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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.141 Effect of Different Chemicals on Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cvs. Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra Manoj Kumar Singh1*, Vinod Bahadur Singh2, S.S. Singh1 and Anil Kumar Singh2 1 Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot-485780 Satna (M.P.), India 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Basuli, Maharajganj (NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, U.P.), India 2 Department of Horticulture, CSAUA&T, Kanpur, UP, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Yield and quality, Mangifera indica, Bombay Green, Dashehari Article Info Accepted: 10 December 2018 Available Online: 10 January 2019 An experiment was carried out at mango orchard, Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) India, during 2016-17 and 201718 to study the response of different mango cultivars viz. Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra to various chemicals namely potassium nitrate, potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate in respect of yield, quality and shelf-life of fruits. The results of the experiment indicated that the fruit yield among the test cultivars was highest significantly with KH2PO4-1%+KNO3-1% treatment. Introduction Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is only fruit that created mango mania in its consumer‟s choice due to its excellent fragrance and flavour, attractive blushes, delicious taste and high nutraceutical value. Its genus Mangifera, belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, has 41 valid species of Mangifera distributed throughout the world. Mango is a cross pollinated allopolyploid crop having chromosome number 2n=40. All the commercial cultivars of mango are integrated in single species Mangifera indica. The majority of the mango varieties are area specific (Rymbai, 2014). In general, the productivity of mango is revealed to be decreasing annually. There is a need to take productivity enhancing measures in mango cultivation for quality fruit production. Several workers have also 1320 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 suggested that foliar feeding of nutrients directly to the site of metabolism as a substitute for or supplement to soil application noticeably improved fruit yield and quality attributes (Samra et al., 1977; Singh et al., 1994). It has also been considered that mango leaves absorb most of the nutrients within 24 72 hours after spray and, thereafter, depletion of leaf nutrient content is seen owing to translocation of N, P, K to actively developing organs within the plant system (Singh, 2002). Potassium is macronutrient attributed to the invigorating effect of K on phloem loading, photosynthesis and translocation and large molecular weight synthesis in the developing fruits (Rabeh and Sweelam, 1990). Singh et al., (2008) opined that potassium is an important nutrient for fruit filling in terms of size and weight of fruits. They also stated that, potassium is required for production and transport of plant sugars that increases the weight of mango fruits. Potassium helps in energy transformation and activation of enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism which subsequently partitioning of photosynthates to the developing fruits. treatments associated with different chemicals along with control and replicated three times. During the investigation, the efficacy of different chemicals containing, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium viz. Potassium di hydrogen orthophosphoric acid (KH2PO4), Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate (K2HPO4), Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and Thiourea (CH4N2S) alone and in combination were tried foliar application in different cultivars of mango viz. Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra. The observations on the yield per tree were recorded after harvesting of the mature fruits. With regard to quality parameters of fruits in different cultivars of mango, total soluble solids (TSS) in the fruits were estimated with the help of a LCD Digital pocket refractometer. Acidity of fruits, under different treatment was determined as per the methods suggested by AOAC (1990). Reducing and total sugars were estimated by Lane and Eynon (1923). Non- reducing sugar was estimated by deducting the estimated value of reducing sugar in estimated value of total sugar of the particular replication and treatment. Moreover, induction of early flowering results in early maturity of mango fruits which fetch the higher price in the market as compared to late maturing mango fruits. In view of above research work was undertaken to ascertain the effect of different chemical alone and in combination on yield and quality attribute of mango fruits cultivars viz. Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra. Results and Discussion Materials and Methods The present investigation was conducted to ascertain the effect of different chemicals on fruit quality and yield of different commercial cultivars of mango during 2016-17 and 201718 at mango orchard, Department of Horticulture, CSA University of Agriculture Technology, Kanpur (UP). There were nine In the present investigation, the highest yield per tree was recorded with KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% treatment in all the tested cultivars of mango. The highest yield with KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% treatment may be attributed due to maximum per cent of flowering shoot, fruit set, increase in fruit set per panicle, prevention of abscission of young fruit lets, and increase in the number of fruits per tree would have resulted in the increase in yield in the trees sprayed with the above treatment in the present study. Moreover, early flowering, fruiting and better retention of fruits would have facilitated the better utilization of nutritional resources within the tree resulting in maximum yields (Kumar and Reddy, 2008). Phosphoric acid and potassium nitrate may 1321 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 have acted synergistically to increase the number of flowering shoots thereby increasing in fruit yield of mango cv. Alphonso (Reddy and Kurian, 2012). Similar results were also reported in mango by MC Kenzie (1994) in cv. Sensation, Rojas (1996) in cv. Haden, Srihari and Rao (1998) in cv. Alphonso, Nahar et al., (2010) in cv. Amrapali, Elkhishen (2015) in cv. Zebda, Dheeraj et al., (2016) in cv. Banganapalli, Amarcholi et al., (2016) in Kesar. Among all the test cultivars, Langra was found to be superior over other cultivars in respect of total soluble solids found in the fruits. However, the maximum increase in Total Soluble Solids (TSS) was observed with KNO3 -1% followed by K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 1% in all the test cultivars as compared to K2HPO4-1% treatment and control. Increase in TSS content with potassium nitrate confirmed by Khayyat et al., (2012), Sarker and Rahim (2013) Yadav et al., (2014), Baiea et al., (2015) and Patolia et al., (2017b) in mango. Increase in TSS may be due to the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides, conversion of organic acids into soluble sugars and enhanced solubilisation of insoluble starch and pectin present in cell wall and middle lamella (Gupta and Brahmchari, 2004). Gharge et al., (2014)) in mango confirmed Increase in TSS with potassium nitrate in combination with di potassium hydrogen phosphate treated trees. It was observed that the titratable acidity of fruits (in terms of citric acid) was decreased when thiourea or di potassium hydrogen phosphate applied singly or alone during both years of studies. The Maximum decrease in acidity was recorded with K2HPO4 1% + Thiourea (1%). Decrease in acidity of fruits following Potassium is in accordance with reports of Kumar and Reddy (2008) and Baiea et al., (2015). The highest acidity was recorded with KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% treatment. The findings of the present study indicated that the total sugar was markedly increased by spraying of chemicals, however, KHPO4 (1%) + KNO3 (1%) were most effective. The findings are in the line of earlier reports of Dutta et al., (2011), Baiea et al., (2015), Elkhishen (2015), Patolia et al., (2017b) and Singh and Kaur (2018) in mango fruits itself (Table 1–6). Table.1 Effect of chemicals on yield per tree in mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) Bombay Green 2016201717 18 63.54 51.42 Yield per Tree (kg) Dashehari Langra 2016201720162017-18 17 18 17 39.00 48.86 92.17 70.50 65.56 115.89 49.62 120.03 83.38 79.04 111.02 81.28 102.40 66.77 144.29 68.23 65.39 104.25 53.80 71.41 61.94 100.83 66.22 59.84 85.08 64.01 60.86 52.86 119.33 52.45 48.30 72.00 184.37 140.05 157.82 233.47 228.96 192.89 201.00 114.00 184.87 164.83 283.20 183.94 157.21 179.36 26.77 3.5 27.15 1.78 25.95 3.9 34.93 2.9 65.10 6.5 46.03 12.5 1322 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 Table.2 Effect of chemicals on TSS in the fruits of mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments Bombay Green KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) TSS (o brix) Dashehari Langra 201617 23.60 201718 23.80 201617 22.00 201718 22.20 201617 24.50 2017-18 22.80 21.60 22.00 22.60 22.90 22.40 22.60 22.85 21.70 22.05 22.80 23.50 22.50 22.80 21.75 21.50 21.85 21.60 23.00 21.80 22.00 21.85 21.52 22.00 21.80 23.20 22.05 22.25 23.85 21.80 23.85 23.95 24.00 24.02 22.80 23.80 21.78 23.84 24.00 24.40 24.04 23.85 21.80 0.15 21.75 0.16 21.66 0.15 21.70 0.17 23.40 0.09 23.50 0.09 24.65 Table.3 Effect of chemicals on titratable acidity in the fruits of mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments Bombay Green KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) Titratable Acidity (%) Dashehari Langra 201617 0.31 201718 0.31 201617 0.19 201718 0.19 201617 0.27 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.33 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.21 0.18 0.19 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.17 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.31 0.01 0.31 0.02 0.18 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.26 0.01 0.27 0.01 1323 2017-18 0.27 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 Table.4 Effect of chemicals on reducing sugar in the fruits of mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) Reducing Sugar (%) Bombay Green Dashehari Langra 201617 8.37 201718 8.46 201617 7.65 201718 7.74 201617 8.78 2017-18 8.27 8.80 8.93 10.30 9.26 9.44 9.36 8.29 8.88 8.95 10.40 9.56 9.49 9.46 7.59 8.75 8.85 9.30 9.28 9.13 9.05 7.63 8.80 8.93 9.40 9.38 9.26 9.18 8.73 8.90 9.87 10.48 9.31 10.28 9.46 8.71 8.93 9.48 10.50 9.51 10.29 10.00 8.75 0.16 8.82 0.17 7.83 0.09 7.85 0.11 9.10 0.13 9.21 0.11 8.84 Table.5 Effect of chemicals on total sugar in the fruits of mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments Bombay Green KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2HPO4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) Total Sugar (%) Dashehari Langra 201617 18.60 201718 18.80 201617 17.00 201718 17.20 201617 19.50 2017-18 18.80 17.60 17.50 20.60 18.15 18.15 18.35 18.85 17.75 17.55 20.80 18.75 18.25 18.55 17.25 17.50 17.35 18.60 18.25 17.55 17.75 17.35 17.60 17.50 18.80 18.45 17.80 18.00 19.85 17.80 19.35 20.95 18.25 19.77 18.55 19.80 17.85 18.59 21.00 18.65 19.79 19.60 17.15 0.72 17.30 0.68 15.35 0.64 15.40 0.43 17.85 0.51 18.05 0.42 1324 19.65 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 Table.6 Effect of chemicals on non-reducing sugar in mango cv. bombay green, dashehari and langra Treatments KNO3 -1% KH2PO4-1% K2HPO4-1% CH4N2S-1% KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% K2H-O4-1% + KNO3 -1% KNO3 -1% + CH4N2S-1% K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S1% Control C.D. (at 5%) Non- Reducing Sugar (%) Bombay Green Dashehari Langra 201617 10.23 201718 10.34 201617 9.35 201718 9.46 201617 10.73 2017-18 10.53 8.80 8.58 10.30 8.89 8.71 8.99 10.56 8.88 8.60 10.40 9.19 8.76 9.09 9.66 8.75 8.50 9.30 8.94 8.42 8.70 9.72 8.80 8.58 9.40 9.04 8.54 8.82 11.12 8.90 9.48 10.48 8.94 9.49 9.09 11.09 8.93 9.11 10.50 9.14 9.50 9.60 8.40 0.36 8.48 0.31 7.52 0.29 7.55 0.19 8.75 0.41 8.84 0.23 Higher sugar content might be due to the role of potassium in carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and neutralization of organic acids. Datta et al., (2011) showed that the foliar „K‟ application favours the conversion of starch into simple sugar during ripening by activating the sucrose synthase enzyme. The data showed that the fruits treated with potassium nitrate in combination with potassium di hydrogen ortho phosphate exerted highest TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and reducing sugars. It might be possible due to the reason that potassium treatment could be attributed to enhance photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves and a possible increase in translocation of assimilates into the fruit (Singh et al., 1982). The present findings are in accordance with Kaur et al., (2012) in peach fruits and Prasad et al., (2015) in pear fruits. Maximum increase in this line was noted with KH2PO4 (1.5%) + KNO3 (1%). These findings are in conformity with several workers along with Kumar and Reddy (2008), Sarker and Rahim 10.81 (2013), Baiea et al., (2015) in mango fruit. Increase in this ratio is directly due to increase in sugar content and decrease in acidity of fruits. The effects of pre-harvest sprays of various chemicals on self-life of mango fruits were also observed after 7th days of harvest. The physiological loss in weight of fruits increased gradually and progressively under all treatments with prolongation of duration of storage. Although all the treatments under study reduced the loss (PLW) but fruits sprayed with KH2PO4 (1.5%) with KNO3 (1%) showed least loss in weight. The possible region for reduction in weight loss by chemicals used in the experiment might be due to some chemical changes caused by them within fruits so that the fruits could retain more water against the force of evaporation and possibly they may also alter some of the proteinaceous constituent of the cell so as to increase the affinity for water (Rydahl et al., 2018). The treated fruits exhibited low incidence of rotting or spoilage as compared to control. The incidence of 1325 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 1320-1328 rotting (spoilage) was effectively minimized by the application of KH2PO4-1%) + KNO31%. In conclusion, the treatment K2HPO4 -1% + KNO3-1% proved superiority in improving the quality of fruits regarding total soluble solids and titratable acidity however acidity was lowest in fruits produced by treated trees with K2HPO4-1% + CH4N2S-1% and K2HPO4-1%. With regard to reducing sugar per cent, it was noticed that total sugar and reducing sugar were highest with KH2PO4 1% + KNO3-1% treatment over control in all the cultivars of mango cultivar Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra, respectively. The non-reducing sugar was the highest with KH2PO4-1% followed by KH2PO4-1% + KNO3 -1% and KNO3-1% among all the test cultivars of mango. References A.O.A.C. 1990. Association of official analytical chemists‟ official and tentative methods of analysis. The A.O.A.C., Washington D.C., USA. Amarcholi, J.J., Singh, V., Sharma, K. M., Momin, S.K. and Patel, R.J. 2016. The impact Of Chemicals on Fruiting Parameters, Quality Parameters And B:C Ratio of 'Kesar' mango. 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Taha R.A., Hassan, H.S.A. and Shaaban, E.A. 2014. Effect of different potassium fertilizer forms on yield, fruit quality and leaf mineral content of Zebda Mango trees. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research., 21 (3): 518-524. Yadav, D., Singh, S.P. and Singh, S. 2014. Effect of foliar application of potassium compounds on yield and quality of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) cv. Banarasi Karaka. International Journal of Research in Applied, natural and social sciences, 2: 89-92. How to cite this article: Manoj Kumar Singh, Vinod Bahadur Singh, S.S. Singh and Anil Kumar Singh. 2019. Effect of Different Chemicals on Yield and Quality of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cvs. Bombay Green, Dashehari and Langra. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(01): 1320-1328. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.141 1328