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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.093 Effect of Organic Cu and Zn on the Performance of Pre-Ruminant Buffalo Calves Harmanpreet Singh1, R.S. Grewal1*, Simarjeet Kaur2, Jasmine Kaur1, Chanchal Singh3, J.S. Lamba1 and Puneet Malhotra2 1 Department of Animal Nutrition, 3Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India 2 Directorate of Livestock Farms, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Buffalo calves, Organic copper, Organic zinc Article Info Accepted: 07 April 2018 Available Online: 10 May 2018 Micro-mineral deficiencies of Zinc, Manganese, Iodine and Copper have been identified in blood plasma and serum levels of livestock in state of Punjab. Eighteen female buffalo calves of 15 day of age were randomly divided into 2 groups of nine each and fed calf starter of ingredient composition as per the prevailing feeding practice at the university dairy farm containing 0.66% zinc and 0.1% copper (organic and inorganic) in the mineral mixture as per specifications along with green fodder and milk. The growth study was of 120 days. Body weight and body measurements were recorded at monthly intervals to calculate growth of calves. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of experiment. Results indicated that the physical parameters were similar in TMR IM and TMROM fed calves. The average daily gain was 462.5 and 537.5 gm in TMR IM and TMROM respectively, though the difference was non-significant. Results indicated similar total TMR intake but significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of DM (P<0.05), CP (P<0.01), EE (P<0.01), NDF (P<0.05) in TMROM in comparison to TMRIM fed group. Better digestibility of CP and energy sources led to higher (P<0.01) percent DCP and TDN intake. The glucose, and total protein were significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR OM as compared to TMRIM. The other blood parameters were similar in both the groups. It may be concluded that buffalo calves fed zinc-lysine and Cu-lysine and inorganic Zn and Cu based TMRs exhibited no difference DMI and body measurements but supplementing organic minerals improved nutrient utilization and daily gain. It may be concluded that use of organic copper and zinc may be beneficial for improving growth, nutrient utilization and health of female buffalo heifers. Introduction Although minerals do not provide energy, they are components of the enzyme system that play an important role in the intermediary metabolism of the major nutrients, immunity, health, production and reproduction. Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) both act by enhancement of pituitary hormone functions. Zinc deficiency results in reduced appetite and depressed growth. Absorption of dietary zinc ranges from 15-60%. Micro-mineral deficiencies of Zinc, Manganese, Iodine and Copper have been identified in blood plasma and serum 763 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 levels of livestock in state of Punjab (Randhawa et al., 2009; Randhawa and Randhawa, 2002). In dairy rations, minerals are supplied in inorganic form which may not be absorbed at the level and speed required due to adulteration, poor solubility or interaction with other minerals. Besides, feed grade salts vary in their mineral concentration due to natural contaminants, basic composition and methodology used in processing (Sunder et al., 2007). Minerals complexed with organic molecules have shown to resist many of the interactions mentioned above. Chelate comes from the Greek word ‘claw’ in which a metal atom is held in the complex through more than one point of attachment to the ligand (amino acids or polysaccharides). Organic sources of trace minerals have been found to be more bioavailable than inorganic sources (Huang et al., 2009). Research indicates that organic minerals are beneficial for improving digestibility of nutrients in kids and buffalo calves (Saijpaul and Sikka, 2012; Gupta, 2014) and maintaining performance of kids under stressful conditions (Chandrahas et al., 2015). Data on long term supplementation of organic minerals like Zn and Cu was limited. Materials and Methods Eighteen female buffalo calves of 15 day of age were randomly divided into 2 groups of nine each and fed calf starter of ingredient composition as per the prevailing feeding practice at the university dairy farm containing 0.66% zinc and 0.1% copper (organic and inorganic) in the mineral mixture as per specifications along with green