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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.108 Effect of Different Sources of Organic Manures and Decomposers on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil under Chilli Cultivation Karale Gangadhar1*, N. Devakumar1, P.K. Basavaraja2, K. Murali1 and B. Boraiah1 Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru-65, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Organic manures, Decomposers, Organic carbon, pH, EC and bulk density Article Info Accepted: 10 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 Organic manures are known to be rich sources of both macro and micro nutrients of the crop. They also help in improving the physic-chemical status of the soil. In this experiment, the influences of different sources of organic manures and decomposers on the soil physical, chemical as well as biological properties of soil under chilli cultivation soils were investigated. A field experiment was conducted at research and demonstration block of Research Institute on Organic Farming (RIOF), UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru during 20172018. Different sources of organic manures (FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure and sheep manure) on N equivalent basis were incorporated into the top 20 cm of soil in line sowing. To determine the effect of the organic sources, the soil samples were collected 1 month after addition of organic manures from depth of 20 cm. The soil physic-chemical properties i.e., pH, EC, bulk density, water holding capacity and organic carbon content were determined. The results showed that application of organic manures and decomposers had significant effect on soil physical and chemical properties like EC, pH, organic carbon, bulk density and water holding capacity as compared to the control, soil treated with organic manures showed apparent increases of organic matter, EC, WHC and reduces bulk density. Irrespective of the decomposers treatments, application of vermicompost on N equivalent basis had recorded significantly higher physic-chemical properties viz., water holding capacity (35.49 per cent), infiltration rate (7.48 cm hr -1), electronic conductivity (0.21 dS m-1) as compared to the other control. Introduction Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a popular vegetable crop, commonly known as bell pepper or sweet pepper or hot pepper or chilli. It was consumed as a spice, vegetable, pickle, condiment and sauce. Internationally, chillies are consumed as a spice and become an ingredient in medicines and beverages (Daundkar and Bairagi, 2015, Velayutham and Damodaran, 2015). Green chillies provide proteins, minerals, vitamin A and C while dry chillies are known as a source of vitamin A and D (Patel, 2017). Organic matter plays an important and multi-faceted role in soil. Physically, organic matter influences soil 838 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 structure and all associated properties. Chemically, soil organic matter affects the cation exchange capacity and the capacity for buffering changes in soil pH. Biologically, organic matter acts as the nutrient and energy supply for microbial biomass and higher plants. A soil which is biologically and chemically fertile but which cannot physically support crop development will not fulfill its agronomic potential. Soil productivity is, therefore, determined by a combination of organic matter's influence on physical, chemical, and biological soil properties (Eilin and Kevin, 2012). The soils physical condition directly influences environmental quality and crop production (Arshad et al., 1996). Wellaggregated soils in good physical condition maintain the balance of air and water required to promote many other soil properties (Lowery et al., 1996). Physical soil quality parameters include soil texture, bulk density, porosity, top soil depth, water holding capacity, soil temperature, and aggregate stability. Soil texture has considerable influence on moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity as well as bulk density (Arshad and Coen, 1992). Soils with a fine texture will have greater moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity and will exhibit a lower bulk density. Spain (1990) found a positive correlation between the soil texture and the amount of soil organic carbon. Soils with coarse (sand) textures tend to have a higher bulk density then soils with fine (clay) textures. Soil properties and processes such as moisture retention, water flow, root development, nutrient cycling, and the sustainability of micro and macro