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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 4 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.053 Effect of Different Herbicides on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) A. C. Shivran1*, Sarita2, J. Choudhary 1 and Jitendra Singh Bamboriya3 1 Department of Agronomy, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India 2 Department of Agronomy, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, India 3 Department of Soil science, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Herbicides, Growth, Wheat, Yield Article Info Accepted: 07 March 2020 Available Online: 10 April 2020 A field experiment was conducted to study the Effect of different herbicides on growth and yield of wheat on clay loam soil at Instructional Farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur during the rabi season of 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomize block design has replicated thrice. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz. halauxifen methyl ester + florasulam + polyglycol at 12.76 g ha-1 (T1), metsulfuron + surfactant at 4 g ha-1 (T2), carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1 (T3), 2, 4-D Na Salt at 500 g ha-1 (T4), 2, 4-D Ester at 500 g ha-1 (T5), metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactant at 4 g + 20 g ha-1 (T6), 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone at 400 g + 20 g ha-1 (T7), 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone at 400 g+ 20 g ha-1 (T8), halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant at 10.21 g + 20 g ha-1 (T9), weedy check (T10) and weedy free (T11). Among the herbicidal treatments, application of halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol at 12.76 g ha-1 increased plant height (41.33, 84.27 and 89.47 cm) at 30, 60 DAS and harvest, dry matter accumulation (160.0, 269.4 and 325.0 g metre -1 row length) at 60 & 90 DAS and harvest, crop growth rate, grain and straw yield over rest of the weed control treatments. crop growing situations. Wheat is also used for manufacturing of bread, flakes, cakes, biscuits etc. It is produced in wide range of climatic environments and geographic regions (Dixon et al., 2009). It provides 21 percent of the food calories and 20 percent of protein for Introduction Wheat is one of the most important crops of India not only in terms of acreage, but also in terms of its versatility for adoption under wide range of agro-climatic conditions and 438 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries (Braun et al., 2010). Due to rising demographic pressure, it become necessary to augment the productivity of food crops including wheat on continues basis to ensure food security (Swaminathan and Bhawani, 2013). Wheat stands second to rice under food grain with a production of 98.38 million tonnes from an area of 31.8 million ha with a productivity of 3.09 tonnes ha-1 during 201819 (Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, 2018-19). evolving a strategy to screen out more herbicides to control the weed flora economically in the wheat fields on large scale. In India, herbicide shares only about 8 per cent of total pesticide consumption in country and we use an average of only about 35 gram herbicides ha-1 annum-1 (Gupta, 2007). Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Farm, Department of Agromomy, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur which is situated at 24035' N latitude and 74042' E longitude. The region falls under the Agro Climatic Zone IVa of Rajasthan (i.e. Sub-Humid Southern Plain and Aravalli Hills). The average rainfall of Udaipur is 637 mm, most of which (80-85 %) is received through south-west monsoon during July to early September. The mean maximum and minimum humidity at Udaipur fluctuate in between 46.0 to 92.14 per cent and 10.86 to 47.0 per cent, respectively. The five major wheat growing states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan contributed nearly 86.0 per cent of the total production in the country. Punjab has the highest average productivity of 4.70 t ha-1 followed by Haryana (4.40 t ha-1). Rajasthan accounted for about 10.71 per cent (3.10 m ha) of the national area and 11.10 per cent (10.46 m t) of grain production with average productivity of 3.1 t ha-1 (Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, 2019).Weeds adversely affect the crop growth and yield by competing with crops for limiting resources such as light, water and nutrients (Harper, 1977; Swanton et al., 2015). Maximum and minimum temperature during the experimental period ranged between 20.91 º C to 38.14 º C and 5.64 º C and 19.74 ºC, respectively. There was 3.0 mm rainfall received during the crop season. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam in texture and slightly alkaline in reaction. It is low in available nitrogen (287.5 kg ha-1), medium in organic carbon (0.62%) and phosphorus (23.6 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (366.1 kg ha-1). The intensity and duration of the crop-weed competition determines the magnitude of crop yield losses (Swanton et al., 2015). Uncontrolled growth of weeds on an average caused about 48 per cent reduction in grain yield of wheat when compared with weed free condition (Singh et al., 2012). Herbicides play an important role for weed control in closely spaced crops like wheat and barley, where manual or mechanical weeding is difficult (Yaduraju and Das, 2002). Among different weed management practices, chemical weed control preferred because of less labor involvement and no mechanical damage to the crop that happens during manual weeding (Marwat et al., 2008). These necessitate The experiment was laid out in Randomize Block Design and replicated thrice. Wheat variety Raj.- 4079 was used as test crop. The experiment consisted of eleven treatments viz. halauxifen methyl ester + florasulam + polyglycol at 12.76 g ha-1 (T1); metsulfuron + surfactant at 4 g ha-1 (T2); carfentrazone at 20 g ha-1 (T3); 2, 4-D Na Saltat 500 g ha-1 (T4); 2, 439 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 4-D Esterat 500 g ha-1 (T5); metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactantat 4 g + 20 g ha-1 (T6); 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone at 400 g + 20 g ha-1 (T7); 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone at 400 g+ 20 g ha-1 (T8); halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant at 10.21 g + 20 g ha-1 (T9); weedy check (T10); weedy free (T11). A blanket dose of clodinafop 60 g ha-1 was applied 7 days before application of herbicidal treatments to control grassy weeds. Weed free plots were completely weed free from crop germination to harvest by manual weeding. Results and Discussion Effect of herbicides on growth parameters In general, the aforesaid improvements seems to be on account of their direct impact through least crop-weed competition while, indirect effect might be on account of least competition for plant growth inputs viz. light, space, water and nutrient etc. (Fakkar and Amin, 2012). Thus, under least crop-weed competition, adequate availability of light, optimum temperature, space along with improvement in physiological and morphological characters of the plants can be reasoned for greater photosynthetic rate there by more accumulation of dry matter (Duncon, 1971). All the herbicides were applied as postemergence at 32 days after sowing. Ready mix herbicides were applied as per treatment through knapsack sprayer fitted with flat fan nozzle using spray volume of 500 litre ha-1 after calibration. Wheat variety Raj 4079 was drilled at 20.0 cm row spacing on 11th November, 2016 using 100 kg ha-1 seed rate. The crop was supplied 120 kg N ha-1 half of which was drilled in crop rows at sowing while remaining half was top dressed in two equal splits at the time of first and second irrigation. The weed control also resulted in significantly higher LAI which might be due to greater area available for expansion due to weed control for an efficient use of solar radiation by crop, the greater part of the radiation must be absorbed by photosynthetic tissue i.e. leaves. Greater the LAI greater is the ability of plant to produce photosynthates which is converted into greater dry matter (Carlos et al., 2012). All herbicidal weed control treatments significantly increased plant height of crop plants compared to weedy check. Height of five randomly selected plants in each plot was measured at 30, 60 , 90 DAS and at harvest from the soil surface to fully opened top leaf of the plant before ear emergence and up to the top of upper spikelet (excluding awns) at harvest and mean height was worked out in cm. Dry matter accumulation was recorded at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. The tallest plants (41.33, 84.27 and 89.47 cm) at 30, 60 DAS and harvest were obtained with the application of halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol while other treatments are lagged behind. Accumulation Compared to weedy check, these weed control treatments resulted in 12.7 and 12.5 per cent increase in plant height at harvest. Maximum crop dry matter accumulation (160.0, 269.4 and 325.0 g metre-1 row length) at 60 & 90 DAS and harvest was recorded with application of halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol. Various weed control treatments resulted in significant increase in dry matter accumulation ranging Two plant samples were harvested from a row length of 25 cm in the second row on either side in each plot. These samples were first sun dried and then oven dried at 70ºC till a constant weight was attained. After drying, the samples were weighed for computing the dry weight of plants metre-1 row length. 