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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.231 Effect of Biomass Type and Proportion of Binding Material on Strength and Burning Quality of Honey-Comb Briquette Shahzad Faisal1, Ram Nath Jha2*, Shushmita M. Dadhich3 and Jeet Chand Thakuri4 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, SKUAST-K, Srinagar (J&K) -191121, India 2 Agricultural Machinery Testing and Research Centre, Nawalpur, Sarlahi, Nepal 3 Department of Agricultural Engineering, SKUAST-J, Chatha, Jammu- 180009, India 4 IOE, Tribhuwan University, Nepal *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Biomass, Honey comb briquette, Rice husk, Clay, Cow dung Article Info Accepted: 15 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 Experiments were conducted to characterize the briquetting technology for better utilization of agricultural, forestry and municipal wastes. Honey-comb briquettes were made by using char produced from three different biomasses (i) Rice husk (ii) Banmara and (iii) Paper with two different binding materials viz. clay and cow dung (20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight) and was tested for strength, durability and combustion properties. The result indicated that compressive strength increased with increase in proportion of binding material. The calorific value was found to be highest i.e. 5656.58kcal/kg and lowest i.e. 3602.99 kcal/kg for BG50 and RC50, respectively. Calorific value of briquette was decreased with increase in proportion of binding materials in case of clay whereas calorific value increased with increase in proportion of binding materials in case of cow dung. The highest value of total burning time was 110 min. for RC30 whereas lowest value of total burning time was 79 min. for PG50. The highest value of effective cooking time was 79 min. for RC30 whereas lowest effective cooking time was 55 min. for PG50. Briquette having 30% level of binding material was found to be best suited for briquette production with respect to calorific value and effective cooking time. Introduction Many of the developing countries produce huge quantity of agricultural residues but they are used inefficiently causing extensive pollution to the environment i.e. agricultural wastes are excess of agricultural production that have not been effectively utilized. With the remarkable increase in agricultural production, the availability of different types of agricultural by products, wastes and residues has also increased. These include crop residues, processing by products, animal refuse and forest biomass. It is estimated that a 1930 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 huge amount of such products are annually produced in Nepal in the form of straw, stalks, husk, cobs, shells, sticks and peel etc. (Shrestha, 2003). But bulk of such materials remains unutilized and their disposal becomes a problem. This happens due to their scattered and seasonal availability, bulky nature, low density and physico-chemical characteristics (Singh and Sahay, 2002). Apart from the problems of transportation, storage and handling, the direct burning of loose biomass in conventional grates is associated with very low thermal efficiency and widespread air pollution. Experimental design In addition, a large percentage of unburned carbonaceous ash has to be disposed off. In the case of rice husk, this amounts to more than 40% of the feed burnt (Grover and Mishra, 1996). Briquetting of the husk could mitigate these pollution problems. At the same time this can be used as important industrial and domestic energy resource. The ranges of variables under study were selected on the basis of earlier research work. The four levels of binding material proportion were taken and reported in Table 1. A full factorial design was used to conduct the experiments and to decide interaction effects of variables on the responses. The experimental design is given in Table 2 and the plan consisted of 8 experiments in each group with three replications. Honey-comb briquetting technology The variables of the study were: Biomass, binding materials and proportion of binding materials selected as parameters for the preparation of Honeycomb briquettes. The total number of experiments was divided into three groups on the basis of biomass used for the preparation of briquettes. Each group of experiments was conducted separately to study the briquetting process and quality attributes by using two different binding materials. A honey-comb briquette is a solid fuel made out of biomass char. It is so called because its shape resembles like a honey-comb. Dried biomass is made into char by carbonizing in a charring drum. The total number of experiments decided in this way was found to be 72 (=24x3 replications). The charring drum is a simple drum which is fitted with a conical shaped grate, a chimney and water-seal arrangement. About 40-100 kg of dried bio-mass can be carbonized to