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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.007 Effect of Moisture Regime and Nutrient Management System on Yield and Economics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Ajit Kumar, Sanjay Kumar*, Anil Kumar Singh, Dinesh Kumar, Harikesh, Tarun Gopal, Deepak Pandey and Vinay Kumar Pandey Department of Agronomy, NDUAT Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229, UP, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Wheat, Moisture regime, Nutrient, Varieties, Growth, Economics, Yield Article Info Accepted: 04 February 2018 Available Online: 10 March 2018 The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during Rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16. Sixteen treatments comprised of four levels of moisture regime (a) I1; 0.6 IW/CPE ratio (b) I2; 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (c) I3; 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and (c) I4; 1.2 IW/CPE ratio and four levels of fertilizers ((a) 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1) (b) 75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM (90:45:30 kg NPK ha-1) (c) 50% NPK+ 50% N through FYM (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1) (d) 25% NPK+75% N through FYM (30:15:10 kg NPK ha-1) were tested in a split plot design with three replications. The growth attributes viz., number of shoots, plant height, dry matter accumulation and yield attributing characters viz., number of grains spike-1, number of spike m2, length of spike, test weight, grain and straw yield, harvest index, nutrients uptake by crop was significantly increased 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK/ha +25% N through FYM along with I4; 1.2 IW/CPE ratio moisture regime which was at par with 100% RDF(120:60:40 kg NPK/ha)along with I4; 1.2 IW/CPE ratio moisture regime and significantly higher over rest of the treatment as well as economics of various treatments were recorded. Moisture regime of 1.0 IW/CPE ratio (5-6irrigations) was found suitable for achieving higher yield of wheat with 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK/ha +25% N through FYM followed by 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg NPK/ha) was found suitable higher growth and yield of wheat crop. On the basis of results obtained, application of 75% RDF (90:45:30 kg NPK/ha +25% N through FYM, nutrient supply system and I4; 1.2 IW/CPE ratio moisture regime found to be more suitable for higher yield of wheat variety Malviya 234.Wheat cultivar Malviya 234accrued the maximum net return with B:C ratio of 2.76 under 1.0 IW/CPE moisture regime (I3) with 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1). areas in winter season. It is the single most important cereal crop that has been considered as integral component of the food security system of the several nations Wheat is the single, most important cereal crop that has been considered as integral component of the Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food of the world and falls under Poaceae family. It is primarily grown in temperate regions and also at higher altitude under tropical climatic 59 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 food security system of the several nations. It ranks first in the world among the cereals both in area with 225.43 mha and production with 708.0 mt. In India, total area under wheat is 29.90 mha with the production and productivity of 93.90 mt and 3.14 t ha-1 respectively (Anonymous, 2014). by a full crop cover is closely associated with the evaporation from an open pan. At present irrigation is very costly input so will be used very judiciously. Parihar et al., (2003) suggested a relatively more practical meteorological approach of IW/CPE, the ratio between a fixed amount of irrigation water (IW) and Cumulative Pan Evaporation, as a basis for irrigation scheduling to crops. IW/CPE approach merits special consideration on account of its simplicity of operation. IW/CPE is taken for applying water to wheat and for comparative study treatments at critical growth stages, Patel and Upadhya, (1993) reported that the higher grain yield with IW: CPE ratio 1.2 of 6cm irrigation, resulted in improved yield attributes, viz. effective tiller per meter row length, spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight. The normal time for sowing of dwarf wheat in irrigated tracts starts in the beginning of November. Medium to long duration varieties taking 135-145 