Nội dung

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.091 Economics of Paddy Cultivation under Different Sowing Techniques in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh Jwala Parte*, Deepak Rathi, Mamta Patel and Sneha Pandey Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, (M.P), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Line sowing, Transplanting, Broadcasting, Questionnaire, Interviewed Article Info Accepted: 07 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 The present study was conducted during 2017-18 in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, with the objective to compare the cost & return and identifying constraints in paddy cultivation under different sowing techniques (SRI, Transplanting, Broadcasting and Line sowing). The study was conducted with the help of questionnaire, interviewed over 100 farmers. The cost of preparatory tillage was 7, 35 & 45 per cent more than line sowing. The material cost was found to be 9, 31 & 34 per cent more than broadcasting. However the yield was found to be 39, 46 & 83 per cent more in case of line sowing, transplanting and SRI over broadcasting. Total cost occurred in cultivation of paddy in SRI is Rs. 60809, in transplanting Rs. 49587, line sowing it is Rs. 43346 and broadcasting Rs. 42574. Per hectare return of SRI was Rs. 122000, transplanting Rs. 96111, line sowing Rs. 91600 and broadcasting Rs. 66140. The return per rupees was around Rs 2.11 in line sowing, Rs 2 in SRI, Rs 1.94 in transplanting and Rs. 1.55 in broadcasting. Major constraints in paddy cultivation were found to be unawareness of technologies and more labour requirement in SRI and transplanting and costly input cost. Introduction Rice acknowledges as a supreme commodity to mankind, in light of the fact that rice is really an existence, culture, custom and method for business to millions. In India, there is a growing demand for rice due to ever burgeoning population. India’s having highest area under rice and stand in second place for production. Rice cultivation takes place in all States of India, but West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar are the major rice producing states. Nowadays, rice is being cultivated by different methods of sowing in the world the most important methods are SRI (System of Rice Intensification), transplanting and direct seeded (broadcasting and line sowing). 693 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 Presently, direct seeded rice is followed in America, Western Europe such as Italy and France, Russia, Japan, Cuba, India, Korea, Philippines and also in some parts of Iran, due to high technology, high labour cost and shortage of skilled labour thereby shifting trend from transplanting method of cultivation (Akhgari, 2004). SRI is environment friendly. Cost concept The cost concepts i.e., Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B and Cost C, which are generally followed in farm management studies and CACP (Commission for Agriculture Cost and Prices), were adopted for the present study. Farm business analysis Reduced demand for water frees up water for other uses and soil that is not kept saturated has greater biodiversity. Un-flooded paddy fields do not produce methane, one of the major “greenhouse gases” that are contributing towards global warming. The method uniqueness includes use of less seed, less water, less chemicals etc. (Reddy et al., 2005). Materials and Methods The present study was undertaken in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. Raipur district consist of four blocks Dharsiwa, Abhanpur, Tilda, Arang out of which Dharsiwa block was selected purposively as in this block all the four sowing techniques of paddy cultivation i.e. SRI, Transplanting, Broadcasting and line sowing were found to be practiced. From Dharsiwa block three villages were selected namely Saragaon, Nilja and Pauni based on the area under each type of sowing techniques i.e. SRI, transplanting, broadcasting and line sowing. The selection of farmers was done according to the per cent proportionate method, the total number of farmers in the three villages was found to be 554, out of which 38, 230, 201 and 85 was found to be practiced SRI, transplanting, broadcasting and line sowing. From all four sowing techniques approx. 18 per cent farmers were selected i.e. 7 from SRI, 42 from transplanting, 36 from broadcasting and 15 from line sowing constituting the total sample size of 100 respondents. Besides the cost concepts, farm business analysis has been undertaken to test the efficiency of the farm. It includes the items like net income, family labour income, farm business income and farm investment income. Garrett ranking To find out the most significant factor which influences the respondent, Garrett’s ranking technique will be used. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the present study as well as discussions have been summarized under following heads: Socio economic respondents characteristics of The average age of respondents using SRI, transplanting, broadcasting and line sowing was found to be 51, 50, 54 and 49 with average family size of 4, 4, 4 and 3. The male and female population was found to be 2:2, in SRI, transplanting, broadcasting and 2:1 in line sowing. Maximum farmers was found to be literate up to high school (40%) followed by higher secondary (39%) across all respondents. Male members are involved in farming activities while female was found to be house wife, children’s were found to be student or in service across all respondents. The average 694 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 size of land holding was found to be 1.14, 2.09, 1.68 and 2.04 ha in SRI, transplanting, broadcasting and in line sowing (Table 1). Cost and return of paddy cultivation under different sowing techniques SRI was found to be best sowing techniques because the planting design of SRI is such that every plant gets sufficient light, water and air which leads to profuse tillering which helps in getting higher productivity per unit area. Makaida et al., (2014), Bhatt (2015), Kirar et al., (2017), Agrawal et al., (2018) (Table 5). Cost of cultivation Net return The total cost of cultivation of paddy under different sowing techniques was shown in the Table 2, total cost occurred in cultivation of paddy in SRI is Rs. 60809, in transplanting Rs. 49587, line sowing it is Rs. 43346 and broadcasting Rs. 42574. The similar findings were reported by Makaida et al., (2014), Shelke et al., (2017) (Table 3). Yield The main yield quintal per hectare was found to be more in SRI i.e. 70 as compare to transplanting (55.62), line sowing (53) and broadcasting (38.2). The net return obtained in SRI was found to be maximum in case of SRI (Rs 61190.61), line sowing (Rs. 48253.7), transplanting (Rs. 46523.2) and broadcasting (Rs. 23565.14). which indicated that SRI is not only superior over the other sowing technique techniques in physical terms as it giver higher productivity but at the same time but at the same time it is giving better monitoring returns than other sowing techniques. Makaida et al., (2014), Agrawal et al., (2018), Mithra and Bhaskaran (2018) reported similar findings in their study (Table 6). Table.1 Socio – economic character of respondents (per form) Parameters Age (years) Family size (no) Male Female Children Education status Illiterate SRI (7) 51 4 1 1 2 Transplanting (42) 50 4 1 1 2 0 1 (2.38) 2 8 Primary (28.57) (19.04) 3 17 High school (42.85) (40.47) 2 13 Higher sec. (28.57) (30.95) 0 3 Graduate (7.14) 7 42 Total (100) (100) 1.14 2.09 Land holding(ha) Note – figures in parenthesis shows the percentage to total respondents 695 Broadcasting (36) 54 4 1 1 2 Line sowing (15) 49 3 1 1 1 0 1 (6.66) 3 (20) 10 (66.66) 1 (6.66) 0 9 (25) 15 (41.66) 10 (27.77) 2 (5.55) 36 (100) 1.68 15 (100) 2.04 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 Table.2 Cost of cultivation of different sowing techniques (Rs/ha) Particular VARIABLES COST human labour bullock labour machine labour Seed Manure Fertilizer Irrigation Plant protection chemicals Total variable cost Interest on working capital SUBTOTAL FIXED COST Land revenue Depreciation Rental value Total fixed cost Interest on fixed capital SUBTOTAL TOTAL COST 10% as managerial cost TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION SRI Transplanting Broadcasting Line Sowing 14580 257 2456 932 800 5626 838 254 25745 1287 27033 10056 173 2365 1350 809 4562 939 565 20822 1041 21863 7256 180 2538 1607 305 4096 247 41 16273 813 17087 5396 66 3851 1373 248 5013 107 117 16175 808 16984 69 6500 20333 26902 1345 28248 55281 5528 60809 69 6023 16018 22110 1105 23216 45079 4507 49587 58 11506 9023 20588 1029 21617 38704 3870 42574 63 6023 15266 21353 1067 22421 39405 3940 43346 Table.3 Cost of cultivation under different cost concepts (Rs/ha) Particulars COST A1 COST A2 COST A2 + FL COST B1 COST B2 COST C1 COST C2 COST C3 SRI 33352 33352 33602 34697 55031 34947 55281 60809 Transplanting 27690 27690 27955 28796 44814 29061 45079 49587 696 Broadcasting 28453 28453 28651 29483 38506 29681 38704 42574 Line sowing 22860 22860 23071 23928 39194 24139 39405 43346 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 Table.4 Cost of production under different cost concepts (Rs/qt) Particulars COST A1 COST A2 COST A2 +FL COST B1 COST B2 COST C1 COST C2 COST C3 SRI 474 474 477 493 784 497 787 866 Transplanting 495 495 500 515 803 520 808 889 Broadcasting 742 742 748 769 1006 774 1011 1112 Line sowing 429 429 433 449 737 453 741 815 Table.5 Yield and gross income of different sowing techniques Particulars MAIN YIELD(qt/ha) PRICE (Rs/qt) BY PRODUCT(qt/ha) PRICE (Rs/qt) Gross income SRI 70 1550 150 90 122000 Transplanting 55.62 1550 110 90 96111 Broadcasting 38.2 1550 77 90 66140 Line sowing 53 1550 105 90 91600 Table.6 Return obtained across various sowing techniques (Rs/ha) Particulars SRI Transplanting Broadcasting COST C3 GI NET RETURN Net return over cost A2 + FL B:C RATIO 60809 122000 61190 88397 