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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.023 Effect of Cow Urine Enriched Agricultural Waste on Growth, Yield and Uptake by Wheat B. G. Chaudhari, S. K. Shah*, J. M. Patel and K. V. Chaudhary Castor and Mustard Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar (Gujarat) 385 506, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Cow urine, Castor cake, Castor shell compost, vermicompost, wheat, Enrichment, uptake of nutrients Article Info Accepted: 10 July 2020 Available Online: 10 August 2020 Total twelve treatments were tested to study “Effect of cow urine enriched agricultural waste on growth, yield and uptake by wheat” during rabi 2017-18 in randomized block design with three replications with wheat variety GW 451. The growth and yield parameters of wheat viz., plant height at harvest (84.3 cm), number of tillers per meter row length (102), number of ear head per meter row length (94), grain per ear head (41.2), 1000 grain weight (48.2 g), grain yield (4813 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6498 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher with application of 100% RDN through chemical fertilizes (T5). The highest gross and realization of 121288.5 ₹ ha-1 and 93196.5 ₹ ha-1 was accrued under the treatment T5 (100% RDN by chemical fertilizers) with the Benefit : Cost Ratio of 4.3. The maximum NUE (22.5 kg ha-1) was noted under treatment T5 and the minimum NUE (16.4 kg ha-1) was noted under treatment T3. The maximum bacterial population was noted under T12 whereas; fungal population was higher in T5. Significantly the higher values of available N (141.7 kg ha-1), P2O5 (32.7 kg ha-1) and K2O (203.1 kg ha-1) content in soil after harvest of crop were recorded with the treatment T12. In case of organic carbon, treatment T3 recorded the highest value of organic carbon (0.27 %). Uptake of N, P and K was found maximum in treatment T5 (100% RDN by chemical fertilizers) compare to rest of treatments. of area, 3.2 per cent of production of India with 2875 kg ha-1 productivity. Wheat is highly responsive to added inputs particularly, chemical fertiliser. The yield of wheat increases with the increase in fertiliser dose. But addition of excessive fertilisers has deteriorated the soil health and farmers in many areas are shifting from chemical to organic crop production. Wheat is no exception; organic wheat cultivation is gaining momentum. The major challenge for Introduction The great Green Revolution in India could be possible due to adoption of improved scientific technologies in high yielding varieties of wheat. The area under wheat has seen remarkable growth over last decades. It is estimated that the area under wheat crop in Gujarat is around 1.02 million hectare and production of 2.94 million tonnes (MOAFW, 2018). Gujarat state shares nearly 3.4 per cent 203 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 organic farming is low nutrient content in the organic manures to be added to supplement nutrients. Cow urine (CU) is good source of plant nutrients especially nitrogen, besides it contains sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, iron, silicon, chlorine, several enzyme and hormones etc. Castor is the major non edible oilseed crop of North Gujarat, which is typically as wheat belt also. Castor shell, dehulled seed coat waste, contains about 1.9 % nitrogen, 0.3 % phosphorus and 4.5 % potassium. Because of skewed C/N ratio, castor husks performed badly when used as organic source alone (Lima et al., 2008). Hence, it is imperative to reduce the rate of mineralization of the CC and to improve the C/N ratio of the castor shell. This study had been framed with objective to evaluate combinations of CC and castor shell in order to ascertain a proportion of those by-products to harness best use of chemical fertilisers along with CU enriched organics in a sustainable way. Initial and after harvest random soil samples (0-15cm) were collected and processed from the different spots. All physico-chemical parameters and nutrient content of soil were analyzed by standard methods. The field experiment with wheat crop (GW-451) comprised of 12 treatments designed in randomized block design with three replications. The RDF: 60 kg N–60 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied in all plots (except control) uniformly as basal and 60 kg N applied at 35 DAS as recommended dose. The top dressing with 60 kg N ha-1 was given at 35 DAS using required quantity of enriched CSC, VC, CC (applied in furrows).The soil of were neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.4), normal in salt concentration (EC 0.15 dSm-1), loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon (0.19 %) and available nitrogen (106 kg ha-1) medium in available phosphorus (29 kg ha-1) and potash content (156 kg ha-1). The statistical analysis of the data collected for different parameters were carried out following the procedure of as described by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). Materials and Methods Results and Discussion The field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2017-18 at Castor Mustard Research Station, SD Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar (District Banaskantha) Gujarat India is located at 72o 19' East longitude and 24o19' North