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_jiiiSc! em,;,;? a3!-nii itieM t|ti'? ^t A;,»ir'' ^' DAP DONG CAM VA NHUNC BIEN OOI KINH TE NONG NGHIEP PHU YEN (1929-1945) NG6 MINH SANG* N h i m muc dich khoi phuc nen kinh te chinh qud'c va ddng thdi chd'ng nan p h i gii ddng firing, nen ke tQ sau Chie'n tranh the gidi l l n I (1914-1918), tQ ban P h i p md rdng quy md vd'n d i u tQ d Viet Nam, tap trung chu ye'u vao linh vQc nong nghiep, die biet dau l i cao su v i lua gao. Nim trong chinh sach chung, sang giai doan khai thac tbude dia lan II (1919 1939), chinh quyen thQc dan Phap da cd nhQng thay ddi ldn trong chinh sich khai thac thudc dia d Phu Yen. TQ chinh sich khai thic, vd vet cic ngudn ldi kinh te de xui't k h i u trong giai doan 1897-1918 chuyen din sang chinh sich diu tQ khai thac trong giai doan 1919-1945. Chinh quyen thQc d i n P h i p d i u tQ quy hoach p h i t trien Phu Yen trd thanh trung tam ky nghe va canh nong d khu vQc Nam Trung Ky, vdi sd^ vo'n theo thQ tQ Qu tien trong eac linh vQc kinh te nhQ sau: Nong nghiep; giao thdng van tai; cdng nghiep va phat trien dd thi; thQdng mai va dieh vu. Die biet, trong ndng nghiep, tQ ban P h i p diu tu xay di.Ing cic he thd'ng d i n thuy nhip dien va cai tao ky thuat canh tic (gid'ng, p h i n bdn). Thdi ky nay, ngQdi P h i p da tien hanh xiy dQng be thd'ng thuy ndng Th.S. Vien Phit trien ben vQng vung Nam Bo tren sdng Da Ring, hoan thanh cdng trinh n i y tQ ban P h i p bd sd vdn 3.650.000 ddng bac Ddng DQdng, k6o dai trong vdng 6 nim. Cung vdi dd, tQ ban ban P h i p n h i p nhieu gid'ng lua mdi tQ Nam Ky va cac tinh Trung Ky. . , , ,,,.-, ,,,N 1. D\i an xay diing dap Dong Cam va hien thiic Die diem eua he thdng sdng b mien Bic v i mien Trung cd do dde cao, iQu iQdng ddng chay ldn, lu ldn vao mua mQa va khd ban vao mua ndng, nen anh hQdng de'n nen ndng nghiep d day. Khic phuc tinh trang tren, ngay tQ nhQng n i m sau Chie'n tranh the gidi l l n thQ I (1914-1918), tQ ban Phap md rdng vd'n d i u tQ xay dQng he thdng dip, tram bdm, hd chQa nQdc d Bic va Trung Ky. Cho de'n trQdc Chie'n tranh the gidi lln thQ II, tQ ban P h i p da d i u tU khoang 85 trieu ddng Ddng DUdng de xay dQng eac he thd'ng thuy ndng d Ddng DUdng, trong do Trung Ky la 35,345 tri?u ddng Ddng DQdng va Bic Ky la 16,95 trieu ddng (1). 6 Bic Ky cd h? thdng thuy ndng Thic Hud'ng, sdng Ciu tudi cho 28.000ha rudng, he thiiy ndng sdng Nhu? va dip Diy. 6 mien Trung, thQc dan P h i p xiy dQng cic he thd'ng thuy ndng Bii ThQdng (Thanh Hda) tQdi 50.000ha, he 49 Bap B6ng Cam va nhumg bien ddi, thdng Dd Ludng (Nghe An), he thd'ng Ddng Cam (Ha 'Hnh) tQdi 20.000 ha. Ngoii ra, tQ ban P h i p xay dQng hing loat he thd'ng thuy nong b cic tinh Quang Tri, ThQa Thien, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Khinh Hda va Binh Thuin. Sd do dap Dong Cam dip trinh len Sd Cdng chinh (Travaux pubhcs), nhQng khdng dQdc chip thuin. Mai de'n n i m 1920, vien ky sQ Nordey tie'p tuc nghien cQu cdng trinh xay dQng dip thuy nong tren sdng Ba, dQdi sQ dieu h i n h cua ky sQ trQdng Lefevre. De'n ngay 30-111923, de i n xay dQng d i p thuy ndng Ddng Cam (Tuy Phong) dQdc Toan quyen Ddng DQdng chip nhan (2). DQ an hoach dinh xiy dQng mot dap chin dii 68m d Ddng Cam, ndi cd day d i tQ nhien nd'i lien hai bd ta, bQu sdng Da Ring. Cung vdi dip chin, xay dQng bai kenh, mot kenh n i m b hQu ngan va mot kenh