give 25-35% yield of charcoal material over a period of two to three hours (icimod@icimod.org.np). The biomass char powder is mixed with binding materials (clay, cow dung and so on) along with the required quantity of water. The mixture is filled compactly in the briquetting mould and thus prepared briquettes are dried in the sun for about two to three days and thereafter ready for use. The briquettes obtained from the different experimental runs were tested for Quality Analysis Compaction (Bulk density) Compressive strength Calorific value Total Burning time Effective cooking time Ash content 1931 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 Effect of variables on bulk density The variation of bulk density was varied in the range of 0.257 to 0.510 g/cm3 for entire period of experiments. Highest bulk density was observed in BC50 whereas lowest bulk density was found in case of PG20. From the above data it was found that, the value of bulk density was increased with increase in proportion of binding material. High proportion of binding material indicated more compacted nature of briquette and viceversa. As the bulk density is directly proportional to weight of the briquette, more compacted briquette had more weight and hence resulted higher value of bulk density. The analysis of variance for the data of bulk density given in Table 3 shows that biomass, binding material and proportion of binding material have significant effect on bulk density at 1% level of significance. The interaction of biomass and binding materials has also significant effect on bulk density at 1% level of significance where as interaction of biomass and proportion of binding materials as well as interaction of binding materials and proportion of binding material have no significant effect on bulk density at 5% level of significance. Effects of variables on compressive strength The value of compressive strength was varied in the range of 0.0338 to 0.3380 N/mm2. The highest value of compressive strength was related to BC50 whereas the lowest was related to PG20. The data revealed that compressive strength of briquette increased with increase in proportion of binding material i.e. higher the value of proportion of binding material, higher will be the compressive strength and vice-versa. High proportion of binding material made more compacted nature of briquette and hence resulted into high value of compressive strength. The briquettes made from clay as binding material had higher compressive strength as compared to cow dung for the same level during entire range of experiments. This resulted because of the more adhesive nature of clay over cow dung. The analysis of variance given in the Table 4 shows that biomass, binding materials and proportion of binding materials have significant effect on compressive strength at 1% level of significance. Similarly, the interaction of biomass and binding materials as well as binding materials and proportion of binding materials has significant effect on compressive strength at 5% level of significance. Whereas interaction of biomass and proportion of binding material has nonsignificant effect at 5% level of significance. Effect on variables on calorific value The variation of calorific value was found to be in the range of 3602.99 to 5656.58 kcal/kg. Highest calorific value was related to BG50 whereas lowest value was related to RC50. It was found that calorific value goes on decreasing (in case of clay as binding material) as proportion of binding material increased. Calorific value goes on increasing with increase in binding material proportion (in case of cow dung as binding material) during entire range of experiments. As cow dung itself has burning property, briquettes made from cow dung as binding material had greater calorific value over the briquette made from clay as binding material. The analysis of variance as shown in Table 5 revealed that biomass and binding material have significant effect on calorific value at 1% 1932 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 level of significance whereas the proportion of binding material has non- significant effect at 5% level of significance. The interaction of biomass and binding material as well as binding material and its proportion have also significantly effect on calorific value at 1% level of significance where as interaction of biomass and proportion of binding material have no significant effect on calorific value at 5% level of significance. cooking time at 1% level of significance where as the binding materials has no significant effect on effective cooking time at 1% level of significance. Similarly, the interactions of biomass and binding materials have significant effect on effective cooking time at 5% level of significance whereas rest interactive parameters have non-significant effect at 5% level of significance. Effects of variables on ash content Effect of variables on total burning time The variation of total burning time