fodder and milk. The growth study was of 120 days. In between the growth study a digestion-cummetabolic trial was conducted of 6 days. Two different mineral mixtures (MM) were prepared containing zinc and copper either in organic form as Zn-lysine and Cu-lysine or inorganic form as ZnSO4 and CuSO4. All the chemicals used in the preparation of mineral mixture were laboratory grade. The organic and inorganic Zn and Cu used in the preparation were assessed for zinc and copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) before formulating the MM. Accordingly, the MM were formulated as per the experimental design. The ingredient composition of the mineral mixtures has been given in Table 1 for organic (MMOM) group and inorganic (MMIM) group. Body weight and body measurements were recorded at monthly intervals to calculate growth of calves. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of experiment for biochemical parameters as per standard methodology. Feed, fodder, residue and feces: Chemical composition (AOAC 2000), cell wall by Robertson and Van Soest (1981) and zinc, copper by using the double beam atomic absorption spectrometer (SL-194, Elico Limited, Hyderabad, India. The samples were aspirated 10 times to record the mineral content, from the calibrated graph the concentration of test sample was determined vis-à-vis the standard. The collected data were analyzed by using suitable software. Results and Discussion The chemical composition of calf starter and heifer feed containing organic (treatment) and inorganic (control) copper and zinc indicated that although the ingredient composition was same in the both groups for calf starters and heifer feed, there was slight difference in the chemical composition probably due to mixing differences (Table 2 and 3). 764 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 Body weight and measurements Results of effects of organic and inorganic copper and zinc supplementation in the ration of buffalo calves on the various body measurements i.e. body weight, length, height, heart girth, paunch girth, pin bone length and hook bone length that relate to physical growth have been given in Table 4. Results indicated that the physical parameters were similar in TMRIM and TMROM fed calves. The average daily gain was 462.5 and 537.5 gm in TMRIM and TMROM respectively, though the difference was non-significant. Huang et al., (2010) suggested ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake) and G/F (gain: feed) ratios showed no significant differences in organic and inorganic fed group. Kessler et al., (2003) found that the Zn proteinate and Zn polysaccharide, compared with Zn oxide and a control treatment without Zn supplementation had no significant effect on the growth rate or feed conversion ratio. Growth performance was linearly improved as the dietary level of Cu increased from 15 to 200 mg/kg, with similar responses for both Cu sources i.e., copper sulfate (CuSO4) and a copper lysine complex (CuLys) by Apgar et al., (1995). The recommended requirement of zinc in cattle is 35mg /day (NRC, 2001). Diet containing about 32.5 mg Zn/kg DM was adequate to support normal growth and digestibility (Mandal et al., 2007). Results of growth study also supported by Pal et al., (2009) they observed average daily feed intake and body weight gain of ewes did not differ due to dietary supplementation of Cu- and Znmethionine as compared to sulphate form. Controversial reports are available on growth related effects. Our results support the results of Pal et al., (2009) who observed no significant body weight gain in ewes fed inorganic and organic sources of copper and zinc. Similarly, Satyanarayana et al., (2017) concluded that replacement of inorganic Zn with organic source had no significant effect on heifers body weight gain, growth performance. Table.1 Ingredient composition of the formulated mineral mixture for growth study Type of mineral source MMIM MMOM DCP 59.77 59.77 LSP 22.91 22.91 MgO 7.83 7.83 MgSO4 4.98 4.98 CuSo4 0.427 ------ Lysine-Cu ----- 0.427 MnSo4 0.427 0.427 KIodate 0.050 0.050 CoSo4 0.050 0.050 FeSo4 1.50 1.50 ZnSo4 2.06 ----- Lysine-Zn ----- 2.06 765 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 Table.2 Ingredient composition of the formulated calf starter Ingredients CMIM CMOM Maize Bajra 36 5 36 5 Sodium bicarbonate Corn germ meal 0.5 3 0.5 3 Maize oil cake 5 5 DGN cake 5 5 Mustard cake Soya meal 5 17 5 17 Full fat roated soy 5 5 Rice bran 9 9 Wheat bran Mineral mixture (MMIM) 5.5 2.00 5.5 ---- Mineral