d vung ta ngan. Kenh hQu ngan dai 36m, cd 9 kenh phu v i mQdng dai 49km, tQdi ll.OOOha. Kenh chinh ta ngan dai 32km, cd 7 kenh phu v i mUdng dai 48km, tQdi S.OOOha. Ben canh dd la xay dQng he thd'ng elu cd'ng, mQdng, d'ng thoit nQdc d nhQng ndi cd kenh chay qua. Vdi die diem ve dia hinh, khi hau - thuy van, cung vdi he thd'ng song cd do dde cao, tinh Phu Yen ludn thQa nQdc vao mQa va khd ban vao mua khd. LQu iQdng nQdc thi't thQdng anh hQdng de'n san xui't ndng nghiep, chi khai thic dQdc mot sd' vung d iQu vQc sdng Cii, Ky Ld va mot sd' sdng nim d mien tay Phu Yen, trong khi dd ca vung Tuy Hoi rdng ldn vdi ldp di't phu sa mau md chi trdng dQdc mot vu. Cic de i n nghien cQu ve viec xiy dQng mot he thd'ng thuy ndng tren song Da Ring b i t diu vio nim 1889, nhQng khong dQdc chap thuan do thie'u hut ve ngudn kinh phi v i n h i n cdng. De'n n i m 1904, doan ky sQ ngQdi Phip gdm Fayard va Desbos lam ky sQ trQdng tie'p tuc t h i m sat, l l n nay phii doan lam viec nghiem tuc va nhin n h i n lai ket qua khao sat trQdc dd. Doan da thim sit bai d i Tuy Phong, sau dd ky sQ Desbos lip ra mot bang ke hoach cho viec xay dQng Nam 1924, cdng trinh thuy ndng Ddng Cam chinh thQc khdi cdng xiy dQng vdi viec xiy dQng dip chin ngang sdng Da Ring, dQdi sQ chi huy cua cic ky sQ Fargues, Machefaux va Carrez. Dip dUdc Bang 1: So iQofng von ciia tQ ban Phap dau tQ vao he thong thuy nong d Bac va Trung Ky (1926 -1945) Tenxd Bickf Trung ky He thd'ng thuy ndng Song Ciu Sdn Tay Song Day Kesat Ha Dong Bac Ninh Thanh Hoa Vinh Quang Ngai Quang Nam Quang Tri Thtta Thien Sdtiin (ddng Dong DUctng) 1.300.000 750.000 4.300.000 5.750.000 2.800.000 2.350.000 4.400.000 4.500.000 4.600.000 4.430.000 850.000 3.415.000 Ngu6n: Les travaux publics de L'Indochine, Gouvenment g6n^ral de L'Indochine, tr.l20. 50 xay dQng tren bai d i tQ nhien cua day nui Tuy Phong, chieu cao trung binh 5m, cho cao nhi't l i 10m v i tbi'p nha't la 3m. Chieu dai bd t r i n luc nQdc binh thQdng l i 525m v i 590m luc cd lu vQdt bien do lm. Viec xiy dip to'n 19.000m^ d i granit, trong dd l.OOOm^ xay bing d i deo va 18.000m^ xiy bing da hoc thQdng. Ngoai ra phai td'n 12 ti'n min p h i buy 22.000m^ da d bd da chin ngang song Ba. So^ iQdng cong n h i n dQdc huy ddng trung binh mot ngay khoang 1.200 ngQdi, gdm 200 thd chuyen nghiep nhQ thd b i n min, khai thic di, thd ne va thd moc. De'n n i m 1929, toin bg dip chin dQdc hoin thanh vdi tdng kinh phi 302.620 ddng Dong DQdng (3). Cung thdi gian nay, nha cam quyen cung thi cong 2 kenh chinh ta va hQu, chu ye'u la nhQng doan khd n i m doc theo day nui cua hai ben bd song Da Ring. De'n thing 11-1930, cdng viec xay dQng da hoan thinh 1975m ben hQu ngan va 964m ben ta ngan. Cic phan cdn lai cua cong trinh dQdc chia lam 6 16: 3 id ben hQu ngan va 3 Id ben ta ngan de giao thau. De hoan thanh cong trinh nay, tQ ban Phip tieu phi 3.650.000 ddng Dong DQdng, trong dd chi cho viec xay dQng dip l i 663.000 ddng; cac cong trinh kenh ta ngan l i 1.384.000 ddng va ben hQu la 1.107.560 ddng. Sd'lQdng cdng nhan ngQdi ban xQ huy dong hang ngiy nhieu nhi't la 5000 ngQdi. Tong sd ngay cdng de xay dQng he thd'ng thuy nong Ddng Cam 5.350.000 ngay (4). Viec hoan thanh he tho'ng thuy nong Ddng Cam cd y nghia to ldn dd'i vdi nhan dan vung ddng bing Tuy Hda ndi rieng va ca tinh Phu Yen ndi chung. Trong bii dien vin nhan dip k h i n h thanh he thd'ng thuy nong Ddng Cam 7-9-1932, Toan quyen Pasquier da nhan xet ve gia tri cong trinh niy: "Du khdch di theo dUdng thude dia. Rghi&i cuu L|ch siir. sg 9.2010 viia qua mdt viing dd't het site tdt tuai ciia xit Trung Ky, mdt viing ddt md nUde trong ldp Idnh khdp ndi givta cdc cdy hoa mdu xanh tdt, khdng the tudng tUOng dUae cdnh dau budn trUde ddy cua ddng bdng Tuy Hod, thudng 6 thdng trong mdt ndm bien thdnh viing thdo nguyen khd cdn, bi mat trdi thieu chdy vd bdo cdt de len" (5). 