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CULTURE OF CELLS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING Culture of Specialized Cells Series Editor R. Ian Freshney CULTURE OF CELLS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic and R. Ian Freshney, Editors CULTURE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS, SECOND EDITION R. Ian Freshney and Mary G. Freshney, Editors CULTURE OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS R. Ian Freshney, Ian B. Pragnell and Mary G. Freshney, Editors CULTURE OF HUMAN TUMOR CELLS R. Pfragner and R. Ian Freshney, Editors CULTURE OF IMMORTALIZED CELLS R. Ian Freshney and Mary G. Freshney, Editors DNA TRANSFER TO CULTURED CELLS Katya Ravid and R. Ian Freshney, Editors CULTURE OF CELLS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING Editors Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, PhD Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University New York, NY R. Ian Freshney, PhD Center for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology University of Glasgow Scotland, UK A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright  2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 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For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN-13 978-0-471-62935-1 ISBN-10 0-471-62935-9 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi PART I: CELL CULTURE 1. Basic Principles of Cell Culture R. Ian Freshney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Donald P. Lennon and Arnold I. Caplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Culture for Tissue Engineering Shulamit Levenberg, Ali Khademhosseini, Mara Macdonald, Jason Fuller, and Robert Langer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4. Cell Sources for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Brian Johnstone, Jung Yoo, and Matthew Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5. Lipid-Mediated Gene Transfer for Cartilage Tissue Engineering Henning Madry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 PART II: TISSUE ENGINEERING 6. Tissue Engineering: Basic Considerations Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7. Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage Koichi Masuda and Robert L. Sah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 v 8. Ligament Tissue Engineering Jingsong Chen, Jodie Moreau, Rebecca Horan, Adam Collette, Diah Bramano, Vladimir Volloch, John Richmond, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, David L. Kaplan, and Gregory H. Altman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 9. Cellular Photoencapsulation in Hydrogels Jennifer Elisseeff, Melanie Ruffner, Tae-Gyun Kim, and Christopher Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 10. Tissue Engineering Human Skeletal Muscle for Clinical Applications Janet Shansky, Paulette Ferland, Sharon McGuire, Courtney Powell, Michael DelTatto, Martin Nackman, James Hennessey, and Herman H. Vandenburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 11. Engineered Heart Tissue Thomas Eschenhagen and Wolfgang H. Zimmermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 12. Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels Rebecca Y. Klinger and Laura E. Niklason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 13. Tissue Engineering of Bone Sandra Hofmann, David Kaplan, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, and Lorenz Meinel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 14. Culture of Neuroendocrine and Neuronal Cells for Tissue Engineering Peter I. Lelkes, Brian R. Unsworth, Samuel Saporta, Don F. Cameron, and Gianluca Gallo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 15. Tissue Engineering of the Liver Gregory H. Underhill, Jennifer Felix, Jared W. Allen, Valerie Liu Tsang, Salman R. Khetani, and Sangeeta N. Bhatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Suppliers List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 vi Contents Preface Culture of Cells for Tissue Engineering is a new volume in the John Wiley series Culture of Specialized Cells, with focus on procedures for obtaining, manipulating, and using cell sources for tissue engineering. The book has been designed to follow the successful tradition of other Wiley books from the same series, by selecting a limited number of diverse, important, and successful tissue engineering systems and providing both the general background and the detailed protocols for each tissue engineering system. It addresses a long-standing need to describe the procedures for cell sourcing and utilization for tissue engineering in one single book that combines key principles with detailed step-to-step procedures in a manner most useful to students, scientists, engineers, and clinicians. Examples are used to the maximum possible extent, and case studies are provided whenever appropriate. We first talked about the possible outline of this book in 2002, at the World Congress of in vitro Biology, encouraged by the keen interest of