latitude at 154.52 meters above the mean sea level. This region falls under North Gujarat Agro-Climatic Zone (AES-IV) of Gujarat. The enriched organic is used in the present study were made by thoroughly sprinkling of CU until saturation in three independent and separate heaps of organics 35 days before sowing of wheat. Each heap was turned weekly and moisture of the heaps was kept at around 30 percent. The pH, EC, moisture content (%), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), N, P, K, S and ash contents in enriched organics after enrichment which is used in the present study are given in Table 1. Effect on yield and yield attributes An application of 100 % RDN through chemical fertilizers (T5) recorded significantly maximum number tillers per meter row length (102.8), plant height (84.3 cm),number of ear head per meter row length (94.6) and it was remained at par with the treatment T6 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T2), T7 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3), T 8 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4),T9 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2), T10 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3)and T 11 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4) (Table 2).Increased number of tillers per meter row length might to be due to increased levels of nitrogen resulted in produced more tillers from the main stem and 204 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 reduction of mortality of tillers. These results are confirmatory to Liaqat et al., (2003). The increase in plant height might be due to slowly releasing of nutrients in root zone area from enriched organics during the entire crop growth period, which resulted in better plant growth. The present findings are in close agreement with those reported by Subbaiah and Mittra (1997) and Das et al., (2001). The increase in number of ear head due to increase in available nutrients (rapid mineralization), particularly nitrogen, might be attributed to enhancement of protoplasm content of the plant and acceleration of metabolic processes. Similar finding were also reported by Sharma and Bali (1998) and Brar et al., (2000). eventually produced large size more grain of higher weight. These results are similar to those reported by Patel and Upadhyay (1993). It was found that application of 100 per cent RDN through chemical fertilizer (T5) recorded significantly maximum grain yield (4813 kg ha-1) and maximum straw yield (6498 kg ha-1) which was remained at par with the treatmentT6 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T2), T 7 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3), T 8 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4), T9 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2), T 10 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3) and T11 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4). Higher nutrient availability and subsequent higher production of photosynthates that led to higher yield and biomass production which reflected in higher effective tillers per plant that ultimately resulted in higher grain yield. Positive results of higher rates of nitrogen application on grain and straw yields were also reported by Pandey et al., (1997); and Singh et al., (2003). Data pertaining to number of grain per ear head and 1000 grain weight as influenced by application of various treatments indicated that application of 100 per cent RDN through chemical fertilizer (T5) recorded significantly maximum number of grain per ear head (41.2) and 1000 grain weight (48.2 g), it was remained at par with the treatment T6 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T2), T7 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3), T 8 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4), T9 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2), T10 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3)and T 11 (50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4). The number of grain per ear head increased might be due to nitrogen promoted the initiation of spikelets that resulted in more grain per ear head. Nitrogen fertilizer applied in optimum dose decreases the chance of grains to deteriorate in the spikes which resulted in lower grain yield (Seiling et al., 2005). The increase in 1000 grain weight might be ascribed to supply of nitrogen at higher levels increase photosynthetic activities and translocation of photosynthates, which might have promoted the growth, better partitioning of photosynthates in yield attributes and A perusal of data on gross return as influenced by difference treatments revealed that the highest gross and net realization of 121288.5 ₹ ha-1and 93196.5 ₹ ha-1, respectively were accrued under the treatment T5 (100% RDN by chemical fertilizers) with the Benefit: Cost Ratio of 4.3. This could be attributed to higher grain and straw yield received in these treatments which is reflected from total biomass production of the same treatment. Effect on soil parameters Data revealed that various treatments did not show significant effect on the soil pH and EC after harvest of the crop (Table 3). However, application of CU enriched VC (T3) recorded significantly higher value of organic carbon 205 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 (OC) content