2. Nhiing bien doi trong kinh te nong nghiep - Ca cd'u rudng ddt, dien tieh canh tdc TQ cudi nhQng n i m 20 the' ky XX, tinh hinh ruong di't d Phu Yen cd nhieu bie'n ddi ve qui md sd hQu, dien tich di't v i dien tich canh tic, do nhQng t i c dong cua he thd'ng thuy ldi Ddng Cam, xiy dQng nha miy dddng Ddng Bd. Theo thd'ng ke n i m 1941 cua R.Philippe, tinh Phu Yen cd dien tich tU nhien la 4.323 km^ vdi tdng so'din 235.518 ngQdi, mat do dan so' trung binh 54 ngudi/km^; dien tich rudng lua la 36.086 ha, chie'm 8,34% dien tieh tQ nhien, mat do trung binh rudng lua cho mdi nhan khau la 0,15 ha. O vung Sdn Hda cd dien tich tQ nhien ldn nhi't 1.631, chie'm 37,7%, mat do phan bd' chi 7 ngQdi/km^, so vdi mat do cua phu Tuy An tbi'p 23 lan, Tuy Hda la 15,4 lln (6). Dieu nay cho thi'y vung phia tay Phu Yen thQa ngQdi, ho chi cQ tru vai viing cd dieu kien di't dai va khi hau t h u i n ldi; ngUdc lai d vung Tuy Hda m i t dd din cQ ngiy cang dong 108 ngQdi/km^. Ve dien tich rudng lua t i p trung nhieu nha't d phu Tuy Hda 20.831ha, chie'm 57,7%, mat do 0,21 ngQdi/ha; so vdi Tuy An va Ddng Xuan, dien tich ruong lua ciing nhQ dien tich canh tic cd nhQng thay ddi ldn do tic ddng cua he thdng thuy ndng Ddng Cam. Trutdc day Ddng Xuan v i Tuy An l i ndi cd di$n tich trdng lua ldn nhi't tinh va ddng vai tro quan trong trong nen an ninh lUdng thQc, 51 Bap Bdng Cam va nhihig bien ddi... de'n giai doan nay vi trl nay thudc ve Tuy Hda. Trong so' cic loai eiy trdng, dien tich canh tie cua cay lua cd nhQng thay ddi ldn. Rudng lua thdi ky nay canh tic len 3 vu (vu thing 3, vu t h i n g 8 v i vu thing 10) d cic rudng lua Phu Yen, trong dd dien tich lua trdng vu thing 3 v i vu thing 8 chie'm vi tri chu dao. Theo thd'ng ke n i m 1939, dien tich canh tic lua Phu Yen l i 58.174ha, p h i n bd' b cic vung nhQ sau: Tuy Hoa la 38.917ha, Tuy An dat 14.825ha, Ddng Xuin l i 995ha va Sdn Hoi Qdc 3.410ha (7). NhQ vay tQdng quan di^n tich canh t i c lua giQa cic vung cd sQ khic nhau, Tuy Hoi trd t h i n h vung trdng lua ldn nhi't tinh, cao gip 11,4 lan dd'i vdi Sdn Hoa va 39 l l n huyen Ddng Xuan. Ve mQc do tQdng quan dien tich canh tic lua va d i n so' trong cic thdi ky d Phu Yen dUdc the hien nhQ sau: Bang 2: TUdng quan giiifa dien tich canh tac Ilia va dan so or Phu Yen tQ 1915-1939 (8) N5m D a n so' (ngiidi) Binh q u a n Dif n tich (ha) rupng d a V k h a u (ha) 1907 150.000 40.768 0,27 1929 153.000 47.000 0,3 1930 216.000 53.400 0,247 1941 235.518 059.100 0,25 Cic so' lieu ve dan sd^, dien tich canh tic lua nim 1907 va 1929 chi doin trong Qdc chQng do cic cdng sQ Phu Yen ghi chep lai, nen viec so sinh chi dung d mQc do tQdng ddi. Thee bang tho'ng ke, tinh hinh dan sd Phu Yen t i n g vQdt bic, trong vdng 22 n i m dan sd Phu Yen tang 85.518 ngQdi (tang 57,02%). Phu Tuy Hda c6 ty le tang dan sd cao hdn cic vung khic, chu ye'u ting ve mat cd hoc do cac ludng di cQ cua ngQdi