440 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 (185.78 g m-2 day-1) which was at par with all the treatments between 60-90 DAS. from 28.9 per cent under the effect of 2, 4-D Na salt to 44.6 per cent under the effect of halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol at 60 DAS (Table 1). Maximum number of tillers 0.5 metre row length was achieved by weed free plot (50.0). However, it was at par with halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (47.0), halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol + surfactant (47.0) and 2, 4-D E+ carfentrazone (45.00), representing 42.9, 34.3, 34.3 and 28.6 per cent increase in total tillers metre-1 row length at 60 DAS. These seven treatments illustrated 31.2, 27.7, 24.8, 22.4, 22.3, 19.1 and 17.0per cent increase in total tillers 0.5metrerow length, respectively over weedy check at 90DAS (Table 2). Treatment halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol, halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant, 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone, metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactant and 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone accounted for 28.8, 26.9, 25.0, 23.0, 21.1 and 19.2 per cent increase in total tillers 0.5 metre row length, respectively over weedy check (Table 2). Effect of herbicides on visual phytotoxicity score A perusal of visual phytotoxicity scoring revealed that at 10 days after spray carfentrazone gave setback to wheat crop by causing Injury more persistent but more persistent injury to wheat plants putting the plants under doubtful recovery zone. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactant and 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone resulted in injury more pronounced but not persistent injury at this stage and onwards days. At this stage 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone, and halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone caused slight injury and discolouration of wheat plants (Table 3). A perusal of visual scoring revealed that at 10 days after spray carfentrazone gave setback to wheat crop by causing moderate leaf yellowing and this stage recovery possible. Metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactant, 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone and 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone resulted in leaf yellowing more pronounced but not persistent leaf yellowing at this stage and onwards days. At this stage halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone caused slight discolouration of wheat plants (Table 3). Effect of herbicides on relative growth rate and crop growth rate Data revealed that that different herbicides could not affect the RGR significantly; however its ranges from 0.017 to 0.020 between 60-90 DAS (Table 2). However, the maximum relative growth rate (0.036 g g-1 day-1) in weed free plot. Compared to weedy check, all the treatments are statistically at par to each other. Among herbicide treatments, halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol attain maximum relative growth rate between 30-60 DAS. An examination of data (Table 2) clearly indicated that weed control treatments significantly affect the CGR and recorded the maximum CGR under weed free (177.22 g m2 day) followed by halauxifen +florasulam + polyglycol (174.44 g m-2 day) and all the treatments are at par between 30-60 DAS and maximum CGR observed in weed free Effect of herbicides on yield The data revealed (Table 4) that minimum gain was recorded by weedy check (4097 kg ha-1). Amongst treatments, highest yield (5287 kg ha-1) was obtained in weed free plot which statistically at par with halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (5151kg ha-1), halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant (5117 kg ha-1), 2, 4-D E + carfentrazone, metsulfuron + carfentrazone + surfactant, 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone and metsulfuron + surfactant. 