days to mature should be sown in the first fortnight of November while, short duration varieties (120-125 days) may be sown in the second fortnight of November (Singh et al., 1984 and Shaktawat, 1986). The productivity of wheat in eastern U.P. is very low (25 q ha-1) and it might be due to adoption of cereal-cereal (Rice-Wheat) cropping system, poor management in balanced fertilization, etc. Increasing level of production can be achieved by increasing level of fertilizer, but continuous use of chemical fertilizers alone may lead diminishable yield even with the recommended dose of fertilizer application. Besides chemical fertilizer alone may also lead to same detrimental effect on physical and chemical properties of soil and may not be so remunerable unless the fertility of soil is maintained at sustainable level by application of organic manures. Therefore to maintain fertility and productivity of soil at sustainable level for long duration, there is a need to adopt the concept of integrated nutrient management. Organic manures such as farmyard manure are to be considered and integral component and may help to recover soil health in cropping system (Ranwa and Singh, 1999) as they improve soil fertility and physical properties. Organic matters in soil improve physical condition of soil for better performance of microorganism and physical status at soil (Kumar and Tripathi, 1990). Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted at Main Research Farm, Department of Agronomy of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) India. The farm is located 42 km away from Faizabad city on Faizabad- Raebareily road at 26.47˚ N latitude and 82.12˚ E longitude and about 113 metres above the mean sea level. Sixteen treatments comprised of four levels of moisture regime (a) I1; 0.6 IW/CPE ratio (b) I2; 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (c) I3; 1.0 IW/CPE ratio and (c) I4; 1.2 IW/CPE ratio and four levels of fertilizers (a) 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha-1) (b) 75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM (90:45:30 kg NPK ha-1) (c) 50% NPK+ 50% N through FYM (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1) (d) 25% NPK+75% N through FYM (30:15:10 kg NPK ha-1) were tested in a split plot design with three replications. The wheat variety Malviya 234 was sown in 20 cm row to row distance on 16 Nov., during both years. Fertilization was doneby using inorganic fertilizers and Irrigation water is a major constraint for assumed crop production. Evapo-transpiration 60 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 FYM as per treatments (level of inorganic fertilizers; 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) and was added at time of sowing while full dose N was applied as basal and rest half nitrogen was top dressed in two splits after first irrigation and second 45 DAS were done as when required during 2014-15 and 201516.Whereas first irrigation of all treatments done at CRI stage (21DAS) after that as per IW/CPE ratio treatments. From the individual plot the crop of net plot area was harvested for taking observation. The final seed weight was recorded in kg per plot and converted into q/ha. and organic source of nutrient in F2 (75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM) would certainly increased the amount of availability to the individual plant and hence resulted in taller plants while the plants were shortest stature with F4 (25% NPK+ 75% N through FYM). These findings were in close conformity with those of Zhong et al., (2015), Mohsin et al., (2014), Singh et al., (2012), Naser et al., (2000), Khola et al., (1989). Higher dry matter production was due more plant height and increased LAI together produced higher dry matter production. Dry matter production of wheat tended to increase progressively with advance in the age of the crop. The total dry matter production of I3 (1.2 IW/CPE Ratio) was higher with the crop nutrient level of F2 (75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM) which was at par with F1 and significant over with F3 and F4 which resulted in the lowest dry matter accumulation. Results and Discussion The data pertaining to different moisture regimes and varieties, plant growth and yield given in Table 1 reveal that the growth and yield of wheat was affected by moisture regimes. These findings were in agreement with Zhong et al., (2015), Mohsin et al., (2014), Singh et al., (2012), Naser et al., (2000), Khola et al., (1989). Effect on crop growth