Hoa va mot sd' cQ d i n vung phia bic tinh ly Sdng Cau. Dieu nay l i m thu hep dien tich canh tac binh quin cho mdi khau, tQ 0,27 ha/ngQdi n i m 1907 xud'ng cdn 0,25 ha/ngUdi nam 1941. So sanh giQa iQdng tang din sdva sd'giam binh quan dien tich canh tic tren d i u ngQdi tQ n i m 1907 1941, cho thi'y sQ bie'n ddi d i n sd anh hQdng khdng ding ke de'n ty 1^ binh quin dien tich canh t i c lua. Theo sd' lieu n i m 1907, dien tich canh t i c lua Phu Yen khoang 40.768ha, t i n g len 59.100ha (tang 44,9%) vio n i m 1941. ThQc ra, dien tich canh tic rudng lua va sU thay ddi nhan k h i u chu ye'u xay ra d vung Tuy Hoa v i Sdn Hoa. N i m 1939, dien tich canh tic lua b vung Tuy Hoi l i 38.917 ha, chie'm khoang 66,9% dien tich ca tinh. Thdi ky nay, cic rudng lua d Tuy Hoa dQdc trdng tQ 2 - 3 vu, trong dd vu thing 3 va t h i n g 8 chiem ehu dao, mot sd' rudng lua d vung trung va cao dQdc canh tic deu trong n i m . Rieng vung Tuy An va Ddng Xuin, dien tich canh tic lua it cd sU bie'n ddi do trong thdi ky n i y tQ ban P h i p khdng quan tam d i u tQ he thdng thuy ldi d diy. Ve tinh hinh sd hQu rudng di't, chung toi tie'p tuc ke thQa quan diem cua cac hoc gia nghien cQu ve tinh Phu Yen, ke't hdp vdi nhQng ngudn tQ lieu: "La province de Phu Yen" ciia cdng sQ A.Laborde, "L'Economie agrieole de L'Indochine" cua M. Yves Henry, "Notes sur le Phu Yen" ciia R. Philippe v i Le P h i t Ldi... de danh gia, n h i n xet ve tinh hinh rudng di't d Phu Yen. Theo chung tdi, khi d i n h gii van de quy md sd hQu, tinh hinh kiem tinh rudng di't b Phu Yen tQ sau khi dip Ddng Cam di vao boat ddng cin iQu y mot so' diem sau: - Khac vdi giai doan trQdc, tQ ban P h i p trQng thu di't lap ddn dien p h i n bd' t i p 52 Rghien cuu L|ch sit, sg 9.2010 trung d ha iQu sdng Ba (Tuy Hda) va mot sd' vung ddi tbi'p d Sdn Hda. TrQdc diy, di't cua ddn dien t i p trung 5 mien t i y Phu Yen, chu yeu la di't hoang thudc quyen sd hQu cua chinh quyen bao ho, chu ddn dien thue t i dien linh canh de khai hoang. 'Vi vay viec md rong dien tich ddn dien khdng anh hudng de'n quyen tQ hQu cua nong dan Phu Yen. Den giai doan niy, di't lap ddn dien cua tQ ban P h i p phan bd^ hai ben ta, hQu song Ba (Sdn Hda, Tuy Hda), h i u bet l i da't thudc quyen tQ hQu cua ndng d i n Phu Yen. Ngoii ddn dien xen canh nhieu loai eiy trdng (ngo, d i u do, khoai lang, rau xanh...), thdi ky n i y xui't hien loai ddn dien chuyen canh (mia, dau) thQc hien dQdi hinh thQc quan canh. - Dien tich canh tic cic loai cay trdng tang cao d vung Tuy Hda, dien tich rudng hoang nhan thu hep, mua vu canh tic 2 - 3 vu/nim. TrQdc diy nong dan Tuy Hda eanh tic rudng lua 1 vu/nim, ho phai trdng them mot so' loai thUc phim khic de dam bao iQdng thQc. Trong thdi ky nay, ruong lua dQdc canh tic 2 - 3 vu, viec canh tic lien tuc chi cd nhQng ngQdi k h i gia mdi du kha ning thuc hien. Nong dan khi git lua len phai chi tra nhieu khoan thue, dac biet l i thue thuy ldi 160 - 175 ddng/ba (9), sdtien nay qui ldn ddi vdi nhQng gia dinh tieu nong. Them vao dd, cic gia dinh tieu ndng khong tu lo ve nong cu san xui't, ho vay mUdn dia ehu giau cd trong lang nen dien tich canh t i c lua cua ho khdng deu giQa cac nim. Tinh trang tren da lam cho mot sd'gia dinh tieu ndng p h i san, ruong di't dem b i n cho dia chu, ban t h i n ho trd thanh t i dien. - Ky thudteanh tdc Trong giai doan khai thac thuoc dia l l n n (1919 - 1939), dien tich canh tic cua cic loai eiy iQdng - thQc pham va cay cong nghiep ngay cang md rdng, ning s u i t va Anh 1: Cong nhan dang xay dQng dap chan cua he thong thuy nong Dong Cam (1932) Anh 2: Di tich tQdng niem nhQng ngQdi da xay dQng dap Dong Cam san iQdng ting. Chinh quyen thQc dan Phap da ed nhieu cai tao ve nhieu mit trong ky thuat canh t i c nhQ ndng cu, gid'ng cay trdng, phan bdn va phUdng thQc canh tic. Thdi ky nay, cdng vi$c l i m di't vin dung sQc keo cua trau bd, nhUng bQdc d i u da xui't hien mot so ndng cu bien dai nhQ: cud^c, xeng va xa heng phuc cho viec khai p h i di't lip ddn dien. NhQng nong cu nay giup cho vi^c lim di't dl dang, dem lai hi^u qua nhi't dinh trong san xui't nong nghiep. Vi phdn bdn, thdi ky nay nong dan Phu Yen sQ dung chu ye'u loai p h i n cd truyen tQ gia sue nudi v i mot sd^ loai p h i n thUc vit. 53 Bap Bdng Cam va nhCmg bie'n ddi... Viec sii dung phan boa hoc chu ye'u d cic ddn dien trdng mia, thud'c li, ngd... chQ chQa phd bie'n rgng rai cho ndng dan Phu Yen. Viec cdi tgo cdc logi gid'ng cdy trdng, chinh quyen thQc din Phip da cd nhQng dau tQ nhQ thinh lap trai thi nghiem nghien cQu gid'ng, nhieu loai gid'ng eiy trdng mdi du nhap vio Phu Yen nhQ ca phe, che va hd tieu. TrQdc n i m 1945, chinh quyen thQc din P h i p da trien khai trdng ca phe, che d vung cao nguyen Van Hoa. DQ i n trien khai dQdc mot thdi gian thi dd bd d^ trdng bdng, day, gai phuc vu ldi ich cho quin ddi Nhit. Cung trong thdi ky nay, nhieu gid'ng mia mdi dQdc trdng thQ nghiem d cic ddn dien mia thuoc tdng Hda Ddng, Hda Lac, Hda My vi Hda Loc (Tuy Hda), Sdn Lac (Sdn Hda). Gid'ng mia mdi thudc gidng Java nhQ POJ 3016, POJ 2878... die diem cay to, nhieu nQdc thich hdp vdi he thd'ng tieu thoat nQdc v i phQdng thQc trdng trot tQdng Qng vdi he thd'ng Reynoso. Theo thd'ng ke, gidng mia POJ 3016 chie'm den 80% dien tich trdng mia mua vu nim 1945 (10). Sau khi he thd'ng thuy nong Ddng Cam dQa vao sii dung, dien tich canh tic d vung ddng bing Tuy Hda md rdng. TQ 1 vu t i n g len 2 - 3 vu canh tic, ddi hdi phai cd nhieu gid'ng lua thich hdp vdi dieu kien mdi v i nang suit cao. Vio cudi nhQng n i m 30 the ky XX, sd Canh nong Trung Ky xiy mot tram thQc nghiem gid'ng tai ling Phong Nien (Tuy Hda), nhiem vu nghien cQu nhieu loai gidng lua phu hdp vdi dieu kien khi hiu, thuy vin Phu Yen. Tram tie'n hanh thQ nghiem dau tien vao vu mua thing 8 n i m 1937 tren cic ruong lua d vung Tuy Hda vdi 22 gidng lua: Ao gii, Bac canh, Ba tring. Bong giang, Ca thi, Co, Cue, Dia, Dudi nai, Gon, Mong chim, Mic cu, Min, Nhe bau, Nhe r i i g, Nhe tring, Nhe, Rudng, Tau bau, Tring cue, Tring ric v i TQ quy. Ke't qua thu ducic 6 gid'ng lua khdng dat tieu chuan la Co, Gm, Duoi nai, Gdn, Nhe va Tring Rac (11). Ngoii viec nghien cQu thQ nghiem nhieu loai gidiig eiy trdng, tQ ban P h i p con tien hanh cic ddt khao s i t nghien cQu ve dia hinh, khi hiu, thd nhQdng d Phu Yen trong thdi ky niy. TQ n i m 1935 - 1939, ong R.F.Auriol v i Tran Thuc Ky nghien cQu 142 m l u da't do cao tQ 0 - 20cm va 60 80cm d Phu Yen (chu yeu l i Tuy Hoa), phan tich tQng loai da't va tbanh p h i n N, P, K d cac thQa di't tren (12). Cung trong thdi ky niy, ong Chauvin va De Visme khao sit, phan tich thanh p h i n di't do bazan d Phu Yen. Nghien cQu cua ong De Visme cho bie't cao nguyen TrQdng Lac va nhQng vung da't doc hai ben song Hinh cd loai da't