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Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science Specialist dictionaries Dictionary of Accounting 0 7475 6991 6 Dictionary of Agriculture 0 7136 7778 3 Dictionary of Banking and Finance 0 7136 7739 2 Dictionary of Business 0 7136 7918 2 Dictionary of Computing 0 7475 6622 4 Dictionary of Economics 0 7136 8203 5 Dictionary of Environment and Ecology 0 7475 7201 1 Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition 0 7136 7784 8 Dictionary of Human Resources and Personnel Management 0 7136 8142 X Dictionary of Information and Library Management 0 7136 7591 8 Dictionary of Leisure, Travel and Tourism 0 7475 7222 4 Dictionary of Marketing 0 7475 6621 6 Dictionary of Media Studies 0 7136 7593 4 Dictionary of Medical Terms 0 7136 7603 5 Dictionary of Nursing 0 7475 6634 8 Dictionary of Politics and Government 0 7475 7220 8 Dictionary of Publishing and Printing 0 7136 7589 6 Dictionary of Science and Technology 0 7475 6620 8 Easier English™ titles Easier English Basic Dictionary 0 7475 6644 5 Easier English Basic Synonyms 0 7475 6979 7 Easier English Dictionary: Handy Pocket Edition 0 7475 6625 9 Easier English Intermediate Dictionary 0 7475 6989 4 Easier English Student Dictionary 0 7475 6624 0 English Thesaurus for Students 1 9016 5931 3 Check Your English Vocabulary workbooks Academic English 0 7475 6691 7 Business 0 7475 6626 7 Human Resources 0 7475 6997 5 Law 0 7136 7592 6 Living in the UK 0 7136 7914 X Medicine 0 7136 7590 X FCE + 0 7475 6981 9 IELTS 0 7136 7604 3 PET 0 7475 6627 5 TOEFL® 0 7475 6984 3 TOEIC 0 7136 7508 X Visit our website for full details of all our books: www.acblack.com Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science A & C Black 앫 London www.acblack.com First published in Great Britain in 2006 A & C Black Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB © A & C Black Publishers Ltd 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the publishers A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0205-3 Text Production and Proofreading Heather Bateman, Katy McAdam, Howard Sargeant This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed, sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and recyclable. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda Preface This dictionary provides a basic vocabulary of terms used in sport and exercise science. With a wide coverage of terms from anatomy, medicine, psychology, physiology and sports nutrition, it is an ideal reference for students of sports and exercise sciences, as well as those with a general interest in health and fitness. Each headword is explained in clear, straightforward English. There are also supplements including anatomical figures, measurement conversions and a list of key industry contacts for athletes and sports scientists. Thanks are due to Morc Coulson, Programme Leader at University Sport Sunderland, for his help and advice during the production of the text. SportsScience.fm Page 1 Monday, September 25, 2006 2:53 PM A A A noun a human blood type of the ABO system, containing the A antigen. Someone with this type of blood can donate to people of the same group or of the AB group, and can receive blood from people with this type or with type O. AB AB noun a human blood type of the ABO system, containing the A and B antigens. Someone with this type of blood can donate to people of the same group and receive blood from people with this type or with type O, A or B. A-band A-band noun a visible dark band in striated muscle ABC abbreviation airway, breathing, circulation abdomen noun a space inside the body that contains the stomach, intestines, liver and ABC abdomen other vital organs abdominal crunch abdominal crunch noun same as crunch abdominal fat noun fat that is deposited mainly on the abdominal area, thought to abdominal fat indicate a higher risk of heart disease abdominal muscles abdominal muscles plural noun same as abdominals abdominal rigidity noun extreme tightness of the abdominal muscles caused by abdominal rigidity injury or insufficient warm-up abdominal roller abdominal roller noun a piece of gym equipment that works the abdominal muscles abdominals plural noun the muscles found in the abdomen, particularly the internal abdominals and external obliques abdominal training abdominal training noun a workout that concentrates on the abdominal muscles, especially with the aim of developing a six-pack abducens nerve abducens nerve noun the sixth cranial nerve, which controls the muscle which makes the eyeball turn outwards. Also called abducent nerve abducent abducent adjective used for describing a muscle that brings parts of the body away from each other or moves them away from the central line of the body or a limb. Compare adducent abducent nerve abducent nerve noun same as abducens nerve abduct verb to pull a leg or arm in a direction that is away from the centre line of the abduct body, or to pull a toe or finger away from the central line of a leg or arm. Compare adduct abduction abduction noun movement of a limb away from the body abductor noun a muscle that pulls the body or a limb away from a midpoint or midline abductor SportsScience.fm Page 2 Monday, September 25, 2006 2:53 PM ability 2 ability ability noun 1. a natural tendency to do something successfully or well 2. a high degree of intelligence or competence 3. a particular gift for doing something well ability-to-skill transfer ability-to-skill transfer noun the fact that an ability someone develops in learning one new skill can be extended to learn other skills ablation ablation noun the removal of diseased or unwanted tissue from the body by surgical or other means able able adjective 1. physically or mentally equipped to do something 2. having the necessary resources or talent to do something able-bodied able-bodied adjective healthy and physically strong ableism noun discrimination in favour of those who are not physically or mentally ableism disabled Ablokov test Ablokov test noun a test of an athlete’s ability to jump from a squat position ABO system noun a system of classifying blood types. 