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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 2 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.186 Effect of Different Fertility Levels and Organic Nutrient Sources on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Fiori & Paol) Meenakshi Meena* and Mamta Meena Faculty of Agriculture, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur-302012, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords RDF, PSB, Azotobacter, Vermicompost, Fertility levels, Growth and yield attributes Article Info Accepted: 08 January 2020 Available Online: 10 February 2020 The experiment was conducted in split plot design with fifteen treatments combinations with three replications during rabi season 2018-19. The experiment consisted of three levels of fertility as main factor and five levels of organic sources assigning to sub-plots by replicating thrice. Three fertility levels were 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% RDF (120:60:60 NPK) and 125% RDF. The five levels of organic sources were control, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB, FYM (farmyard manures) @ 5 t ha-1 and FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB. Among fertility levels, the application of 100% RDF being at par with 125% RDF recorded maximum growth and yield attributes, grain (40.19 and 41.88 q ha-1, respectively) and straw (58.27 and 60.72 q ha-1, respectively) . Similarly, the application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 being at par with vermicomposting @ 2.5 t ha-1 significantly increased growth parameters, yield and yield parameters of wheat. Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s leading cereal crop cultivated over an area of about 651 million tons making it the third most-produced cereal after maize and rice. It plays an important role in food and nutritional security as it is an excellent health building staple food consumed by nearly 65 per cent of the population in various forms and thus, emerged as the backbone of India’s food security. It is most important staple food of about two billion people (36% of the World population). About 55% of the world population depends on wheat for intake of about 20% of food calories therefore, known as ‘king of cereals. Wheat grains are comparatively better source of protein consumed in India. About 10-12% protein requirement is met by wheat. Maneuvering the application of different fertilizers could increase the productivity of the wheat crop and the protein content. On account of continuing world energy crisis and spiraling 1624 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 price of chemical fertilizer, the use of organic manure as a renewable source of plant nutrients is assuming importance. In this endeavor proper blend of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer is important not only for increasing yield but also for sustaining soil health (Kumar et al., 2013). Organic manure enhanced soil organic carbon quality and quantity by an increased accumulation of various classes of organic compounds. Vermicompost technology promoted by earthworms, FYM, and biofertilizers are the strong health promoter, improves soil organic carbon and biological properties, nutrient recycling and maintains the soil fertility and productivity. Addition of these manures to the soil system also improves the physical conditions including soil structure, porosity, reduces compaction & crusting and overall increases water holding capacity of the soil (Singh et al., 2010). Integrated nutrient management involves the integrated use of mineral fertilizers together with organic manure in suitable combination compliments and each other to optimize input use and maximize production and sustain the same without impairing the crop quality or soil health. The integration of nutrient supplying sources is a flexible approach to minimize the use of chemical sources of nutrient along with maximization of their efficiency and farmer's economics. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018-18 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Vivekanand Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan which is situated at a latitude of 26° 81′ N, longitude 75° 889’E and altitude of 260 meters above mean sea level. The field experiment was laid out with three fertility levels randomly allocated to the main plots of split plot design and five levels of organic sources assigning to sub-plots by replicating thrice. Three fertility levels were 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% RDF (120:60:60 NPK) and 125% RDF. The five levels of organic sources were control, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1, vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB, FYM (farmyard manures) @ 5 t ha-1 and FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB. The treatments using split plot design with fifteen treatments combinations with three replications. Results and Discussion Effect of fertility levels and organic sources on growth The plant height of wheat was increased with increasing days from sowing to harvest and the maximum increment was noticed between 60 to 90 DAS (days after sowing), after that increased but at decreased rate by all the nutrient management practices. Among different fertility levels, application of 100% RDF (120:60:60) significantly promoted plant height and dry matter accumulation (Table 1.1) compared to the 75% RDF at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest stage. In contrast, the treatment of 125% RDF retained statistically comparable plant height with the 100% RDF at all the crop growth stages. In contrast, the treatment of 125% RDF retained statistically comparable plant height with the 100% RDF at all the crop growth stages. Among organic sources, application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB (O5) significantly promoted plant height as compared to remaining treatment combinations at 30, 60, 90 DAS at harvest stage. Although, application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB was statistically at par in term of plant height with the treatment O5 at all the crop growth stages. Although, this treatment was statistically nonsignificant with application of vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB in terms of dry matter production at all the stages. 1625 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 Table.1 Plant height and dry matter accumulation of wheat as influenced by different fertility levels and organic sources 30 DAS Plant height (cm) 60 90 At DAS DAS harvest Dry matter accumulation (g plant-1) 30 60 90 At DAS DAS DAS harvest Fertility levels F1 – 75% RDF 17.80 42.01 70.97 87.67 0.86 3.09 10.68 13.52 F2 – 100% RDF 19.15 45.16 76.29 94.24 0.93 3.32 11.48 14.53 F3 – 125% RDF 19.28 45.29 76.51 94.51 0.94 3.33 11.51 14.58 SEm± 0.371 0.818 1.301 1.688 0.019 0.059 0.216 0.264 CD at 5% 1.21 2.67 4.24 5.51 0.06 0.19 0.70 0.86 CV (%) 7.67 7.18 6.76 7.10 7.88 7.02 7.46 7.20 Organic sources O1 – Control 17.01 39.92 67.44 83.30 0.83 2.94 10.14 12.85 O2 – Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 18.47 43.49 73.46 90.74 0.90 3.20 11.05 13.99 O3 – Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB O4 – FYM @ 5 t ha-1 19.92 47.03 79.45 98.15 0.97 3.46 11.95 15.14 18.32 43.12 72.85 89.99 0.89 3.17 10.96 13.88 O5 – FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB 20.00 47.21 79.75 98.52 0.97 3.47 12.00 15.19 SEm± 0.403 1.079 1.786 2.208 0.020 0.078 0.271 0.342 CD at 5% 1.19 3.18 5.27 6.51 0.06 0.23 0.80 1.01 CV (%) 6.45 7.33 7.18 7.19 6.44 7.17 7.25 7.23 Treatment 1626 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 Table.2 Yield attributes and yield of wheat as influenced by different fertility levels and organic sources. Treatment Tillers m-2 Spike length (cm) Grains spike-1 1000grains weight (g) Grain yield Straw yield (q ha-1) (q ha-1) Fertility levels F1 – 75% RDF 304 9.31 48.48 41.13 36.15 52.41 F2 – 100% RDF 338 10.18 53.05 42.87 40.19 58.27 F3 – 125% RDF 353 10.53 54.84 42.95 41.88 60.72 SEm± 6.5 0.19 1.071 0.484 0.765 1.094 CD at 5% 21 0.62 3.49 1.58 2.49 3.57 CV (%) 7.57 7.40 7.95 4.43 7.52 7.41 Organic sources O1 – Control 300 9.13 47.57 40.25 35.64 51.67 O2 – Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 327 9.63 50.14 41.56 38.82 56.27 O3 – Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB O4 – FYM @ 5 t ha-1 354 10.66 55.55 43.45 41.97 60.84 324 9.90 51.59 42.69 38.49 55.80 O5 – FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB SEm± 355 10.71 55.77 43.63 42.13 61.07 8.15 0.195 1.053 0.686 0.959 1.371 24 0.58 3.11 2.02 2.83 4.05 7.37 5.85 7.15 4.86 7.30 7.20 CD at 5% CV (%) 1627 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 The plant height and dry matter accumulation continuously increased with the advancement of the age of crop up to the maturity. The maximum increment in plant height and dry matter accumulation was noticed between 60 to 90 DAS after that it was increased but at decreasing rate across the fertility levels and organic sources. Because during this stage, the available nutrients were utilized for the lateral growth of the plants. Among the fertility levels, the application of 100% RDF recorded significantly greater plant height and dry matter accumulation during the entire crop growth stages over the 75% RDF. Although, it was statistically at par with the 125% RDF at the same growth stages. The use of high amount of organic manure would have facilitated better aeration, adequate drainage, improved soil biological activities and created a favorable soil environment for deeper proliferation of roots and higher nutrient extraction from soil, caused more vigorous plant growth. The increased plant height and dry matter production might be due to the involvement of nutrients in cell wall development and cell differentiation which resulted elongation of shoot and root in plants. Similar results were obtained by Ahmed et al., (2013) who had reported that an appropriate supply of nutrients through organic and inorganic sources increased the growth attributes of wheat. The results are in agreement with the findings of Kaur et al., (2018) and Mohan et al., (2018). Effect of fertility levels and organic sources on yield The data concerning to yield attributing characters of wheat presented in Table 1.2 revealed that different fertility levels significantly influenced the tiller m-2, spike length (cm), grains spike-1 and 1000-grain weight (g). Data revealed that the application of 100% RDF recorded significantly a greater number of tiller m-2 (338) spike length (10.53 cm), grains spike-1 (54.84) and 1000-grain weight (42.95 g) compared to the fertility levels. Even though, 