dd bazan mau md phu hdp cho viec trdng mia, ngo va chin nuoi ngQa (13). - Tinh hinh sdn xud't ndng nghiep Vdi nhQng dau tQ ve he thdiig thuy nong, cai thien ky thuat canh tac va sQ hien dien cua hang t r i m hecta ddn dien xen canh va chuyen canh cua tQ ban Phip, nen tinh hinh san xui't ndng nghiep d Phu Yen cd nhieu chuyen bien ve dien tich canh tic, san iQdng v i n i n g sui't trong moi loai eiy trdng, dac biet la cay lua va xui't bien nhieu gidiig cay trdng mdi. Ndng nghiep trd t h i n h nginh chie'm vai trd chu dao va mang lai ldi nhuan xui't khau cho tQ ban Phip. Cdy lua So vdi thdi ky trQdc, tinh hinh san xua't lua b Phu Yen p h i t trien vQdt bac ve nhieu m i t (dien tich canh tic, n i n g sui't v i san iQdng), la m i t hang xui't k h i u quan trong cua tinh Phu Yen trong thdi ky niy. Trong 54 Rghien eiiii Lieh sit. s6 9.2010 Bang 3: Dien tich va san iQQng lua dr Phu Yen thdi ky 1907 -1939 (14) Nam D i e n t i c h (ha) S a n lUdng (tan) N a n g sua't (ta/ha) Binh quan luaJngvCdi (lig) 1907 40.768 - - - 1929 47.000 33.000 7 215,6 1930 53.400 57.000 10,6 263,8 1939 58.174 35.467 6,1 150,5 30 n i m dIu the ky XX, dien tich lua d Phu Yen khong ngQng md rong, tQ 40.768ha n i m 1907 tang len 58.174ha nam 1939, trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 725 ha. Thdi ky tQ nam 1929 - 1939, dien tich trdng lua d Phu Yen tang nhanh, trung binh mdi nam 1.117ha. Dudi day la sd'lieu dien tich, ning s u i t va san iQdng lua d Phu Yen thdi ky 1907 - 1939: Bang thd'ng ke sd' lieu tren dQdc tdng hdp tQ cic ngudn tQ lieu Le province de L'Ananam, La province de Phu Yen ciia cong sQ A.Laborde, L'Economie agrieole de L'Indochine ciia M. Yves Henry v i Notes sur le Phu Yen cua R. Philippe v i Le P h i t Ldi. Trong dd, cic sd' lieu A. Laborde chi doin trong Qdc chQng, do la sQ phuc hdi tri nhd cua mot vi cdng sQ luc cdn dQdng nhiem, nen nhQng sd' lieu d bang thd'ng ke tren thuoc thdi ky 1926-1928. Den Phu Yen vao n i m 1926, cong sQ A. Laborde da cd nhQng ddng gdp nhi't dinh ddi vdi sQ p h i t trien kinh te - x i hoi d Phu Yen. NhQng dU doan cua cong sQ Laborde trong tic phim La province de Phu Yen, ve sQ p h i t trien cua vung Tuy Hda nhQ la mot minh chQng cho nhQng ddng gdp cua ong ve Phu Yen. Trong tdng sd' 3 mua vu nim 1939, dien tich trdng lua vu t h i n g 3 ldn nhi't, dien tich trdng t i p trung d hai phu Tuy Hoa (19.599ha) va Tuy An (7.300ha), chie'm 96,7%, san iQdng lua l i 16.250 tin, diy la thdi ky cic ruong lua Tuy Hda dQdc tQdi tieu tQ he thd'ng thuy ndng Ddng Cam. Den vu thing 10, dien tich trdng lua d hai vung Tuy Hda v i Tuy An giam xud'ng cdn 3.188ha, dien tich trdng lua b Sdn Hda ting len 1.045ha. Cic rudng lua dQdc trdng theo sQ ke't hdp cua hai gidng lua ngin ngiy v i dai ngiy, gid'ng lua kho v i lua nUde, thudng trdng vao vu t h i n g 8 cua nim. Nam 1939, dien tich trdng lua theo kieu tren d huyen Tuy An t i p trung d hai tdng An Hai v i An Sdn. Dien tich eanh tic d hai tong nay la 3.821ha, mua vu t h i n g 3 dien tich trdng lua la 21.400ha, de'n mua vu thing 8 len den 6.003ha, san iQdng thu hoach la 5.760 ti'n. Cdy ngd, ddu dd, khoai, sdn Ngd l i loai thQc pham cd gii tri sau gao ddi vdi ngQdi nong dan Phu Yen trong sudt thdi thuoc Phap. Ngd dQdc trdng ven iQu vQc cic sdng Da Ring, sdng Cii, Ky Ld va mot sd' n h i n h sdng nhd eua sdng Ba. Vung trdng ngd chu ye'u d Phu Yen: H i