쒁 blood type abrasion noun a minor injury in the form of a graze to the skin abs plural noun the abdominal muscles, or exercises done to firm them (informal) abscess noun a painful swollen area where pus forms (NOTE: The formation of an ABO system abrasion abs abscess abscess is often accompanied by a high temperature. The plural is abscesses.) abseil abseil verb to descend a steep slope or vertical face using a rope that is secured at the top and passed through a series of coils or a harness around the body absolute dose absolute dose noun the amount of an ingested drug that is absorbed into the body absolute load noun the amount of resistance against a movement absolute refractory period noun the brief time during which a stimulated muscle absolute load absolute refractory period fibre is not affected by any further stimulation absolute strength absolute strength noun the maximum weight that a person can lift absorption noun the process of taking into the body substances such as proteins or absorption fats that have been digested from food and enter the bloodstream from the stomach and intestines abstain abstain verb to choose not to do something abstemious adjective tending not to eat or drink very much abstracting noun the skill of being able to assess a situation in a team game and draw abstemious abstracting on previous experience to decide a course of action abuse abuse noun the harmful use of drugs or alcohol 쐽 verb to use something in an improper, illegal or harmful way academic sports psychology academic sports psychology noun sports psychology that is theoretical and research-based açaí açaí noun a berry with very high concentrations of essential fatty acids and anthocyanins, considered a superfood acapnia acapnia noun a medical condition marked by a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues accelerate accelerate verb to increase in speed. Opposite decelerate acceleration noun 1. the act of accelerating 2. the rate of change of velocity. Opposite acceleration deceleration 3. an outward force caused by a change in direction without a change in speed SportsScience.fm Page 3 Monday, September 25, 2006 2:53 PM 3 achievement acceleration sprinting acceleration sprinting noun a training exercise in which the athlete begins by jogging and gradually accelerates to a sprint accelerative force accelerative force noun the force exerted on a body when it travels at an increasing speed, which can lead to injuries such as whiplash accelerometer accelerometer noun an instrument or device for measuring acceleration, especially one in which a sensor converts acceleration into an electrical signal access access noun the easy availability of public sports facilities accessible adjective suitable or adapted for people with disabilities accessory nerve noun the eleventh cranial nerve which supplies the muscles in the accessible accessory nerve neck and shoulders acclimatisation acclimatisation noun the act of gradually getting your body used to something, e.g. heat or altitude accommodating resistance accommodating resistance noun the ability to exert maximum force on the muscles at all stages of a movement, usually achieved using specially adapted machines accommodation principle accommodation principle noun the idea that someone attempting to learn a particular sport or skill should first develop general fitness and strength accomplished accomplished adjective having considerable talent and skill accomplishment noun something achieved, usually something impressive or aimed accomplishment for accredit accredit verb to officially recognise a person or organisation as having met a standard or criterion accredited accredited adjective officially recognised as having met a standard or criterion accuracy noun 1. the state of being correct 2. the state of being on target accurate adjective 1. correct 2. on target ace noun 1. (in tennis) a serve that an opponent cannot reach 2. (in golf) a hole in one accuracy accurate ace 3. someone who is outstandingly good at a sport (informal) acebutolol acebutolol noun a drug that reduces the heart rate and the force of heart muscle contraction acetabulum acetabulum noun the part of the pelvic bone, shaped like a cup, into which the head of the femur fits to form the hip joint. Also called cotyloid cavity (NOTE: The plural is acetabula.) acetic acid acetic acid noun an acid used in weak dilutions to cool the skin and prevent excessive sweating acetoacetate acetoacetate noun a ketone substance secreted by the liver which indicates a failure of metabolism acetylcholine acetylcholine noun a substance that is released from the ends of some nerve fibres to transmit impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase noun an enzyme, present in blood and some nerve endings, that aids the breakdown of acetylcholine and suppresses its stimulatory effect on nerves acetyl coenzyme A acetyl coenzyme A noun a coenzyme produced during the metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids. Abbreviation acetyl CoA achieved performance velocity achieved performance velocity noun velocity attained in competition, which depends on the athlete’s level of training, mental preparation and numerous other factors achievement achievement noun the successful completion of something demanding