mixture (MMOM) ---- 2.00 Salt AD3 1 0.05 1 0.05 Yeast 0.2 0.2 Biomass 0.05 0.05 Rumensin Toxin binder 0.001 0.1 0.001 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 Biotin Vitamin E Table.3 Chemical composition of calf starter (% DM) containing mineral mixture prepared from organic and inorganic copper and zinc Parameters, %DM basis Calf starter Green fodder 22.3 10.1 89.9 4.5 28.5 9.4 19.1 6.3 9.6 9.57 90.43 2.89 65.2 36 29.2 32.45 CP Ash OM EE NDF ADF Hemicellulose cellulose 766 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 Table.4 Body weight and measurements of female buffalo calves Parameter Birth weight, kg B wt at 5 months, kg ADG, g/d Body measurements, cm Length Height Heart girth Paunch girth Hip bones Pin bones TMRIM 31.4±2.70 98.0±6.22 462.5±0.11 TMROM 27.8±1.98 105.2±10.64 537.5±0.14 p-value 0.33 0.42 0.36 82.8±3.50 87.4±2.36 104±3.36 109.8±3.47 21.0±1.14 12.0±0.55 80.4±5.05 87.8±4.07 104±5.40 107.2±5.70 19.2±1.07 10.4±0.98 0.38 0.5 0.36 0.47 0.22 0.21 Table.5 Nutrient digestibility and N- Balance of female buffalo calves Parameter DMI, Kg DMI, % b wt Digestibility Coefficients, % DM OM CP EE NDF ADF N-balance, g/d N intake Fecal N Urinary N N retained % of absorbed N retained TMRIM 2.41±0.13 2.41±0.22 TMROM 2.44±0.09 2.39±0.07 p-value 0.40 0.46 59.62a±1.62 71.36±1.06 68.25a±1.19 70.38a±2.39 44.53a±2.49 42.62±1.80 64.19b±1.11 73.06±0.84 71.03b±1.03 77.71b±0.81 54.57b±2.82 45.51±1.62 0.01 0.10 0.04 0.001 0.005 0.15 50.51±2.79 15.84±1.01 20.80±1.38 13.80±1.66 26.90±2.73 51.70±1.79 14.69±0.78 23.13±1.50 13.88±1.70 26.47±2.84 0.46 0.19 0.11 0.48 0.45 Table.6 Blood biochemical profile at 5 months of age Parameter Glucose, mg/dl Triglycerides, mg/dl BUN, mg/dl Total protein, mg/dl GGT TMRIM 56.66a±10.75 18.21±2.00 44.48±0.78 6.15a±0.09 13.11±1.47 TMROM 78.68b±8.44 20.14±1.60 37.77±2.34 6.38b±0.13 15.87±2.35 p-value 0.02 0.26 0.06 0.05 0.47 significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility of DM (P<0.05), CP (P<0.01), EE (P<0.01), NDF (P<0.05) in TMROM in comparison to TMRIM fed group. Better digestibility of CP Nutrient utilization Results of the digestion trial (Table 5) indicated similar total TMR intake but 767 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(5): 763-769 and energy sources led to higher (P<0.01) percent DCP and TDN intake. Reported literature suggests that supplemental Cu, Mn and Zn facilitate the growth of cellulolytic rumen microbes like Ruminococcus sp. and Fibrobacter sp. which results in better ferment ability and utilization of organic matter. Our results have been supported by Balabanova et al., (2011) who reported that mineral supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein, fat, fiber and nitrogen free extract digestibility in cows when compared to control. However, digestibility of cellulose and acid detergent fibre was significantly (P<0.05) higher in organic group as compared to control group by Garg et al., (2008). Ashmead and Ashmead (2004) also observed significantly higher digestibility of feed nutrients in Holstein first calf heifers fed organic Cu and Zn as compared with inorganic micro-minerals. The difference in N-balance was non-significant as higher digestibility of CP in TMROM was coupled with higher urinary N excretion. Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States America. Apgar G A., Kornegay E T, Lindeman M D and Notter D R. 1995. Evaluation of copper sulfate and a copper lysine complex as growth promoters for weanling swine. Journal of Animal Science 73(9): 2640-2646. Ashmead H D and Ashmead S D. 2004. The effects of dietary molybdenum sulfur and iron on absorption of three organic copper sources. Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 2: 1-9. Chandrahas, Saijpaul S, Sandhu K S and Saini A L. 2015. Stress appraisal by organicinorganic zinc and copper supplementation in beetal kids. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85: 90812. 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Sunder G S, Gopinath N C S, Rama S V R and Vijaya K. 2007. Quality assessment of commercial feed grade salts of trace minerals for use in poultry feeds. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 7: 29-35. How to cite this article: Harmanpreet Singh, R.S. Grewal, Simarjeet Kaur, Jasmine Kaur, Chanchal Singh, J.S. Lamba and Puneet Malhotra. 2018. Effect of Organic Cu and Zn on the Performance of Pre-Ruminant Buffalo Calves. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(05): 763-769. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.093 769