12ab 5.05ed 5.48cd 6.09ab 3.86f Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test). Table.2 Effect of chemicals on fruit growth and specific gravity of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control Fruit length (mm) 101.30a 96.79ab 95.85ab 95.65ab 91.41bc 91.27bc 98.75a 100.23a 99.28a 98.96a 99.29a 100.12a 89.69c Fruit growth Fruit width Fruit volume (mm) (cc) 78.28abc 348.35a 77.15abc 336.28bc cde 73.85 324.23de 75.74abcd 341.66ab 70.51de 275.73h de 70.49 298.35g 71.69de 309.34f 75.08bcd 318.90e 70.58de 346.15a abc 78.08 304.62gf 79.64ab 305.23gf 80.81a 331.37cd e 69.28 273.35h Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) 896 Specific gravity 1.01a 1.01a 1.00a 0.98a 1.00a 0.99a 1.01a 1.02a 1.02a 1.01a 1.02a 1.02a 1.01a Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 Table.3 Effect of chemicals on edible and non-edible portion of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control Pulp weight (gm) 289.40a 277.18ab 261.8cd 272.41bc 213.27g 232.95f 250.07de 262.86cd 290.60a 245.24ef 248.91ef 275.55bc 213.66g Peel weight (gm) Stone weight (gm) Edible: nonedible ratio 23.42g 26.12efg 24.33g 33.56b 36.55a 30.98bcd 28.61def 25.55fg 29.93cd 32.67bc 30.56bcd 29.12ed 37.13a 39.01a 36.30abc 38.09a 28.86gf 25.91gh 31.45def 33.68bcd 36.87ab 32.53ed 29.75ef 31.86def 33.33cd 25.29h 4.63: 1ab 4.44: 1abc 4.20: 1bcd 4.37: 1abcd 3.43: 1f 3.74: 1ef 4.03: 1cde 4.21: 1bcd 4.68: 1a 3.93: 1de 3.98: 1cde 4.41: 1abc 3.43: 1f Pulp: Stone ratio 7.42:1cde 7.64:1cde 6.88:1e 9.45:1a 8.41:1abc 7.41:1cde 7.52:1cde 7.13:1de 8.96:1ab 8.25:1abcd 7.81:1bcde 8.27:1abcd 8.46:1abc Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) Table.4 Effect of chemicals on pulp, peel and stone proportion of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control Pulp (%) 82.25a 81.62ab 80.75ab 81.36ab 77.34d 78.87cd 80.05bc 80.81ab 82.30a 79.71bc 79.91bc 81.51ab 77.35d Peel (%) 6.65g 7.69efg 7.50gf 10.02bc 13.26a 10.48a 9.16cd 7.86ef 8.48def 10.62b 9.83bc 8.62de 13.47a Stone (%) 11.09abc 10.69abcd 11.75a 8.61g 9.40efg 10.64abcde 10.78abcd 11.33ab 9.216fg 9.668defg 10.25bcdef 9.87cdefg 9.18gf Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) 897 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 Table.5 Effect of chemicals on TSS, titratable acidity and sugar content of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control TSS (0B) 20.64 a 19.98b 19.84bc 20.02b 20.18b 19.78bc 21.08 a 20.87 a 20.16b 19.06ed 19.46cd 19.88bc 18.98e Titratable Acidity (%) 0.27bc 0.26cd 0.26cd 0.28ab 0.26cd 0.28ab 0.25de 0.26cd 0.26cd 0.24e 0.25de 0.24e 0.29a TSS:TA ratio 76.45:1c 76.97:1c 76.37:1c 71.53:1d 77.68:1 c 70.67:1d 84.39:1a 80.31:1abc 77.59:1c 79.50:1abc 77.91:1bc 82.87:1ab 65.47:1e Total sugars content (%) 11.93a 11.08b 10.47bc 7.65e 7.31ef 7.19ef 12.04a 11.87a 11.00b 9.47d 9.48d 10.11c 6.85f Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) Table.6 Effect of chemicals on, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenolics content and antioxidant activity of mango cv. Langra Treatments CaCl2 (4.0%) CaCl2 (6.0%) CaCl2 (8.0%) K2SO4 (1.0%) K2SO4 (1.5%) K2SO4 (2%) Borax (1.0%) Borax (1.5%) Borax (2.0%) ZnSO4 (0.2%) ZnSO4 (0.4%) ZnSO4 (0.8%) Control Total carotenoids (mg/100 gm FW) 1.56c 1.44g 1.46f 1.52 d 1.50e 1.42h 1.64a 1.58b 1.55c 1.58 b 1.52d 1.46f 1.41h Ascorbic acid (mg/100gm FW) Total phenolics(mg GAE/g FW) 72.33ab 70.12bc 68.44cd 64.23e 64.67e 62.25ef 75.26a 68.67 c 73.33ab 63.98 e 64.33 e 65.28 de 60.22f 6.20ab 5.90abc 5.70bcd 5.60bcde 4.93fg 5.23defg 6.34a 5.60bcde 5.50cdef 4.90fg 5.20defg 5.00efg 4.60g Antioxidant activity (µmol TE/g FW) 4.68a 4.26a 4.74a 4.71a 4.51a 4.71a 5.16a 5.03a 4.98a 5.10a 4.98a 4.68a 4.03a Value indicates mean of three replicates. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences at P≤0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) 898 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 Total sugars Total phenolic content Significant variation was recorded among various treatments with respect to sugar content and clearly revealed in table-5. Total sugar gradually increased in all the treatment than that of control. The maximum total sugar content (12.04%) was recorded in borax 1% followed by CaCl2 4% while minimum (6.85%) was found in control. Highest total phenolic content (6.34 mg GAE/100g FW) was observed in borax 1% followed by CaCl2 4% whereas it was lowest in control (4.60 mg GAE/100g FW). High boron concentration resulted in the increase of gene expression and enzyme activities involved in phenolic biosynthesis (Song et al., 2015). The result was accordance with earlier reports of Herrera-Rodriguez et al., 2010 and Davarpanah et al., 2015. Boron facilitates sugar transport within plants and reacts with sugar to form a sugar borate complex which reduces its consumption during metabolic processes (Gauch and Dugger, 1953; Stamper et al., 1999; Rajput and Chand, 1976). These results were supported by results obtained earlier by Nehete et al., 2011; Bhatt et al., 2012; Gaur et al., 2014. Total antioxidant activity Antioxidant activity increases in all treatments with no significant differences between treated and untreated fruit. However, the data shown in table-6 indicated that among treatments, borax 1% had comparatively highest antioxidant activity (5.16 μmol Trolox equivalent/100g FW). Similar results were found in blue berry and pomegranate (Merino-Gergichevich et al., 2016; Davarpanah et al., 2015). Total carotenoids The data illustrated in table-6 showed that all the treatments significantly influenced total carotenoids content. Highest total carotenoids was observed in borax 1% (1.64 mg/100 gm) followed by borax 1.5% whereas the least total carotenoids was recorded in control (1.41 mg/100 gm FW). On the basis of results summarized above, it can be concluded that foliar application of calcium, potassium, boron and zinc showed significant variation in yield, fruit development, and its quality attributes of the mango cv. Langra. Ascorbic acid content Foliar spray of borax 1%showed significantly highest ascorbic acid (75.26 mg/100gm) followed by borax 2%while the minimum ascorbic acid (60.20 mg/100gm) was found in control (Table-6). Present investigation concluded that borax @ 1% and CaCl2@ 4% was most efficient treatment for enhancing yield and retaining the quality of mango fruits. Acknowledgements Higher level of ascorbic acid by application of boron might be due to higher content of ascorbic acid as synthesized from sugar. Similar effect was observed by Chandra et al., 1994; Gaur et al., 2014; Bhatt et al., 2012; Bhowmick and Banik, 2011; Nehete et al., 2011. The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Fruit and Fruit Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur for providing necessary facilities and financial support for research work. 899 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 892-902 Bhusan, L. P. and Panda, C. 2015. Effect of pre-harvest chemical treatments and mulching on quality of mango, Mangifera indica L cv. Amrapali. International Journal of Farm Sciences. 5(4): 132-138. Blevins, D. G. and Lukaszewski, K. M. 1998. Boron in Plant Structure and Function. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49:481-500. Cakmak, I. 2005. The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 168: 521-530. Chandra, R, Govind, S. and Basuchaudhari, P. 1994. 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