Trung, thuoc tdng Xuan Phong (Ddng Xuan); tdng Hda TQdng, Hda Lac (Tuy Hda); Phu Sdn, Giang Sdn (Sdn Hda) va mot so' lang thudc huyen Tuy An. TrQdc n i m 1929, dien tich trdng ngd hang n i m cua tinh Phu Yen khoang 4.500ha, san lUdng khoang 3.525 ti'n, n i n g sui't dat 7,8 ta/ha, t h i p hdn n i n g sui't ngo ca nQdc 1,3 ta. H i u he't ngo dQdc dung lam thQc phim cho nhan d i n trong tinh, chi sd it khoang 500 ti'n (chie'm 14% san iQdng ngd hing nim) xui't khiu. TrUdc n i m 1929, thi trQdng xui't k h i u ngo do ngQdi Hoa doc quyen n i m giQ, ngo d Phu Bap Bdng Cam va nhumg bi^n ddi... Yen chu yeu xui't cang di cic tinh Nam Ky. Trong giai doan 1897-1918, Hiep hdi Derobert et Fiard da cQ ngQdi de'n vung Tuy Hoi thu mua ngd vio n i m 1908, ket qua thu mua dQdc sd' iQdng cao (15). Sau khi he thd'ng thuy ndng Ddng Cam hoan thinh, dien tich va san lUdng ngo ngiy eang ting, t i p trung d iQu vQc sdng Da Ring v i song Hinh. Trong giai doan khung hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933), chinh quyen thUc d i n Phap dly manh xua't k h i u ngd sang chinh qud'c phuc vu eho nginh chin nuoi, nen trong thdi ky nay ngo Phu Yen chu ye'u xui't sang Phip. Trong thdi ky nay, chinh quyen thUc dan Phip md rong dien tich trdng cic loai cay iQdng thQc - thQc pham khic nhQ diu dd, sin, khoai lang v i cic loai rau qua. Diu phung trdng nhieu d tdng Xuin Phong (Ddng Xuan), An DQc (Tuy An), Hda Binh (Tuy Hda), Sdn Binh va Sdn Xuin (Sdn Hda); diu xanh, d i u nanh, khoai lang, sin mi, sin nude, xoai, mit, cam va dQa h i u trdng khip khu vQc mien tay Phu Yen. Nhin chung, cic loai eiy iQdng thQc tren dQdc trong chu ye'u phuc vu nhu ciu cua n h i d m quyen va n h i n dan, mot it phuc vu xui't khau (cac loai d i u do), cdn lai ehUa cd gii tri ve xui't khiu. Cdy edng nghiep Mia la loai eiy trdng cd gii tri ve xui't khau, cung nhQ dien tich trdng dQng thQ hai sau dien tich v i san iQdng lua. Thdi ky trQdc, mia dQdc trdng nhieu d cic ling H i Bang, H i Trung thudc tdng Xuan Phong (Ddng Xuan), vung iQu vQc sdng Cii (huyen Tuy An), iQu vQc sdng Ban Thach (Tuy Hda). TrQdc n i m 1929, dien tich trdng mia hang n i m Qdc dat 2.273 mlu (1.130,8ha), vdi san iQdng 2.322 tan mdi n i m (16). Die diem gid'ng mia d Phu Yen, cay nhd va tbi'p, chiu nQdc v i chi't iQdng dQdng kem. 55 nen ning sui't mia d diy tbi'p khoang 19 ta/ha. TQ sau khi thie't l i p N h i may dQdng Viet Nam (1927) v i hoan thanb h^ thd'ng thuy ndng Ddng Cam (1932), dien tich va san iQdng mia b Phu Yen chuyen bien vQdt bic. Vung trdng mia md rdng khip eie iQu vQc sdng Cii, sdng Ky Ld, sdng D i Ring va song Bin Thach. Theo ban bao cao cua Lien hiep Cdng ty ky thuat mia dQdng Dai Loan vao t h i n g 7-1959, cho bie't dien tich trdng mia d vung Tuy Hda va mot p h i n Sdn Hda n i m 1931 l i 29ha t i n g len 160ha vio n i m 1936, dinh diem l i 756ha vio n i m 1942 (17). Sd^ dien tieh tren p h i n bo' chu ye'u d Bin Thach v i Ddng Bd, ngoai ra cdn mot sd vung khae nhQ tdng Sdn TQdng (Sdn Hda), Hda Lac, Hda TQdng (Tuy Hda). Thdi ky niy, nhieu gidng mia cd n i n g sui't cao dQdc trdng d Phu Yen nhQ POJ 3016, POJ 2878, day la gid'ng mia Java. Die diem cua gidng mia niy, eiy to, chit iQdng dQdng td't v i thich hdp vdi he thd'ng tieu nQdc, nen chung dQdc trdng theo phQdng thQc Reynoso (18). Ben canh eiy lua v i mia, cac loai eiy trdng khic nhQ thud'c li, dQa, bong vai, diu t i m