Data on progressive plant height at the successive stages of crop growth as influenced by various nutrient supply system and moisture have been summarized in Table 1. In general, plant height increased successfully up to 90 DAS stage. There after the rate of increased in plant height was nominal at harvest stage of the crop. Effect on yield and yield attributing parameter The yield attributes character like number of spike, length of spike and number of grain per spike was recorded with the highest level of irrigation tried i.e., IW/CPE ratio of 1.2 (I4) which was at par with IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 while significantly higher than with IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (I1) and 0.8 IW/CPE ratio, among the nutrient management tried, the yield attributes was recorded with F2 (75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM), which was at par with F1. This might be due to better growth of individual plant in F2 and F1 which resulted in utilization of accumulated photosynthates and influenced the growth and development of yield attributes. It is evident from the data that the effect of nutrient supply system was not visible at 30 DAS stage, after this, it exhibited significant effect on plant height at 60, 90 DAS stage and at harvest stage. At all the stages of growth, the tallest plants were recorded with an irrigation practice of I4 (IW/CPE of 1.2) which was at par with I3 (IW/CPE of 1.0) and the shortest plants with I1 (IW/CPE of 0.6) and I2 (0.8 IW/CPE ratio). The higher plant height were counted it could be attributed to the fact that due to proper combinations of inorganic 61 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 Table.1 Growth parameter and yield and yield attributing parameter as influenced by Moisture regime and Nutrients supply system on wheat crop Treatment Dry matter accumulation (g m-2) Plant height (cm) 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS At harvest Number of spike/m2 Length of spike (cm) Grain spike-1 Grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Test weight (g) Nutrients supply system F1 23.73 49.75 79.95 80.75 67.92 458.02 767.20 971.85 279.95 7.92 35.53 29.95 39.75 36.17 F2 25.50 53.49 86.02 86.87 73.08 492.50 825.00 1045.02 301.02 8.52 30.22 32.22 41.27 36.93 F3 26.00 54.62 87.70 88.58 74.50 502.38 841.48 1065.90 307.03 8.67 38.97 32.85 41.19 37.20 F4 26.73 56.20 90.30 91.18 76.75 517.13 866.23 1097.25 316.05 8.93 40.12 33.81 42.84 37.50 SEm± 0.67 1.04 2.27 2.28 1.87 11.06 21.152 22.49 7.78 0.19 1.07 0.68 4.11 0.92 C.D. (P=0.05) 1.97 3.05 6.68 6.69 5.48 32.44 62.03 65.97 22.83 0.56 3.14 2.00 1.06 NS Seed rate (kg ha-1) S1 24.20 50.85 81.68 82.50 69.44 467.89 783.71 992.75 285.96 8.09 36.29 30.95 39.63 36.65 S2 25.78 54.05 86.86 87.74 73.75 497.43 833.24 1055.48 304.01 8.59 38.59 32.54 41.90 37.15 S3 26.50 55.64 89.44 90.30 76.00 512.21 857.99 1086.79 313.06 8.85 39.75 33.49 42.26 37.05 SEm± 0.58 0.90 1.97 1.97 1.62 9.58 18.31 19.48 6.74 0.16 0.92 0.59 0.92 0.80 C.D. (P=0.05) 1.71 2.64 5.78 5.79 4.75 28.098 53.72 57.13 19.77 0.48 2.72 1.73 2.71 NS (Note: I1:6 cm irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE;I2:6 cm irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE; I3:6 cm irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE; I4:6 cm irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE); (F1: 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1); F2: 75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM (90:45:30 kg NPK ha -1); F3: 50% NPK+ 50% N through FYM (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1); F4: 25% NPK+ 75% N through FYM (30:15:10 kg NPK ha -1) 62 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 Table.2 Economics as influenced by Moisture regime and Nutrients supply system on wheat crop Treatmen t Total cost of cultivation grain yield (q/ha) Straw yield (q/ha) Gross return (Rs/ha) Net return (Rs/ha) Rs/return (B:C ratio) I1F1 33644 38.83 57.67 96645 63001 1.87 I1F2 34057 38.42 56.67 95328 61271 1.80 I1F3 34470 39.45 58.67 98242 63773 1.85 I1F4 34883 37.02 52.67 90403 55520 1.59 I2F1 34644 46.18 67.00 113752 79109 2.28 I2F2 35057 40.74 60.67 101521 66464 1.90 I2F3 35470 46.75 68.00 115285 79815 2.25 I2F4 35883 39.47 57.00 97019 61136 1.70 I3F1 35644 53.63 80.33 133986 98342 2.76 I3F2 36057 43.79 63.33 107705 71648 1.99 I3F3 36470 54.83 80.67 135894 99424 2.73 I3F4 36883 41.89 58.67 101604 64721 1.75 I4F1 36644 55.34 80.00 136089 99446 2.71 I4F2 37057 47.98 72.33 120227 83170 2.24 I4F3 