441 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 Table.1 Effect of herbicides on crop stand, plant height and plant dry matter accumulation at different crop growth stages Treatments T1- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Polyglycol T2- Metsulfuron+ Surfactant T3- Carfentrazone T4- 2,4-D Na Salt T5- 2,4-D Ester T6- Metsulfuron+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant T7- 2,4-D Na+ Carfentrazone T8- 2,4-D E+ Carfentrazone T9- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant T10- Weedy check T-11 Weed free SEm± CD (P=0.5) Crop stand (per metre row length) 15 DAS 30 DAS 42.33 Dry matter accumulation (g m-1 row length) Plant height (cm) 90 DAS 84.27 At harvest 89.47 30 DAS 55.33 60 DAS 90 DAS 11.87 60 DAS 41.33 160.00 269.43 At harvest 325.00 41.67 42.33 42.00 42.33 44.00 11.60 11.93 11.60 10.73 11.00 39.33 36.03 40.13 39.07 39.47 82.27 81.80 84.07 81.33 82.60 86.53 86.00 87.53 86.07 86.13 53.67 54.00 53.33 53.33 54.38 146.00 144.67 142.67 145.33 150.67 250.00 247.84 245.00 248.00 254.63 313.00 309.00 308.00 310.00 316.00 42.33 42.00 42.00 10.80 11.13 12.00 38.95 39.60 40.87 82.00 82.73 83.40 88.87 88.20 89.20 52.67 54.00 55.67 149.33 155.33 155.67 251.49 261.67 264.77 315.00 320.00 320.00 40.67 42.33 1.23 3.62 11.40 10.73 0.52 1.54 33.60 41.40 1.59 4.69 76.00 84.27 2.45 7.22 79.53 89.60 2.74 8.09 55.33 55.00 1.71 5.05 110.67 161.33 6.55 19.31 202.65 272.80 10.17 30.00 230.00 330.00 11.92 35.18 442 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 Table.2 Effect of herbicides on total tillers 0.5 metre row length and growth kinetics at different growth stages Total tillers 0.5 metre row length RGR (g g-1 day-1) CGR ( g m-2 day-1) 30 DAS 26.00 60 DAS 47.00 90 DAS 60.00 At harvest 66.00 30-60 DAS 0.035 60-90 DAS 0.017 30-60 DAS 174.44 60-90 DAS 182.39 T2- Metsulfuron+ Surfactant 25.00 42.00 55.00 60.00 0.033 0.018 153.89 173.33 T3- Carfentrazone 24.00 40.30 53.00 58.00 0.033 0.018 151.11 171.96 T4- 2,4-D Na Salt 24.00 41.03 52.00 57.00 0.033 0.018 148.89 170.56 T5- 2,4-D Ester 25.00 42.00 54.00 59.00 0.033 0.018 153.33 171.11 T6- Metsulfuron+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant 27.00 44.00 57.48 63.00 0.034 0.018 160.47 173.28 T7- 2,4-D Na+ Carfentrazone 26.00 42.00 56.00 62.00 0.035 0.017 161.11 170.27 T8- 2,4-D E+ Carfentrazone 27.00 45.00 57.55 64.00 0.035 0.017 168.89 177.22 T9- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant 26.91 47.00 58.67 65.00 0.034 0.018 166.67 181.83 T10- Weedy check 27.00 35.00 47.00 52.00 0.023 0.020 92.22 153.30 T-11 Weed free 26.93 50.00 61.67 67.00 0.036 0.018 177.22 185.78 SEm± 1.08 1.93 2.40 2.97 0.002 0.002 11.25 23.03 CD (P=0.5) 3.18 5.70 7.07 8.77 0.006 0.007 33.20 67.95 Treatments T1- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Polyglycol 443 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 Table.3 Visual phytotoxicity scoring on crop at different growth stages Treatment T1- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Polyglycol Visual rating Leaf necrosis 5 days after 10 days after spray Spray 0 0 Yellowing of leaf 5 days after 10 days after spray Spray 0 0 T2- Metsulfuron+ Surfactant 0 0 0 0 T3- Carfentrazone 0 5 0 4 T4- 2,4-D Na Salt 0 0 0 0 T5- 2,4-D Ester 0 0 0 0 T6- Metsulfuron+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant 0 3 0 3 T7- 2,4-D Na+ Carfentrazone 0 3 0 3 T8- 2,4-D E+ Carfentrazone 0 2 0 3 T9- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant T10- Weedy check 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 T-11 Weed free 0 0 0 0 444 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 Table.4 Effect of herbicides on yield and harvest index Treatments Yield (kg ha-1) Grain Straw Biological T1- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Polyglycol T2- Metsulfuron+ Surfactant T3- Carfentrazone T4- 2,4-D Na Salt T5- 2,4-D Ester T6- Metsulfuron+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant T7- 2,4-D Na+ Carfentrazone T8- 2,4-D E+ Carfentrazone T9- Halauxifen+ Florasulam+ Carfentrazone + Surfactant T10- Weedy check T-11 Weed free SEm± CD (P=0.5) 5151 4930 4587 4606 4630 5021 5015 5117 5117 7264 6821 6689 6743 6726 7063 6967 7050 7220 4097 6341 5287 7395 174.70 207.99 515.38 613.56 12415 11751 11277 11350 11356 12085 11982 12167 12337 Harvest index (%) 41.49 41.96 40.69 40.61 40.76 41.55 41.85 42.06 41.31 10438 12682 252.44 744.70 39.30 41.68 1.18 3.47 Table.5 Correlation coefficient (r) and regression equation (Y = a + bX) between various