John Wiley and inspired by discussions with our colleagues. We made every effort to provide a user-friendly reference for sourcing, characterization, and use of cells for tissue engineering, for researchers with a variety of backgrounds (including basic science, engineering, medical and veterinary sciences). We hope that this volume can also be a convenient textbook or supplementary reading for regular and advanced courses of cell culture and tissue engineering. To limit the volume of the book, we selected a limited number of cells and tissues that are representative of the state of the art in the field and can serve as paradigms for engineering clinically useful tissues. To offer an in-depth approach, each cell type or tissue engineering system is covered by a combination of the key principles, step-by-step protocols for representative established methods, and extensions to other cell types and tissue engineering applications. To make the book easy to use and internally consistent, all chapters are edited to follow the same format, have complementary contents and be written in a single voice. The book is divided into two parts and contains fifteen chapters, all of which are written by leading experts in the field. Part I describes procedures currently vii used for the in vitro cultivation of selected major types of cells used for tissue engineering, and contains five chapters. Chapter 1 (by Ian Freshney) reviews basic considerations of cell culture relevant to all cell types under consideration in this book. This chapter also provides a link to the Wiley classic Culture of Animal Cells, now in its Fifth Edition. Chapter 2 (by Donald Lennon and Arnold Caplan) covers mesenchymal stem cells and their current use in tissue engineering. Chapter 3 (by Shulamit Levenberg, Ali Khademhosseini, Mara Macdonald, Jason Fuller, and Robert Langer) covers another important source of cells: embryonic human stem cells. Chapter 4 (by Brian Johnstone, Jung Yoo, and Matthew Stewart) deals with various cell sources for tissue engineering of cartilage. Chapter 5 (by Henning Madry) discusses the methods of gene transfer, using chondrocytes and cartilage tissue engineering as a specific example of application. Part II deals with selected tissue engineering applications by first describing key methods and then focusing on selected case studies. Chapter 6 (by Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic) reviews basic principles of tissue engineering, and provides a link to tissue engineering literature. Chapter 7 (by Koichi Masuda and Robert Sah) reviews tissue engineering of articular cartilage, by using cells cultured on biomaterial scaffolds. Chapter 8 (by Jingsong Chen, Gregory H. Altman, Jodie Moreau, Rebecca Horan, Adam Collette, Diah Bramano, Vladimir Volloch, John Richmond, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, and David L. Kaplan) reviews tissue engineering of ligaments, by biophysical regulation of cells cultured on scaffolds in bioreactors. Chapter 9 (by Jennifer Elisseeff, Melanie Ruffner, Tae-Gyun Kim, and Christopher Williams) reviews microencapsulation of differentiated and stem cells in photopolymerizing hydrogels. Chapter 10 (by Janet Shansky, Paulette Ferland, Sharon McGuire, Courtney Powell, Michael DelTatto, Martin Nackman, James Hennessey, and Herman Vandenburgh) focuses on tissue engineering of human skeletal muscle, an example of clinically useful tissue obtained by a combination of cell culture and gene transfer methods. Chapter 11 (by Thomas Eschenhagen and Wolfgang H. Zimmermann) describes tissue engineering of functional heart tissue and its multidimensional characterization, in vitro and in vivo. Chapter 12 (by Rebecca Y. Klinger and Laura Niklason) describes tissue engineering of functional blood vessels and their characterization in vitro and in vivo. Chapter 13 (by Sandra Hofmann, David Kaplan, GordanaVunjak-Novakovic, and Lorenz Meinel) describes in vitro cultivation of engineered bone, starting from human mesenchymal stem cells and protein scaffolds. Chapter 14 (by Peter I. Lelkes, Brian R. Unsworth, Samuel Saporta, Don F. Cameron, and Gianluca Gallo) reviews tissue engineering based on neuroendocrinal and neuronal cells. Chapter 15 (by Gregory H. Underhill, Jennifer Felix, Jared W. Allen, Valerie Liu Tsang, Salman R. Khetani, and Sangeeta N. Bhatia) reviews tissue engineering of the liver in the overall context of micropatterned cell culture. We expect that the combination of key concepts, well-established methods described in detail, and case studies, brought together for a limited number of interesting viii Preface and distinctly different tissue engineering applications, will be of interest for the further growth of the exciting field of tissue engineering. We also hope that the book will be equally useful to a well-established scientist and a novice to a field. We greatly look forward to further advances in the scientific basis and clinical application of tissue engineering. Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic R. Ian Freshney Preface ix