organisms are negatively influenced by high bulk density values (Arshad et al., 1996, Arshad and Coen, 1992). Chemical parameters of soil have shown profound interaction with biological properties and processes in soil. Chemical parameters of soil quality include, organic carbon pH, and electrical conductivity. Total carbon and nitrogen correlate to the amount of SOM content. The organic C-organic matter conversion factors for surface soils have varied from 1.72 to 2.0 (Nelson and Sommers, 1996). Soil organic matter is often considered the key quality factor in soil and is highly correlated to numerous factors influencing productivity and environmental sustainability (Stott and Martin, 1990). Organic matter improves soil quality by improving other properties such as nutrient and water storage, buffering capacity and microbial activity/diversity (Arshad and Coen, 1992). The present study was undertaken to study the effect of different sources of organic manures and decomposers on physic-chemical properties of soils under chilli cultivation. Materials and Methods General description of the area Experimental site A field experiment was conducted at research and demonstration block of Research Institute on Organic Farming, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, Bengaluru which is situated in Eastern dry zone of Karnataka at a latitude of 12o 58′ North, longitude of 75o 35′ East and at an altitude of 930 m above mean sea level. The experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of different sources of organic manure, Jeevamrutha and decomposers on growth and yield of chilli during kharif - 2017 and 2018 under irrigated condition. Climate and weather The normal annual rainfall of the station was 920.5 and 919.65 mm in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The major portion of rainfall was 839 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 received during September (197 mm in 2017 and 195.21 mm in 2018).The maximum temperature was ranged from 26.2C in December to 33.8C in April during 2017. In 2018, it was ranged from 25.62C in December to 33.05C in April. The monthly relative humidity was ranged from 75.3 per cent in March to 89.0 per cent in August during 2017. In 2018, it was ranged from 73.9 per cent in March to 87.0 per cent in August. During 2017, bright sunshine hours was maximum during February (9.4 hrs.) and the lowest in July (4.3 hrs.), during 2018 maximum was recorded in February (9.1 hrs.) and lowest in the month July (4.2 hrs.) and the wind speed during 2017 was maximum in the month of June (12.8 km hr-1) and minimum in October (5.5 km hr-1), during 2018, it was maximum during June (12.4 km hr-1) and the minimum in October (5.3 km hr-1). The open pan evaporation was directly related to maximum and minimum temperature of the month and followed the same trend as that of maximum temperature with maximum in both year during April (7.7 and 7.3 mm day-1) and December (4.5 and 4.4 mm day-1) during 2017 and 2018, respectively. Soil Soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam with a pH of 6.93, EC (0.27 dSm-1), low in organic carbon (0.44 %) and medium in available nitrogen (292 kg ha-1), P2O5 (27 kg ha-1) and K2O (241 kg ha-1). Experimental details The experiment was laid out on factorial Randomized Block Design with 12 treatments viz., T1: FYM x Jeevamrutha, T2: FYM x Microbial consortia, T3: FYM x Decomposer, T4: Vermicompost x Jeevamrutha, T5: Vermicompost x Microbial consortia, T6: Vermicompost x Decomposer, T7: Poultry manure x Jeevamrutha, T8: Poultry manure x Microbial consortia, T9: Poultry manure x Decomposer, T10: Sheep manure x Jeevamrutha, T11: Sheep manure x Microbial consortia and T12:Sheep manure x Decomposer and replicated thrice. Recommended dose of nutrients for chilli is 150:75:75 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 and nutrients were supplied through FYM, vermicompost, poultry manures and sheep manures on the basis of nitrogen equivalent. Treatment combinations consisted of four different organic sources (M1: FYM, M2: Vermicompost, M3: Poultry Manure and M4: Sheep manures-100 % N equivalent basis), three decomposers (J1: Jeevamrutha, C2: Microbial consortia and N3: decomposer developed by NCOF. All the different sources of organic manure were incorporated into the soil, three weeks prior to sowing. Soil sampling Surface (0-15cm) and subsurface (15-30cm) soil samples were collected before sowing and after the harvest of the three cropping sequences and were air dried and grinded in a wooden pestle and mortar to pass through 2 mm sieve and subsequently stored in polyethylene bags for determination of physical parameters. Results and Discussion Bulk density Significantly lower bulk density was observed with vermicomposting application (1.33 g cc-1 and 1.29 g cc-1 during 2017 and 2018 respectively) and higher bulk density was observed in application of FYM (1.42 g cc-1 and 1.35 g cc-1 during 2017 and 2018 respectively). Soil application of jeevamrutha recorded significantly lower bulk density (1.24 g cc-1and 1.19 g cc-1 during 2017 and 2018 respectively) and higher bulk density was observed in application of NCOF- 840 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 decomposers (1.48 g cc-1 and 1.40 g cc-1 during 2017 and 2018 respectively). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Maximum water holding capacity Kharif, 2017 Significantly higher maximum water holding capacity was observed with vermicompost application (35.49 and 37.70 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively) as compared to FYM (31.67 and 33.46 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively) and it was on par with the application of poultry manure (33.63 and 35.64 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively). Soil application of jeevamrutha recorded significantly higher maximum water holding capacity (36.95 and 39.32 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively) as compared to application of decomposer (28.16 and 29.54 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively) and was on par with the application of microbial consortia (34.97 and 37.13 % during 2017 and 2018 respectively). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Infiltration rate Significantly higher infiltration rate was observed with vermicompost application (7.48 cm hr-1 and 8.28 cm hr-1) as compared to FYM (6.68 cm hr-1 and 7.34 cm hr-1) and it was on par with the application of poultry manure (7.09 cm hr-1 and 7.82 cm hr-1). Soil application of jeevamrutha recorded higher infiltration rate was (7.79 cm hr-1 and 8.63 cm hr-1) as compared to application of decomposer (5.94 cm hr-1and 6.48 cm hr-1) when was on par with the application of poultry manure (7.37 cm hr-1 and 8.15 cm hr-1). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Soil pH Soil pH didn’t differ significantly due to the application of different sources of application of FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure and sheep manure and also with the application of jeevamrutha, microbial consortia and decomposers. Numerically, lower soil pH (6.34 and 6.80 during both the season respectively) was observed with FYM at 100 per cent N equivalent and higher pH was observed with application of sheep manure (6.57 and 6.89 during both the season respectively). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity differed significantly due to the application of different sources of application of FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure and sheep manure and also with the application of jeevamrutha, microbial consortia and decomposers. Significantly higher electrical conductivity (0.21 dS m-1 and 0.24dS m-1 during both the season respectivly) was observed with vermicompost application and lower electrical conductivity was observed with application of sheep manure (0.17 dS m-1 and 0.21dS m-1 during both the season). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Organic carbon Organic carbon of soil differed significantly due to the application of different sources of application of FYM, vermicompost, poultry manure and sheep manure but it showed nonsignificant results with the application of jeevamrutha, microbial consortia and decomposers. Significantly higher organic carbon (0.49 and 0.50 % during both the season respectively) was observed with poultry manure application and lower organic carbon was observed with application of sheep 841 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 manure (0.45 and 0.47 % during both the season respectively). Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Crop yield Among the different organics treatment effect, application of vermicompost had recorded significantly higher green chill yield (20.47 t ha-1 and 23.09t ha-1during both the season respectively) and was at par with the application of poultry manure (19.40 t ha-1 and 21.85 t ha-1 during both the season respectively) whereas; significantly lower green chilli yield (18.27 t ha-1 and 20.54 t ha-1 during both the season respectively) was noticed in FYM. Soil application of jeevamrutha recorded significantly higher green chilli yield (21.31 t ha-1 and 24.06 t ha-1 during both the season respectively) and it was on par with the application