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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 03 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.248 Effect of Iron Application in Grain Amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) Grown in Typic Ustocerpts under Middle Gujarat Condition Drashti Chaudhari1*, Punit Mehta1, Jagruti Shroff2, Manish Yadav1,3 and Sanjay Makwana2 1 Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, (Gujarat), India 2 Department of Agronomy, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, (Gujarat), India 3 Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, (Punjab), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Amaranthus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus Article Info Accepted: 18 February 2021 Available Online: 10 March 2021 Micronutrients are essential for the plant system, animals and humans growth, are receiving increased attention as their deficiency in soil is threatening the agricultural sustainability, nutritional quality as well as animal and human health. In order to assess the effect of Fe application in Grain Amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) crop under middle Gujarat condition, a field experiment was conducted during Rabi season, 2019-2020 at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand (Gujarat). The experiment consists of twelve treatments laid out in randomized block design replicated four times. The results revealed that the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (30-15-00 NPK kg ha-1) coupled with enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 15 kg FeSO4 recorded significantly highest plant growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, panicle length, grain (15%) and stover yield (20%)over recommended dose of fertilizer (control).While, significantly highest content of nitrogen (2.43%) and iron (102.3 mg kg-1) content in amaranthus grain was observed under the application of recommended dose of fertilizer along with FeSO 4application at 11.25 kg ha1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. Introduction The demand for food of increasing ever population of India is increasing day to day but the agricultural production in the country is not much increased. The practice of intensive cropping with hybrid varieties for boosting food production in India has caused nutrient depletion in soil. Consequently macro- and micro-nutrient deficiencies are reported in soils of India. However, the agricultural production was increased, but availability and accessibility of food (i.e. food security) to the population is still the major 1956 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 problem. Also, not only the food security but nutritional security is the most important. Nutritional security is an essential element of food security. Micronutrient deficient soils result in production of food/feed/fodder low in micronutrient content/density and that in the long-run have been inflicting their deficiency in humans and animals. Hence, the rampant micronutrient deficiency in soils has resulted in increased incidence of micronutrients deficiencies in animals and humans in recent years and taking a toll on the food and economic security of the country in terms of the yield and economic losses due to unmatched yield goals (Shukla et al., 2014). Thus, micronutrients, essential for plant, animals and humans growth, has been receiving increased attention as their deficiency is threatening the agricultural sustainability, nutritional quality as well as animal and human health. Two billion people (more than one-in-three) around the world suffer from micronutrient deficiency (FAO, 2013). Every day, more than 6,000 children below the age of five die in India and more than half of these deaths are caused due to malnutrition mainly via lack of iron, zinc, vitamin A, iodine and folic acid (Kotecha, 2008). Iron deficiency is considered to be the common worldwide nutritional deficiency that affects approximately 20% of the world population. Women and children are especially at risk (http://www.who.int/nut/ research1.htm).Various physiological diseases, such as anemia and some neurodegenerative diseases are triggered by Fe deficiency (Sheftela et al., 2012; Schuler and Bauer, 2012). Especially those countries are affected by Fe deficiency diseases, where people have low meat intake and the diets are mostly based on staple crops. Human health problems caused by Fe deficiency can be prevented by specific attention to food composition and by choosing a balanced diet with sufficient Fe concentration. Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder in many crop plants, causing chlorosis, poor yield and reduced nutritional quality (Zhang et al., 2008). A lot of research work has been done to enhance micronutrient content in cereal grains and there is a need to explore the possibility of such improvements in other locally available food crops. One such crop that could be considered suitable for this purpose is of the genus Amaranthus. Grain Amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) is a neglected pseudocereal crop. Amaranthus belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. It is originated from Central and South America. In India, amaranthus is commonly grown in Himachal Pradesh and in the hills of Uttar Pradesh for both grains and greens. It is a short duration, low input underexploited multipurpose crop used as vegetable, grain crop, medicinal, forage and as an ornamental plant. It can be grown on a wide range of soils, however, sandy loam soil, slightly acidic in reaction is preferred. The amaranth grains contain relatively higher iron content than in cereal grains. It is an excellent source of iron and β-Carotene and thus it can help in removing iron and vitamin A deficiency (Narwade et al., 2018). Amaranth has complete protein and is also a good source of minerals such as iron, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and manganese. It’s unique composition makes it an attractive food complement and supplement. Looking to the above scenario, the research work on effect of Iron in grain amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) under middle Gujarat condition. 1957 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 samples were preserved in airtight polyethylene bags for further analysis. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of the year 2019-2020 at College Agronomy farm, BACA, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. This experiment consisting of twelve treatment combinations in randomized block design, which was replicated four times and amaranthus variety GA - 2 was sown. Details are furnished below in Table 1. RDF was applied in common to all the plots where in nitrogen dose was applied at 50 % basal and 50 % at 30 DAS and 50 DAS respectively, While, total quantity of recommended dose of P2O5 was applied through diammonium phosphate (DAP) as basal. Application of Bio NPK consortium (Azotobacter + PSB + KSB) was made through seed treatment at 10 ml kg-1 seed as well as soil drenching at 1 liter ha-1 at 30 DAS. FeSO4 was applied as per treatment and for iron enriched FYM, the quantity of 200 kg FYM was taken and thoroughly mixed with the solution of FeSO4.7H2O as per treatment. The thoroughly mixed materials was filled in the pits treatment wise and incubated for a period of 50 days. The 50 per cent available soil moisture was maintained in the pits till 50 days. After 50 days, the enriched manure was utilized as soil application as per treatment at the time of sowing of amaranthus crop. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, alkaline in reaction. Plant analysis After harvest of the crop, amaranthus grain and stover and leaves at 45 DAS samples were taken for analysis. The samples were dried in paper bags at 700C till constant weight in a hot air oven and preserved for further analysis. These samples were ground in a stainless steel grinder to avoid contamination of nutrients. The processed The total N was determined by (Kjeldahl’s digestion method) digestion of plant samples with concentrated sulphuric acid. The digested sample is estimated by using micro kjeldahl apparatus. For P, K and micro nutrients, samples digested in di-acid mixture (HNO3 : HCLO4 – 3:1) and fine volume was prepared with double distilled water. The extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper No.42. The digested extract of plant samples was used analysis of phosphorus (Vanadomolybdate yellow colour), potassium (Flame photometric method) and micronutrients (Di-acid digestion). Standard error of mean (S.Em) and Co-efficient of variation (CV %) were worked out for each observation as per the method suggested by Steel and Torrie (1982) (Table 2). Results and Discussion Growth and yield In this study, the growth and yield of amaranthus was enhanced with the recommended dose of fertilizers along with soil application of FeSO4 through enriched 200 kg FYM compared to control (Table 3). Highest plant height at 25 DAS(42.33cm) and 50 DAS (42.33cm) and panicle length (58.45cm)was recorded with RDF along with soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1through enriched 200 kg FYM. The increase in plant height was due to supplementation of deficient nutrient in soil may have triggered better vegetative growth of plants. Also, biofertilizer seed treatment influences root rhizosphere by inducing plant growth promoting substance which might have improved the root growth, there by shoot growth of the amaranthus. The results are in close vicinity with the findings of Veeranagappa (2009). 