125% RDF had statistically non-significant with 100% RDF in terms of all of these yield parameters. Similarly, the lowest value of all the yield attributing features was observed from application of 75% RDF. The highest grain and straw yield was recorded with combined application of 125% RDF (41.88 q ha-1) which was statistically at par with 125% RDF (40.19 q ha-1). On the opposite, the 75% RDF plot produced significantly lowest grain yield of wheat. The magnitude of increase in grain yield was 11.18 and 13.91% in 100% RDF and 125% RDF over 75% RDF, respectively. It is obvious from the Table 1.2 that application of 100% RDF had significantly advanced straw yield over the 75% RDF and remained statistically at par with the 125% RDF. The application of both 100% RDF and 125% were significantly superior to the 75% RDF. In this regard, the application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB produced significantly higher number of all the yield attributing traits. In contrast, the production of tillers, spike length and grains spike-1 in vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB were non- significant with the O5. Similarly, the application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB retained statistically comparable test weight with the -1 vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha + Azotobacter + PSB, FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1. Significantly lowest value of all the yield attributing characters was noticed in absolute control plot where nothing was applied. Among organic sources, the highest seed yield (42.13 q ha-1) and straw yield (61.07 q ha-1) was recorded with combined application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB. This was significantly superior to remaining 1628 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 treatments but statistically at par with the vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB. Both of these treatments had significantly superior grain yield over the remaining combinations. The magnitude of increase in grain yield was 18.21 and 17.76% in FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB and vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter + PSB over control, respectively. The data on yield attributes showed that the plants received 100% RDF recorded significantly a greater number of tillers (338 m-2), spike length (10.18 cm), grains spike-1 (53.05) and 1000-grain weight (42.87 g) compared to the remaining treatment combinations. Even though, 125% RDF was statistically non-significant with 100% RDF in terms of the entire yield attributes. This might be due to the fact that application of vermicompost/FYM + azotobacter + PSB with inorganic fertilizer judiciously increased the nitrogen supply which resulted in the increased conversion of carbohydrates in to proteins which in turn are elaborated in to protoplasm. The improvement in growth attributing parameters directly supports the development of yield attributing characters. Therefore, the better assimilation of photosynthate and their partitioning into developing spike might have taken place that improved yield attributing characters like tillers m-2, spike length, grains spike-1 and 1000-grains weight. Similarly, Ahmad et al., (2013); Patel et al., (2017) and Singh et al., (2019) also reported the improved yield attributes of wheat crop with integration of synthetic fertilizers and organic manures. References Kumar, M., Bauddh, K., Kumar, S., Sainger, M., Sainger. P. A. and Singh, R. P. 2013. Increase in growth, productivity and nutritional status of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. WH-711) and enrichment in soil fertility applied with organic matrix entrapped urea. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34: 1-9. Singh, G., Singh, O. P., Singh, S. and Prasad, K. 2010. Weed management in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) after rice (Oryza sativa) in rice-wheat system in rainfed lowland. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 55(2): 83-88. Ahmad, M., Afzal, M., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, A.U.H. and Azeem, M.I. 2013. Role of organic and inorganic nutrient sources in improving wheat crop production. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, XLVI(153): 15-21. Kaur, R., Kumar, S., Kaur, R. and Kaur, J. 2018. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated conditions. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(4): 1800-1803. Mohan, B, Kumar, P. and Yadav, R.A. 2018. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1): 1545-1547. Patel, T.G., Khushvadan, C.P. and Patel, V.N. 2017. Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5: 1366-1369. Singh, G., Kumar, S., Singh, G. and Singh, N. 2019. Effect of integrated nutrient management on nutrient uptake and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated conditions. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8 (1): 1077-1080. 1629 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(2): 1624-1630 How to cite this article: Meenakshi Meena and Mamta Meena. 2020. Effect of Different Fertility Levels and Organic Nutrient Sources on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Fiori & Paol). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(02): 1624-1630. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.186 1630