in soil after harvest of wheat crops (0.27%) and it was remained at par with treatment T2 (CU enriched CSC), T7 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3), T9 (50% RDN + 50% N by T2) and T12 (1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4) might be due to treatment has stimulated the growth and activity of microorganisms and also better root growth, resulting in higher production of biomass, crop stubbles and residue. Under the present study, significantly the highest available soil N (141.7 kg ha-1) and available phosphorus (32.7 kg ha-1) after harvest of the wheat crop was found under application of 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3 + 1/3 N by T4 (T12) which might be due to as addition of organics materials in soil viz, CSC, VC and castor cake enriched with CU which increased microorganisms in soil and released organic acids in after decomposition which increased nutrients availability in soil after harvest of crop, hence available result higher under this treatment. However, the application of different treatments did not show significant effect on the available potassium in soil after harvest of the wheat crop. Effect on microbial count Data presented in Table 5 indicated that microbial population in soil after harvest of wheat crop influences under various treatments. Bacterial population observed higher in treatment T12 (1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4) and fungal population found higher in treatment T5 (100% RDN by chemical fertilizers), whereas minimum population of bacteria and fungi respectively observed in treatment T1 (Absolute control) and treatment T3 (CU enriched VC), which might be due to as addition of organics materials in soil viz, CSC, VC and CC enriched with CU which increased microorganisms in soil after harvest of crop. Effect on uptake of nutrients The significantly maximum uptake of N in grain (96.0 kg ha-1) and straw (46.9 kgha-1) recorded with an application of 100 % N through chemical fertilizer (T5) and it was remained at par with treatments T6 (75% N by RDN + 25% N by T2) and T9 (50% N by RDN + 50% N by T2) (Table 6). The increased uptake of the nutrients was due to added supply of nutrient and well developed root system resulting in better absorption of water and nutrient. There was an increased about 96.0 and 46.9 per cent nitrogen uptake, by grain and straw, respectively under T5 treatment over control. Similar findings were also observed in rice crop by Singh et al., (2018). Effect on Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) The data presented in Table 4 indicated that NUE (kg ha-1) influences under various treatments. The maximum NUE (22.5 kg ha-1) was noted under treatment T5 and the minimum NUE (16.4 kg ha-1) was noted under treatment T3. Table.1 Physico-chemical and nutrients content in organics after enrichment Organics Castor Shell Compost (CSC) Vermicompost (VC) Castor cake (CC) pH (1:10 w/v) EC (1:10 w/v) 8.3 3.87 Moisture content (%) 36 7.3 6.9 3.15 1.38 29 38 206 TOC Major nutrients (%) N P K S Ash content (%) 61.6 2.8 0.99 2.6 0.8 25.3 28.0 86.4 2.1 5.0 0.76 2.10 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.2 47.8 55.5 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 Table.2 Effect of CU enriched organics on number of tillers per meter row length, plant height (cm), number of ear head per meter row length, number of grain per ear head, 1000 grain weight, grain and straw yield of wheat Treatments No. of tillers per meter row length Plant height at harvest (cm) 46.4 57.5 50.2 69.9 84.3 82.86 T1 :Absolute control 87.32 T2 : CU enriched CSC 86.89 T3 : CU enriched VC 88.68 T4 : CU enriched CC 102.76 T5 : 100% RDN by chemical fertilizers 97.53 79.3 T6 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers +25% N by T2 95.03 78.7 T7 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3 91.66 76.0 T8 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4 97.93 80.3 T9 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2 89.82 75.8 T10 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3 88.99 75.7 T11 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4 85.27 47.0 T12 : 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4 4.18 2.94 S.Em. ± 14.27 8.65 C.D. at 5 % 7.93 7.47 C.V. % Price Grain: 22.5 ₹ kg-1; Straw: 2.0 ₹ kg-1 No. of ear head per meter row length 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield (kg ha-1) Straw yield (kg ha-1) 75.66 80.12 79.69 81.48 94.56 No. of grain per ear head 25.3 33.2 32.6 35.1 41.2 40.2 43.4 43.2 43.7 48.2 2127 4120 4089 4149 4813 2852 5546 5505 5556 6498 90.33 39.4 47.6 4453 87.83 39.1 47.5 84.46 38.8 90.73 Gross realization (₹ ha-1) Cost of cultivation (₹ ha-1) Net realization (₹ ha-1) BCR 4979 9666 9594 9705 11311 47857 92700 92002 93352 121288 23495 35032 69273 42889 28092 24362 57668 22729 50463 93196 2.0 2.6 1.3 2.1 4.3 5967 10420 112126 30545 81581 3.7 4431 5938 10369 111573 39161 72412 2.8 47.4 4410 5910 10320 111045 28323 82722 3.9 40.3 47.8 4484 6054 10538 112998 32979 80019 3.4 82.62 38.4 47.3 4280 5736 10016 107772 50211 57561 2.1 81.79 37.6 45.7 4252 5698 9950 107066 28535 78531 3.8 78.07 31.5 42.3 4120 5439 9559 103578 46290 57288 2.2 4.18 12.85 8.61 1.28 3.77 6.18 1.07 3.14 4.10 225.01 658.10 9.40 275.90 809.20 8.60 207 Total Biomass (kg/ha) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 