1958 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 Table.1 Details of treatment Treatment Abbreviation Treatment details Control RDF (Control) T1 BF RDF + Bio NPK Consortium T2 FYM200 RDF + 200 kg FYM ha-1 T3 Fe7.5SA RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T4 Fe7.5SA+BF RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T5 Ench.Fe7.5SA RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 7.5 kg FeSO4 T6 Fe11.25SA RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T7 Fe11.25SA+BF RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T8 Ench.Fe11.25SA RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 11.25 kg FeSO4 T9 Fe15SA RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T10 Fe15SA+BF RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T11 Ench.Fe15SA RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T12 Table.2 Initial soil status of experimental soil Sr. No. 1. 2. Soil properties Values at soil depth (0-15 cm) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Mechanical fraction (International pipette method) (a) Coarse sand (%) (b) Fine sand (%) (c) Silt (%) (d) Clay (%) (e) Bulk density (Mg m-3) (f) Maximum water holding capacity (%) (g) Textural class CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (a) Soil pH (1:2.5, Soil : Water) (b) Electrical Conductivity (dS m-1) (1:2.5, Soil : Water) (c) Organic Carbon (%) (d) Available N (kg ha-1) (e) Available P2O5 (kg ha-1) (f) Available K2O (kg ha-1) (g) DTPA Extractable Micronutrients (mg kg-1) Fe Mn Zn Cu 1959 2.40 77.35 10.5 5.2 1.51 38.05 Loamy sand 8.12 0.22 0.39 181 39.2 269.3 4.40 6.20 0.84 1.24 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 Table.3 Effect of iron on plant height, panicle length and yield of grain and stover of amaranthus Trt. Treatment Details T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 RDF (Control) RDF + Bio NPK Consortium RDF + 200 kg FYM ha-1 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T6 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 7.5 kg FeSO4 T7 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4ha-1 T8 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 +Bio NPK Consortium T9 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1with 11.25 kg FeSO4 T10 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4ha-1 T11 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T12 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1with 15 kg FeSO4 S.Em.+ C.D. (P = 0.05) C.V. % 25 DAS 32.08 36.80 34.63 38.82 39.13 Plant height (cm) 50 At DAS harvest 73.58 138 79.38 139 76.20 144 81.08 145 86.15 148 Panicle lengthYield (kg ha-1) (cm) Grain Stover Yield Yield 46.03 1154 3876 51.70 1216 4199 49.53 1201 4253 55.58 1256 4320 56.53 1283 4390 39.35 80.40 150 56.93 1293 4472 41.10 39.85 85.40 84.85 146 149 56.20 56.68 1268 1293 4432 4354 40.00 85.00 151 57.30 1326 4527 39.05 40.93 83.80 82.55 147 148 56.03 56.13 1274 1288 4485 4408 42.33 87.50 148 58.45 1326 4651 1.65 4.73 8.51 2.79 8.03 6.80 5.13 NS 7.02 2.28 6.56 8.33 2.28 6.56 8.33 135 389 6.20 Table.4 Effect of iron on N, P and Fe content in amaranthus grain, stover and leaves at 45 DAS Trt. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 Treatment Details RDF (Control) RDF + Bio NPK Consortium RDF + 200 kg FYM ha-1 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4ha-1 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 7.5 kg FeSO4 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 11.25 kg FeSO4 N content (%) Grain Stover P content (%) Grain Stover Grain Fe content (mg kg-1) Stover Leaves at 45 DAS 161 198 169 208 164 210 176 217 177 219 2.07 2.24 2.17 2.23 2.23 0.76 0.81 0.82 0.89 0.81 0.39 0.41 0.40 0.44 0.44 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.28 82.4 85.7 87.5 92.3 94.8 2.39 0.96 0.45 0.28 100.1 183 224 2.24 2.26 0.87 0.93 0.44 0.43 0.29 0.27 96.1 98.0 179 176 221 216 2.43 0.90 0.45 0.30 102.3 183 225 1960 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 T10 T11 T12 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 15 kg FeSO4 S.Em.