of microbial consortia (20.17 t ha-1 and 22.74 t ha-1 during both the season respectively) whereas; significantly lower green chilli yield (16.24 t ha-1 and 18.20 t ha-1 during both the season respectively) was observed in application of NCOF- decomposers. Interaction effects of these two factors didn’t differ significantly. Straw yield Application of vermicompost had recorded significantly higher stalk yield (5.28and 6.15 t ha-1) as compared to FYM (4.74 and 5.50 t ha-1) and it was on par with the application of poultry manure (5.01 and 5.83 t ha-1). Soil application of jeevamrutha recorded significantly higher stalk yield (5.50 and 6.41 t ha-1) as compared to application of decomposers (4.21 and 6.07 t ha-1) and it was on par with the application of microbial consortia. Interaction effects of organic manures and decomposer didn’t differ significantly. Wormcasts are a resource that may be used in agriculture because of their effects on nutrient dynamic and the physical structure of soil may significantly enhance plant growth and conserve better soil status (Lee, 1985). Earthworm casts are usually considered to be responsible for a good soil structure and improve soil physical properties i.e. infiltration, water retention and resistance to erosion (Rose and Wood, 1980). Lee (1985) reported that the hydraulic conductivity increased by 80 per cent and water infiltration by six fold. Among the application of different organic manure, application of poultry manure through N equivalent recorded higher organic carbon content (0.49 and 0.50 %), higher pH with sheep manure (6.57 and 6.89), higher EC (0.21 and 0.24 dSm-1), lower BD (1.20 and 1.26 g cm-3) and higher MWHC (35.49 and 37.70 %) with vermicompost as compared to rest other organic treatment (Table 2, 3, 4 and 5). These finding are in line with the Hangarge et al., (2004) reported higher organic carbon content, higher pH and EC with the combined application of organics (vermicompost @ 5 t/ha) + liquid organics (cow dung slurry @ 1 l/m² and organic booster @ 1 l/m²) against initial values and after harvest of chilli. During the process of decomposition many intermediate compounds, organic acids and humic substance will be produced. These substances will act as cementing for aggregation of soil particles resulting in improvement in soil structure. These results are similar to the findings of Martin (1991) reported that earthworm casts had increased the proportion of macro-aggregates significantly from 25.4 to 31.2 per cent. Kale et al., (1992) found that the application of earthworm casts to fields can improve the physio-chemical and biological properties of the soil. 842 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 Table.1 Green chilli yield and stalk yield of chilli as influenced by application of organic manures, jeevamrutha and decomposers during kharif 2017 and 2018 Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Green chilli yield (t ha-1) 2017 2018 Decomposers Decomposers J C N Mean J C N Mean 20.66 19.30 14.85 23.30 21.73 16.59 18.27 20.54 22.30 20.61 18.51 25.20 23.24 20.81 20.47 23.09 21.38 20.59 16.22 24.14 23.23 18.17 19.40 21.85 20.90 20.19 15.39 23.59 22.76 17.21 18.83 21.19 21.31 20.17 16.24 24.06 22.74 18.20 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.510 1.496 0.596 1.749 0.442 1.295 0.516 1.514 0.883 NS 1.033 NS -1 Stalk yield (t ha ) 2017 2018 Decomposers Decomposers J C N Mean J C N Mean 5.34 4.99 3.87 6.22 5.81 4.48 4.74 5.50 5.75 5.32 4.78 6.71 6.20 5.56 5.28 6.15 5.52 5.31 4.20 6.43 6.19 4.86 5.01 5.83 5.39 5.21 3.98 6.29 6.07 4.61 4.86 5.65 5.50 5.21 4.21 6.41 6.07 4.88 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.132 0.386 0.159 0.467 0.114 0.335 0.138 0.404 0.228 NS 0.276 NS CD at 5 % NS - Non-significant DAT- Days after Transplanting M - Manures RDF: 125:75:63 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 for N equivalent FYM application D - Decomposers FYM - Farm yard manure VC - Vermicompost PM - Poultry manure SM - Sheep manure J - Jeevamrutha C - Microbial Consortia N - Decomposer from NCOF 843 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 Table.2 Physical properties of soil at harvest of chilli as influenced by application of organic manures, jeevamrutha and decomposers during kharif 2017 Manures Physical properties -1 FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD BD (g cc ) MWHC (%) Decomposers Decomposers J C N Mean J C N Mean 1.27 1.53 1.43 35.81 33.46 25.74 1.42 31.67 1.22 1.23 1.55 38.66 35.72 32.08 1.33 35.49 1.24 1.43 1.48 37.07 35.70 28.12 1.38 33.63 1.23 1.40 1.45 36.24 35.00 26.88 1.36 32.64 1.24 1.40 1.48 36.95 34.97 28.16 