2 49587 96111 46523 68155 1.94 42574 66140 23565 37488 1.55 Line sowing 43346 91600 48253 68528 2.11 Table.7 Constraints in paddy cultivation Particulars Unavailability of good quality seed Financial constraints Constraints in availability of fertilizer on time and inadequate quantity Costly pesticide, ineffective weedicide Lack of mechanization Unawareness of technologies Non availability of labour for transplanting High rent charges of agricultural machinery 697 Rank 8 2 5 4 7 1 3 6 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 Benefit cost ratio The return per rupees was found to be more (Rs 2.11) in line sowing, (Rs 2) in SRI, (Rs. 1.93) in transplanting and (Rs. 1.53) in broadcasting. Anon. (2015), Nirmala and Waris (2016), Mahala et al., (2016), Manohar et al., (2017) reported similar finding in their study (Table 4). Constraints in paddy cultivation Constraints in paddy cultivation includes labour problem, unawareness of technologies timely available of fertilizer, costly input cost. The finding is in line with the findings of Churpal et al., (2015), Dhruw et al., (2017), Lakra et al., (2017) (Table 7). The paddy yield is high in SRI method as compared to the yields in transplanting, broadcasting and line sowing method of paddy cultivation. Although the B: C ratio was found to be high in line sowing but yield, production and income can be increased using SRI method as it gave highest productivity and net return across various sowing techniques in the area under study, farmer can adopt method according to its requirement (resource restrictions/financial constraints). Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to department of Agricultural Economics and FM, JNKVV, Jabalpur, MP. References Agrawal PK, Yadav P and Mondal S. 2018 Economic Analysis of Cost and Return Structure of Paddy Cultivation Under Traditional and Sri Method: A Comparative Study. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 10(8): 5890-5893. Akhgari H. 2004. Rice Agronomy, Fertilization, and Nutrition. Islamic Azad University Press Rasht Iran. 376. Anonymous. 2015. Study on yield advantage under line sowing v/s broadcasting in direct seeded rice in Chhattisgarh in http://dpd.dacnet.nic.in/Final%20Study %20on%20(Rice).pdf Bhatt KN. 2015. System of Rice Intensification for Increased Productivity and Ecological Security: A Report 3: 147. doi: 10.4172/23754338.1000147. Churpal D, Koshta AK and Choudhary VK "An economic analysis of rice cultivation and constraint in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh, India." Plant Archives 15(2): 651-656. Dhruw YS, Suryawanshi DK and Prasad G. 2017. Constraints Perceived and Suggestions Offered in Adoption of Summer Rice Production Technology. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 9(1): 3619- 3621. Kirar SS, Bain RP, and Soni JK. 2017. A comparative study on Input utilization pattern in traditional and SRI methods of paddy cultivation in district Katni (MP). Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 4(1): 53- 57 Lakra N, Gauraha AK and Banafar KNS (2017) Economic Analysis of Production, Marketing and Constraints of Paddy in Dantewada District of Chhattisgarh, India. Int.J.Curr. Microbiol.App.Sci 4: 108-115 Mahala V, Sharma KU, Ved PL, and Kumari S. 2016. Impact of direct seeded rice on economics of paddy crop in Haryana. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 8(62): 35253528 Makadia JJ, Patel KS and Ahir NJ. (2014). Economics and resource use efficiency of SRI and traditional method of paddy 698 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 693-699 cultivation in Gujarat. Internat. Res. J. Agric. Eco. Stat., 5(2) : 211-215. Manohar Y, Nirmala B and Suhasini K. 2017. Economic comparison of direct seeded rice (DSR) and transplanted rice cultivation in TBP command area of Karnataka. Agric. Update. 12(6): 1705-1709 Mithra J and Bhaskaran R. 2018.Comparative Study of System of Rice Intensification and Traditional Method of Rice Cultivation in Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu – India. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention 7(07): 71-78 Nirmala B and Waris A. (2016). Direct Seeded Rice: An Impact Analysis in Tungabhadra Command Area of Karnataka. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 16(2), 51-54. Reddy RV, Reddy P, Reddy MS and Ramaraju DS. 2005. Water use efficiency: A study of system of rice intensification (SRI) adoption in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 60:458-471. Shelke RD, Meshram DU, and Sable SN. 2017. Comparison Between Traditional And Improved Method of Paddy Cultivation for Doubling Farmers Income. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 6(1): 512-516 How to cite this article: Jwala Parte, Deepak Rathi, Mamta Patel and Sneha Pandey. 2019. Economics of Paddy Cultivation under Different Sowing Techniques in Raipur District of Chhattisgarh. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 693-699. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.091 699