was varied in the range of 79 min to 110 min. in the entire range of experiments. Highest total burning time was related to RC30 whereas the lowest total burning time was related to PG50. The analysis of variance for the data of total burning time shown in Table 6 revealed that biomass, binding material and proportion of binding material have significant effect on total burning time at 1% level of significance of significance whereas, the rest interactive parameters have non-significant effect at 5% level of significance. Effects of variables on effective cooking time The value of effective cooking time was varied in the range of 55 min to 80 min for PC50 and PC30 respectively. It was found that the value of effective cooking time goes on increasing to a certain level of binding material (up to 30%) and then started to decrease. It was also found that the briquettes made from clay as binding materials has higher effective cooking time as compared to cow dung for the same level. The analysis of variance for the data of effective cooking time given in the Table 7 shows that biomass and proportion of binding materials have significant effect on effective The highest value of ash content was observed as 49 % for RC50 and lowest value was observed as 18 % for BG50. The effect of percent binding material on ash content for Banmara, Rice husk and paper respectively shows that the value of ash content goes on increasing with increase in proportion of binding material in the case of clay, where as the value goes on decreasing with increase in proportion of binding material in case of cow dung. The analysis of variance for the data of ash content shown in the Table 8 revealed that biomass and binding materials have significant effect on ash content at 1% level of significance whereas the proportion of binding materials has no significant effect on ash content at 1% level of significance. Similarly, the interactions of biomass and binding materials as well as proportion of binding material have significant effect on ash content at 1% level of significance. Where as rest interactive parameter has non-significant effect at 5% level of significance. The briquettes obtained from different predetermined conditions were tested for strength, durability and combustion properties successively in order to optimize and characterize them for economic and better utilization of agricultural forestry and municipal wastes. The quality was judged on 1933 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 the basis of bulk density, compressive strength, total burning time, effective cooking time, calorific value and ash content. For the strength and durability of briquette, measurement of bulk density and compressive strength was carried out where as for combustion properties, total burning time, effective cooking time, calorific value and ash content were evaluated. The test of significance was conducted for different variables of the study in the form of ANOVA. The conclusions of the study were as follows: Charring of 28 kg rice husk, about 30 kg banmara and 30 kg paper was converted into 9, 12 and 10 kg charcoal respectively i.e. 32 to 40 % of charcoal was obtained during entire period of experiments. The charring time for above-mentioned quantity of raw materials was 60, 80 and 75 minutes respectively. From mixture of 1 kg charcoal and binding materials, the numbers of briquettes obtained was varied from 3 to 4. Briquette having 30 % level of binding material was found to be best suited for briquette production with respect to calorific value and effective cooking time. On the basis of experiences gained following recommendations are prescribed: Improvement in design of charring drum should be essential in order to make it suitable for charring of very dense biomasses like sawdust. Manual grinding of charcoal and mixing of grinded charcoal with binding material is unhygienic works. Although using of mask stands to be one of the preventive measures, however, there should be provision of proper grinder and mixer. The number of holes in the Briquetting mould can be changed which may be helpful for analyzing different characteristics of briquettes like compressive strength, effective cooking time and so on. Proper advertisement and promotion of this technology is strongly recommended as it is the best method for utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes. This technology helps in the upliftment of the living standard of the people in rural areas, which is most dominant in developing countries like Nepal. Hence, this technology should be focused in rural areas. Government and Non-governmental agencies working in environmental sector should also pay their attention towards this technology. Proper attention in time helps minimize environmental and ecological consequences. Table.1 Process variables and their levels Process Variables Biomass Binding Materials Proportion of binding materials (%) Rice husk Clay 20 Level Banmara (local Shrub) 30 1934 Paper Cow-dung 40 50 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 Table.2 Experimental design deciding the combination of variable in order to conduct the experiments Expt. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Bio-mass Binding Materials Rice Husk Clay Cow Dung Banmara (local Shrub) Clay Cow Dung Paper Clay Cow Dung Proportion of B.M. 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50 Abbreviations RC20 RC30 RC40 RC50 RG20 RG30 RG40 RG50 BC20 BC30 BC40 BC50 BG20 BG30 BG40 BG50 PC20 PC30 PC40 PC50 PG20 PG30 PG40 PG50 Table.3 Analysis of variance for Bulk density Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 0.018130 0.056212 0.016683 0.009005 0.005429 0.001655 0.001301 0.108413 MS 0.009065 0.056212 0.005561 0.004502 0.000905 0.000552 0.000217 0.004714 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material 1935 F 41.80 259.20 25.64 20.76 4.17 2.54 P 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.053 0.152 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 Table.4 Analysis of variance for Compressive strength Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 0.038166 0.020606 0.043152 0.002683 0.003253 0.004858 0.001451 0.114169 MS 0.019083 0.020606 0.014384 0.001342 0.000542 0.001619 0.00242 0.004964 F 78.92 85.21 59.48 5.55 2.24 6.70 P 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.174 0.024 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material Table.5 Analysis of variance for Calorific value Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 5874112 1200249 43325 142726 100793 459066 110291 7930563 MS 2937056 1200249 14442 71363 16799 153022 18382 344807 F 159.78 65.30 0.79 3.88 0.91 8.32 P 0.000 0.000 0.544 0.083 0.542 0.015 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material Table.6 Analysis of variance for total burning time Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 1149.75 121.50 72.33 12.25 20.92 5.50 41.75 1424.00 MS 574.875 121.50 24.111 6.125 3.486 1.833 6.958 61.913 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material 1936 F 82.62 17.46 3.47 0.88 0.50 0.26 P 0.000 0.006 0.091 0.462 0.789 0.850 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 Table.7 Analysis of variance for effective cooking time Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 1369.33 6.00 103.50 36.00 12.00 6.33 10.63 1543.83 MS 684.667 6.000 34.500 18.00 2.000 2.111 1.778 67.123 F 385.13 3.37 19.41 10.12 1.12 1.19 P 0.000 0.116 0.002 0.012 0.445 0.391 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material Table.8 Analysis of variance for Ash content Source A B C AxB AxC BxC Error Total A B C = = = DF 2 1 3 2 6 3 6 23 SS 30071.1 18816.0 710.0 6889.8 782.3 5524.0 360.3 63153.3 MS 15035.5 18816.0 236.7 3444.9 130.4 1841.3 60.0 67.123 F 250.42 313.38 3.94 57.37 2.17 30.67 P 0.000 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.184 0.000 Biomass Binding material Proportion of binding material This eco-friendly technology minimizes the health hazards prevailing in the people working most of the time in rural traditional kitchens. Hence, those organizations working under health of rural people should focus their program on this technology. It needs a cooperation and coordination between government agencies, NGOs, Educational and Research institutions and rural people for optimum utilization of various kinds of wastes. References A.O.A.C. 1984. Official methods of analysis of the association of official analytical chemists, 14th ed. Virginia, U.S.A. CEE, 2004. Promotion of Beehive Briquetting Technology for the rural / urban applications in Nepal, bulletin cee@mos.com.np Dahal, M. 2003. Briquetting Technology in Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha and Terathum, field report. Eriksson, S. and Prior, M. 1990. The briquetting of agricultural wastes for fuel, FAO Environment and Energy paper 11, FAO of the UN, Rome. Grover, P. D. and Mishra, S. K. 1996. Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practices, field document No. 46.Bangkok, FAO. ICIMOD. 2004. Beehive Briquetting 1937 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1930-1938 Technology at ICIMOD Godavari T&D Site, Bulletin, icimod@icimod.org.np Nienhuys, I. S. 2003. The Beehive Briquetting Charcoal Stove in the Khumbu Region, Nepal, Mission Report, snienhuys@snv.org.np Shyam, M. 1999. Status of Biomass Briquetting Industry in India, Bulletin. Singh, R. M. and Heejon K. 2003. Biobriquttes: An Alternative to Fuel wood and coal, bulletin rameshsingh2003@yahoo.com Singh, S. K. and Khare, D. K. 1993. Role of Agro-residues in meeting energy demands, Publication on the World Food Day. How to cite this article: Shahzad Faisal, Ram Nath Jha, Shushmita M. Dadhich and Jeet Chand Thakuri. 2019. Effect of Biomass Type and Proportion of Binding Material on Strength and Burning Quality of HoneyComb Briquette. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 1930-1938. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.231 1938