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.037 0.107 0.884 2.593 0.032 0.093 0.766 2.246 0.063 NS 1.531 NS Physical properties Infiltration rate (cm hr-1) Decomposers J C N Mean 7.55 7.05 5.43 6.68 8.15 7.53 6.76 7.48 7.81 7.53 5.93 7.09 7.64 7.38 5.62 6.88 7.79 7.37 5.94 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.186 0.547 0.161 0.473 0.323 NS CD at 5 % NS - Non-significant DAT- Days after Transplanting M - Manures RDF: 125:75:63 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 for N equivalent FYM application D - Decomposers FYM - Farm yard manure VC - Vermicompost PM - Poultry manure SM - Sheep manure J - Jeevamrutha C - Microbial Consortia N - Decomposer from NCOF 844 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 Table.3 Physical properties of soil at harvest of chilli as influenced by application of organic manures, jeevamrutha and decomposers during kharif 2018 Manures Physical properties -1 BD (g cc ) Decomposers J FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD C N MWHC (%) Decomposers Mean 1.22 1.46 1.18 1.27 1.20 1.36 1.19 1.33 1.19 1.35 S.Em ± 0.034 0.029 0.058 J C 1.36 38.06 35.44 1.35 1.47 41.23 37.96 1.29 1.41 39.46 37.94 1.32 1.38 35.54 37.16 1.30 1.40 39.32 37.13 CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± 0.099 0.972 0.085 0.842 NS 1.684 Physical properties Infiltration rate (cm hr-1) N 26.86 33.46 33.91 37.70 29.51 35.64 27.90 34.53 29.54 CD (P = 0.05) 2.851 2.469 NS Decomposers J C N Mean 8.36 7.78 5.90 7.34 9.05 8.33 7.44 8.28 8.66 8.33 6.48 7.82 8.46 8.16 6.12 7.58 8.63 8.15 6.48 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.213 0.626 0.185 0.542 0.370 NS CD at 5 % NS - Non-significant DAT- Days after Transplanting M - Manures RDF: 125:75:63 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 for N equivalent FYM application D - Decomposers FYM - Farm yard manure VC - Vermicompost PM - Poultry manure SM - Sheep manure J - Jeevamrutha C - Microbial Consortia N - Decomposer from NCOF 845 Mean Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 Table.4 Chemical properties of soil at harvest of chilli as influenced by application of organic manures, jeevamrutha and decomposers during kharif 2017 Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Manures FYM VC PM SM Mean M D MxD Chemical properties pH EC (dSm-1) Decomposers Decomposers J C N Mean J C N Mean 6.36 6.35 6.30 0.18 0.20 0.21 6.34 0.19 6.50 6.49 6.44 0.22 0.21 0.19 6.48 0.21 6.41 6.40 6.38 0.17 0.20 0.19 6.40 0.18 6.59 6.58 6.55 0.15 0.18 0.17 6.57 0.17 6.46 6.46 6.42 0.18 0.19 0.19 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.287 NS 0.009 0.0018 0.249 NS 0.008 NS 0.497 NS 0.015 NS Chemical properties OC (%) Decomposers J C N Mean 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.46 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.48 0.55 0.48 0.45 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.41 0.45 0.52 0.47 0.44 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) 0.013 0.032 0.011 NS 0.022 NS CD at 5 % NS - Non-significant DAT- Days after Transplanting M - Manures RDF: 125:75:63 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 for N equivalent FYM application D - Decomposers FYM - Farm yard manure VC - Vermicompost PM - Poultry manure SM - Sheep manure J - Jeevamrutha C - Microbial Consortia N - Decomposer from NCOF 846 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 838-850 Table.5 Chemical properties of soil at harvest of chilli as influenced by application of organic manures, jeevamrutha and decomposers during kharif 2018 Manures Chemical properties pH EC (dSm-1) Decomposers Decomposers J C N Mean J C N Mean FYM 6.90 6.80 6.70 6.80 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.22 VC 6.95 6.81 6.75 6.84 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.24 PM 6.98 6.84 6.76 6.86 0.21 0.25 0.23 0.23 SM 6.99 6.89 6.78 6.89 0.23 0.21 0.23 0.21 Mean 6.96 6.84 6.75 0.23 0.23 0.22 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) M 0.191 NS 0.010 NS D 0.166 NS 0.008 NS MxD 0.331 NS 0.017 NS Manures Chemical properties OC (%) Decomposers FYM J 0.51 C 0.46 N 0.43 Mean 0.48 VC 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.49 PM 0.56 0.49 0.46 0.50 SM 0.51 0.47 0.45 0.47 Mean 0.53 0.48 0.45 S.Em ± CD (P = 0.05) M 0.013 NS D 0.012 NS MxD 0.018 NS CD at 5 % NS - Non-significant DAT- Days after Transplanting M - Manures RDF: 125:75:63 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 for N equivalent FYM application D - Decomposers FYM - Farm yard manure VC - Vermicompost PM - Poultry manure SM - Sheep manure J - Jeevamrutha C - Microbial Consortia N - Decomposer from NCOF 847