weed and crop parameters Dependent variable (Y) Independent variable (X) Grain yield Plant dry matter at 60 DAS Correlation Regression equation coefficient (Y = a + bX) (r) 0.981** Y= 1350.80+23.86X Grain yield Plant dry matter at 90 DAS 0.977** Y= 476.67+17.45X Grain yield Plant dry matter at harvest 0.946** Y= 1394.99+11.25X Plant dry matter at 60 DAS Plant dry matter at 90 DAS Plant dry matter at harvest Straw Yield Plant height at 60 DAS 0.888** Y= -56.52+5.21X Plant height at 90 DAS 0.920** Y= -363.48+7.47X Plant height at harvest 0.938** Y= -463.10+8.87X Plant height at harvest 0.863** Y= -1121.80+92.58X Straw Yield Plant DMA at 90 DAS 0.924** Y= 3137.55+15.08 Straw Yield Plant DMA at harvest 0.808** Y= 4099.79+9.18X 445 100.00 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 446 T6 Treatments T7 T8 T9 T10 55.00 55.33 110.67 264.77 261.67 At harvest 330.00 320.00 320.00 315.00 316.00 272.80 202.65 230.00 161.33 155.67 155.33 251.49 254.63 310.00 90 DAS 55.67 54.00 149.33 150.67 248.00 308.00 309.00 60 DAS 52.67 54.38 145.33 247.84 245.00 250.00 53.33 142.67 144.67 313.00 325.00 30 DAS 53.33 54.00 150.00 146.00 269.43 300.00 53.67 160.00 200.00 55.33 350.00 250.00 DMA (g m-1 row length) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 Fig.1 Effect of herbicides on plant dry matter accumulation (g m-1 row length) at different growth stages 50.00 0.00 T11 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(4): 438-448 The array of increase ranged from 5.5 (under carfentrazone) to 16.6 per cent (under weed free) over weedy check. The maximum straw produced by weed free plot (7395 kg ha-1) which statistically at par with halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol, halauxifen + florasulam + carfentrazone + surfactant, 2, 4D E + carfentrazone, metsulfuron+ carfentrazone + surfactant, 2, 4-D Na + carfentrazone and metsulfuron + surfactant. References Braun, H.J., Atlin, G. and Payne, T. (2010). Multi location testing as a tool to identify plant response to global climatic change. In: Climate Change and Crop Production CABI, London, UnnitedKingdom.pp- 8-9. Carlos Campillo, Rafael Fortes and Maria delHenarPrieto. (2012). Solar radiation effect on crop production. In: Solar Radiation, Elisha B. Babatunde (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0384-4, Intech, (http://www.intechopen.com/bppks/sola r-radiation/solar-radiation-effect-oncrop-production). Commissionerate of Agriculture, Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield of various principal crops Second Advance Estimates of Kharif 2019 & First Advance Estimates of Rabi 2019-20, Rajasthan–Jaipur DACFW. (2018-19). Annual Report, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi. Dixon, J., Braun, H.J. and Crouch, J.H. (2009). Overview: Transitioning wheat research to serve future needs of developing world. In: Wheat Facts and Futures CYMMIYT, Mexico pp- 1-25. Duncon, W. G. (1971). Leaf angle, leaf area and canopy photosynthesis. Crop Science 11(4): 482-485. Fakkar, A.A.O. and Amin, I.A. (2012). Integration between sowing methods and mechanical weed control and their effect on wheat productivity. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 6(13):5 19-529. Gupta, O. P. (2007). Modern weed management. Third revised edition. Agribios (India) Publication.pp-130, Appendix 11. It is well established fact that least crop weed competition during critical phases of crop growth exerts an important regulation function on complex process of yield formation due to better availability of water, space and nutrient. The results corroborate the findings of Mahmoud et al., (2016). Correlation study The correlation studies also showed a wellestablished significant negative correlation between crop yield and chenopodium album weed dry matter at 30, 60 days after spray and at harvest with the respective values of r = 0.89, - 0.92 and-0.98 (Table 5 and Fig. 1). The maximum crop dry matter accumulation (330 g metre-1 row length) was obtained in weed free plot followed by applying halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (325 g metre-1 row length). The maximum grain yield (5287 kg ha-1) was acquired in weed free followed by controlling weeds by halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (5151 kg ha-1). The highest biological yield (12682 kg ha-1) was exhibited in weed free followed by halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (12415 kg ha-1), while maximum straw yield (7395 kg ha-1) recorded in weed free followed by application halauxifen + florasulam + polyglycol (7264 kg ha-1). 447