37470 56.01 81.33 138011 100541 2.68 I4F4 37883 46.28 65.33 112628 74745 1.97 (Note: I1:6 cm irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE;I2:6 cm irrigation at 0.8 IW/CPE; I3:6 cm irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE; I4:6 cm irrigation at 1.2 IW/CPE); (F1: 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers (120:60:40 kg NPK ha -1); F2: 75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM (90:45:30 kg NPK ha -1); F3: 50% NPK+ 50% N through FYM (60:30:20 kg NPK ha-1); F4: 25% NPK+ 75% N through FYM (30:15:10 kg NPK ha -1) 63 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 This might be due to more vigorous and luxuriant vegetative growth, which in turn favoured a better partitioning of, assimilates from source to sink. Similar results were obtained by Pal et al., (2001), Singh et al., (2007), Das and Guha (1998) and Khiriya and Singh (2003). al., (2007), Pradhan et al., (2013), Kakar et al., (2015), Zagonel et al., (2002) Talashikar et al., (1999). Among the irrigation levels tried, IW/CPE ratio of 1.2 (I4) recorded the higher straw yield which was however, comparable with 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (I3). The lowest straw yield was recorded with IW/CPE ratio of 0.6(I1). Increased straw yield might be due to better vegetative growth and higher dry matter production. Higher straw yield was recorded with F2, which was at par with F1. F3 and F4 produced the lowest straw yield. This is due to increased number of plants per unit area and increased growth of plants i.e, plant height, leaf area, dry matter production in F2. Similar results were obtained by by Pal et al., (2001), Sheoran et al., (2015), Zagonel et al., (2002) Talashikar et al., (1999). Higher thousand grain weight was recorded with IW/CPE ratio of 1.2 (I4) which was at par with IW/CPE ratio of 1.0and 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (I2) while significantly higher than IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 (I1) and 0.8 ratio, which has resulted in lower grain weight. With F2 (75% NPK+ 25% N through FYM) as regards the nutrient management practices, the higher no of grain per spike of wheat was recorded with the nutrient management of F2 which was at par with F1.This was followed by F3, which was comparable with lowest no of grain per spike F4.which produced the lowest hundred seed weight. Better growth of individual plant in F2 result in better utilization of accumulated photosynthates which influenced the growth and development of yield attributes. This finding was in conformity with the work of Pal et al., (2001), Singh et al., (2007), Pradhan et al., (2013), and Khiriya and Singh (2003). Effect on economics Data presenting to cost of cultivation in table 2. Obviously reveal that it varied with variation in the nutrient management and moisture regime. The maximum cost of cultivation of Rs.37057 ha-1 was recorded with I4 F2 while the minimum cost of cultivation of Rs.33644 ha-1 was recorded with I1 F1. The higher seed yield was recorded with the highest level of irrigation tried i.e., IW/CPE ratio of 1.2 (I4), which was however comparable with 0.8 IW/CPE ratio (I3) and 0.6(I1), which has resulted in lower seed yield. Higher seed yield due to irrigation might be accounted to their favourable influence on the crop growth and yield attributes. As regards the nutrient management practices, highest seed yield was recorded with a nutrient management of F2, which was at par with F1 followed by F3 and F4with significant difference between them, which produced the lowest seed yield. The same was obvious through the findings of Pal et al., (2001), Saren et al., (2004), Singh et Gross return increased with increase in grain yield and straw yield of wheat. The maximum Gross return of Rs.138011 ha-1 were recorded with I4 F3, the minimum of Gross return Rs.90403 ha-1 were recorded with I1 F4.and also the maximum Net returns of Rs.100541 ha-1 was recorded with I4 F3, the minimum Net returns of Rs. 58496 ha-1 were recorded with I1 F4. Increased net returns were recorded with increase in level of irrigation and nutrient management. This was due to higher magnitude of increase in yield though the cost of irrigation and inorganic fertilizer was higher. 64 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(2): 59-66 The maximum Net return per rupee invested of 2.76 was recorded with I3 F1, the minimum Net return per rupee invested 1.59 was recorded with I1 F4. 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