+ C.D. (P = 0.05) C.V. % 2.32 2.40 0.89 0.97 0.42 0.43 0.30 0.29 99.3 98.5 183 181 228 223 2.34 0.94 0.42 0.31 100.9 184 230 0.07 0.208 6.36 0.043 0.125 9.86 0.016 NS 7.32 0.02 NS 12.81 3.34 9.60 7.04 5.37 15.45 6.09 6.30 18.13 5.77 Table.5 Effect of iron on N, P and Fe uptake by amaranthus grain and stover Trt. T1 T2 Treatment Details RDF (Control) RDF + Bio NPK Consortium T3 RDF + 200 kg FYM ha-1 T4 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T5 RDF + 7.5 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T6 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 7.5 kg FeSO4 T7 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T8 RDF + 11.25 kg FeSO4 ha-1+ Bio NPK Consortium T9 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 11.25 kg FeSO4 T10 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 T11 RDF + 15 kg FeSO4 ha-1 + Bio NPK Consortium T12 RDF + Enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 with 15 kg FeSO4 S.Em.+ C.D. (P = 0.05) C.V. % N uptake (kg ha-1) Grain Stover 23.81 29.61 27.22 33.95 P uptake (kg ha-1) Grain Stover 4.53 9.12 5.00 10.38 Fe uptake (g ha-1) Grain Stover 96 627 104 709 26.02 27.88 28.64 34.88 38.34 35.51 4.80 5.47 5.69 10.62 11.47 12.37 105 116 122 696 759 777 30.94 42.91 5.81 12.30 129 820 28.36 38.73 5.61 12.85 122 793 29.21 40.68 5.53 11.68 127 766 32.24 40.79 6.01 13.46 136 830 29.52 30.85 39.80 42.60 5.40 5.47 13.55 12.89 127 127 817 799 31.02 43.66 5.59 14.32 134 854 1.47 4.23 10.20 2.15 6.20 11.22 0.262 0.755 9.71 0.714 2.05 11.81 5.60 16.11 9.31 33.37 96.02 8.66 The highest grain (1326 kg ha-1) and straw (4651kg ha-1) yield was recorded with RDF along with soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. Increase in yield was due to improved availability of iron which could be attributed to the formation of stable organometalic complexes with organic matter, especially during the enrichment process to last for a longer time and release the nutrients slowly in the soil system in such a way that the nutrients are protected from fixation and made available to the plant root system throughout the crop growth (Meena et al., 2006). This could be 1961 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 1956-1963 due to the favorite effect of adding FYM as a good source of plant nutrients. Furthermore, FYM acts as a natural soil conditioner which improved soil properties and consequently soil productivity. In conclusion on the basis of experimental results soil application of FeSO4 at 15 kg through enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 along with RDF is recommended for maximum growth and yield of amaranthus crop. Nutrient content While in case of nutrient content, soil application of 11.25 kg through enriched 200 kg FYM ha-1 along with RDF is recommended for amaranthus. The data obtained by the influence of different levels of iron enriched with FYM and without enriched with FYM on nitrogen, phosphorus, iron content in grain and stover and leaves at 45 DAS are presented in Table 4. From the perusal of the data, it was observed that N, P and Fe content in amaranthus grain, stover and leaves at 45 DAS show the significant change due to iron enriched with FYM and without enriched FYM. Significantly higher nitrogen (2.43%) and iron (102.3 mg kg-1) content in grain was observed by the application of recommended dose of fertilizer along with soil application of FeSO4 @ 11.25 kg ha-1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. Highest Fe content in stover (184 mg kg-1) and leaves at 45 DAS (230mg kg-1) was recorded under recommended dose of fertilizer along with soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. While, Highest nitrogen content (0.97%) in stover was observed under the recorded under recommended dose of fertilizer, soil application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 along with Bio NPK Consortium (Malavet al., 2019). A perusal of the data presented in Table 5 indicates that the nitrogen (32.24 kg ha-1), phosphorus (6.01 kg ha-1) and iron uptake (136 g ha-1) by amaranthus grain were recorded highest at application of recommended dose of fertilizer along with soil application of FeSO4 @ 11.25 kg ha-1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. While highest nitrogen (43.66 kg ha-1), phosphorus (14.32 kg ha-1) and iron uptake (854 g ha-1) by amaranthus stover were recorded with application of FeSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 through enriched 200 kg FYM. References Ahmad N, Kalakoti P, Bano R and Aarif S.M. 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Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B–Soil and Plant Science, 58(3): 267-272. How to cite this article: Drashti Chaudhari, Punit Mehta, Jagruti Shroff, Manish Yadav and Sanjay Makwana. 2021. Effect of Iron Application in Grain Amaranthus (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) Grown in Typic Ustocerpts under Middle Gujarat Condition. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 19561963. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.248 1963