DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING: INSIDE OUT.pdf (Diagnostic Imaging Modalities)

DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING: INSIDE OUT This is a volume in the ACADEMIC PRESS SERIES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Joseph Bronzino, Series Editor Trinity College - Hartford, Connecticut DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING: INSIDE OUT Thomas L. Szabo Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Elsevier Academic Press 200 Wheeler Road, 6th Floor, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. ⬁ Copyright ß 2004, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting ‘‘Customer Support’’ and then ‘‘Obtaining Permissions.’’ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-12-680145-2 For all information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume is based on the work of hundreds of people who contributed to advancing the science of diagnostic imaging. Your articles, books, conversations, presentations, and visits helped to inspire this book and shape my understanding. I am thankful to my colleagues at Hewlett Packard, Agilent Technologies, and Philips for their advice, friendship, and help over the years. I gratefully acknowledge the suggestions, figures, and contributions of Michael Averkiou, Rob Entrekin, Rajesh Panda, Patrick Rafter, Gary A. Schwartz, and Karl Thiele of Philips Medical Systems. Special thanks are due to Paul Barbone with whom I taught the first version of the material for an ultrasound course and whose encouragement was invaluable. We conceived of the block diagram for the imaging process at a table in a nearby café. I am also thankful for the forbearance and help of the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department of Boston University during the writing of this book. Finally, I am grateful to my students, who helped clarify and correct the presentation of the material. There are a number of people who supplied extra help for which I am particularly grateful. Thank you, Jack Reid, for your insights, articles, reviews, picture, and pioneering contributions. Special thanks to Robin Cleveland, Francis Duck, William O’Brien, Jr., Peder Pedersen, Patrick Rafter, and Karl Thiele for their wisdom and recommendations for improving the text. I extend my appreciation to the following people for their contributions to the book in the form of collaborations, advice, new v vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS figures or many old ones, writings, and/or extremely useful web sites: Andrew Baker, Paul Dayton, Nico deJong, Kathy Ferrara, Barry Goldberg, Jim Greenleaf, Sverre Holm, Victor Humphrey, Jørgen Jensen, Jim Miller, Kevin J. Parker, Michael D. Sherar, Steve Smith, Gregg E. Trahey, Dan Turnbull, Bob Waag, Arthur Worthington, Junru Wu, and Marvin Ziskin. I am indebted to Jim Brown and Mike Miller of Philips Medical Systems, whose patience and generosity did not waver under my many strange requests for images and imaging system illustrations; these superb figures have enhanced the book greatly. I acknowledge with gratitude figures contributed by David Bell of Precision Acoustics Ltd., Peter Chang of Teratech Corporation, Jackie Ferreira and Arun Tirumalai of Siemens Medical Solutions, Inc., Ultrasound Group, Lynda A. Hammond of ATS Laboratories, Inc., George Keilman of Sonic Concepts, Kai Thomenius and Richard Y. Chiao of GE Medical Systems, Jennifer Sabel of Sonosite, and Claudio I. Zanelli of Onda Incorporated. In addition, I appreciate those who gave me permission to reproduce their work. Finally, I thank my children, Sam and Vivi, for their understanding and amusing diversions. My greatest debt is to Deborah, my wife, whose sacrifice, patience, good cheer, encouragement, and steady support made this marathon effort possible. DEDICATION To my wife, Deborah, a continuous acoustic source of song and laughter, wisdom and understanding. This page intentionally left blank PREFACE The purpose of this book is to provide both an introduction and a state-of-the-art review of the essential physics and signal processing principles of diagnostic ultrasound in a single reference volume with a unified approach. This book draws together many of the ideas from seminal papers, the author’s research, and other sources in a single narrative and point of view. Unlike texts that present only the theory of acoustic fundamentals, this book relates topics to each other in the context of ultrasound imaging and practical application. It is the author’s hope that this work will contribute to the overall development of ultrasound diagnostic imaging by serving as a focus for discussion, an information source for newcomers, and a foundation for further inquiry. This text is intended for a graduate level course in diagnostic ultrasound imaging and as a reference for practicing engineers in the field, medical physicists, clinicians, researchers, design teams, and those who are beginning in medical ultrasound, as well as those who would like to learn more about a particular aspect of the imaging process. This book is an introduction to the basic physical processes and signal processing of imaging systems, and as a guide to corresponding literature and terminology. Parts of the book can be read on several levels, depending on the intent and background of the reader. While this book provides sufficient equations for a scientific foundation, there are also many parts of the book that go on for long stretches without any equations. Equations can be thought of as a more precise description of the variables involved and provide the means of simulation and deeper analysis. The ix

DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING: INSIDE OUT

Nội dung