eung ed nhQng chuyen bie'n ve dien tich, san lUdng v i n i n g sui't trong thdi ky nay. Thud'c l i dQdc trdng nhieu b vung cao huyen Ddng Xuin va Sdn Hda, dien tich Qdc iQdng trdng h i n g n i m khoang 750ha vdi san iQdng khoang 262 t i n , dat ning sui't 350 kg/ha. Vao n i m 1922, cac mlu thud'c la d Phu Yen dQdc gQi de'n uy hdi thud'c l i thudc dia d Pari thQ nghiem va dUdc dinh gii la tdt. Den n i m 1926, dQdi sQ uy thic cua Ban dieu hanh tdng quit san xua't thud'c li, thanh tra Lagleize d i khao sit vung trdng thud'c d Phu Yen v i xic nhan cao nguyen V i n Hda va nhQng vung di't doc theo iQu vQc sdng Da Ring 56 Rghien curu L|ch siir. s g 9.2010 t h u i n ldi cho viec trdng thudc l i xui't k h i u (19). Dd^i vdi e i y bdng vai, gai, dQa, cau... cung dQdc chu y k h a i t h i c trong thdi ky nay. Ket l u a n NhQ vay, tQ s a u k h i h e thd'ng t h u y ndng Ddng C a m h o a n t h a n h da tao r a nhQng t h a y ddi ldn trong linh vQc k i n h te ndng nghiep d P h u Yen, bQdc dau d i o tao ddi n g u c i n bd ky t h u a t ngQdi Viet lao dong trong linh vQc ndng nghiep va nhieu linh vQc khac. Viec du n h i p n h i e u t r a n g thiet hi hien dai, cung vdi lai tao n h i e u gid'ng cay trdng gdp p h i n t h u c d i y n g a n h ndng nghiep P h u Yen p h i t trien, n i n g sui't va s a n iQdng dQdc cai thien, chi't iQdng cua CHU san p h a m nong nghiep d a t ket qua eao d i p Qng n h u c i u xui't k h a u cua chinh quyen thQc dan. C u n g vdi do la sQ bie'n ddi t i n h h i n h sd hQu r u o n g di't tQ s a u k h i x i y dQng d i p Ddng C a m da d i n de'n sQ p h a n hda ldn trong c i c giai t i n g xa hoi d P h u Yen. Dd la dien tich di't n g i y cang t a p t r u n g trong tay mot sd dia chu ldn; t i n h h i n h chie'm d i t lap ddn dien cua tQ b a n P h i p t i c dong den quyen tQ hQu r u o n g di't nong d i n P h u Yen; p h i n h o i xa hdi d i i n r a gay g i t trong ndng thdn P h u Yen, xui't hien nhQng dai dien chu sd hQu t r e n 50 h a ben c a n h t i n g ldp b i n cd' ndng k h d n g cd ruong de eiy; n a n kiem t i n h r u d n g d i t cua dia chu dien ra m a n h me, t a p t r u n g d vung Tuy Hda v i Sdn Hda. THICH (1). Les travaux publics de L'Indochine, Gouvernement g6n6ral de L'Indochine, Imprimerie d'extreme-orient, Ha Noi. TVHPA^V 284, tr. 120. Dinh Dau, Notes sur le Phu Yen cua R. Philippe, Le Phat Loi (Archiver de I'Office Indochinois du Riz). (2), (3), (4), (5), (9). Irrigations du Phu Yen (Reseau (10), (17), (18). Cong ty mi'a duSng Tuy Hoa, de Tuy Hoa), Hy draulique agrieole en indochine, Nhd mdy dUdng Tuy Hda • Nhitng chang ditdng ann^e 1932, Ha Noi, Ngiidi dich ky sU Nguyin Trong lich sit, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Noi, 1999, tr. Giai, He thdng thuy ndng Tuy Hda, tr. 2-15. 27-29. (6), (7), (11), (12) R. Philippe, Le Phat Loi, (1941), Notes sur le Phu Yen, Archives de I'Office Indochinois du Riz. TVHP/W 215, tr. 7, 8, 13, 12. (8), (14). Tong hdp tit cac nguon tai li^u La province de Phu Yen cua Laborde, Le province de 1' An nam (Phu Yen) {Revue Indochinoise), Nghien Cliu dia ba trieu Nguyin Phii Yen cua Nguyin (13). Massif deu Phu Yen, TVHP/W 213. (15). Rapporte Economique province de Phu Yen, Residence de Song Cau, ann6e 1908, TVHP/W 324, tr. 28. (16), (19). Laborde (1929), La province de Phu Yen, BAVH, Tap 16, so 4, Tinh Phii Yen, Ban dich Thuan Hoa, 2003, tr. 425-427.