Table.3 Effect of CU enriched organics on pH and EC of soil after harvest of wheat Treatments Initial T1 :Absolute control T2 : CU enriched CSC T3 : CU enriched VC T4 : CU enriched CC T5 : 100% RDN by chemical fertilizers T6 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers +25% by T2 T7 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% by T3 T8 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% by T4 T9 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% by T2 T10 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% by T3 T11 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% by T4 T12 : 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4 S.Em. ± C.D. at 5 % C.V. % pH EC (dSm-1) OC (%) Available Available Available nitrogen P2O5 potash (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) 105.6 29.2 156.0 107.7 20.4 149.6 137.7 31.3 194.4 139.4 31.9 195.2 129.0 30.2 190.9 113.3 24.3 153.6 119.6 27.4 171.0 N 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.4 0.15 0.19 0.26 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.192 0.261 0.274 0.238 0.227 0.236 N 7.4 0.13 0.240 120.3 28.0 176.3 N 7.3 0.13 0.224 123.8 28.8 177.2 N 7.3 0.14 0.248 115.0 26.9 163.1 N 7.4 0.13 0.254 123.6 29.4 181.1 N 7.4 0.12 0.235 128.6 29.6 185.4 7.2 0.19 NS 3.24 0.12 0.004 NS 5.65 0.243 0.007 0.025 5.62 141.7 3.71 10.89 5.15 32.7 1.04 3.07 6.4 203.1 9.40 NS 9.13 Table.4 Effect of CU enriched organics on nitrogen use efficiency after harvest of wheat Treatments T2 : CU enriched CSC T3 : CU enriched VC T4 : CU enriched CC T5 : 100% RDN by chemical fertilizers T6 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers +25% N by T2 T7 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3 T8 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4 T9 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2 T10 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3 T11 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4 T12 : 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4 208 NUE (kg ha-1) 16.6 16.4 16.9 22.4 19.4 19.2 19.0 19.6 17.9 17.7 16.6 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(8): 203-211 Table.5 Effect of CU enriched organics on microbial population in soil after harvest of wheat Treatments T1 :Absolute control T2 : CU enriched CSC T3 : CU enriched VC T4 : CU enriched CC T5 : 100% RDN by chemical fertilizers T6 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers +25% N by T2 T7 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3 T8 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4 T9 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2 T10 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3 T11 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4 T12 : 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4 Microbial population (cfu gm-1) Bacteria Fungi 1.45x107 1.19 x105 2.70 x107 4.90 x105 7 2.87 x10 7.15 x105 1.92 x107 7.80 x105 2.76 x107 8.85 x105 7 3.84 x10 4.80 x105 4.49 x107 2.09 x105 2.82x107 6.40 x105 7 4.67 x10 4.90 x105 3.65 x107 2.95 x105 4.17 x107 5.31 x105 5.99 x107 3.19 x105 Table.6 Effect of CU enriched organics on nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake by grain and straw Treatments T1 :Absolute control T2 : CU enriched CSC T3 : CU enriched VC T4 : CU enriched CC T5 : 100% RDN by chemical fertilizers T6 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers +25% N by T2 T7 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T3 T8 : 75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4 T9 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T2 T10 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T3 T11 : 50% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 50% N by T4 T12 : 1/3 N by T2 + 1/3 N by T3+1/3 N by T4 S.Em. ± C.D. at 5 % C.V. % N uptake (kg ha-1) Grain Straw 35.8 16.5 71.7 34.9 70.5 34.3 73.3 35.3 96.0 46.9 81.6 40.6 80.1 38.8 79.1 38.4 83.8 40.9 75.9 36.8 75.1 36.4 70.4 33.6 4.82 2.30 14.15 6.76 11.23 11.09 The results on P uptake by grain and straw revealed that significantly maximum uptake of P in grain (20.3 kg ha-1) and straw (12.4 kg ha-1) recorded with an application of 100 % N through chemical fertilizer (T5) and which was remained at par with treatments P uptake (kg ha-1) Grain Straw 6.9 5.0 15.4 10.0 15.0 9.9 15.7 10.1 20.3 12.4 17.7 11.2 17.5 11.0 17.3 10.9 18.4 11.4 16.5 10.6 16.2 10.3 15.0 9.7 1.11 0.58 3.26 1.72 12.07 9.97 K uptake (kg ha-1) Grain Straw 5.1 19.1 11.3 41.2 11.1 40.4 11.7 41.7 14.6 52.1 13.2 46.1 13.0 45.6 12.8 45.1 13.5 46.9 12.3 43.7 12.1 42.7 10.6 39.4 0.81 2.15 2.37 6.32 11.92 8.89 T6 (75% N by RDN + 25% N by T2), T7 (75% RDN + 25% by T3), T8 (75% RDN by chemical fertilizers + 25% N by T4) and T9 (50% N by RDN + 50% N by T2) . 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International Journal of Microbiology research How to cite this article: 10(3): 1035-1037. Subbaiah, G. and Mittra, B. N. (1997).Effect of varying rate and time of incorporation of crop residue with and without phosphorus in rice. Andhra Agricultural Journal 44(3 & 4): 153155. Chaudhari, B. G., S. K. Shah, J. M. Patel and Chaudhary, K. V. 2020. Effect of Cow Urine Enriched Agricultural Waste on Growth, Yield and Uptake by Wheat. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(08): 203-211. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.023 211