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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 02 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.263 Correlation between Body Mass Index and Signs and Symptoms of Menopause in Women Singh Jyoti*, Verma Anisha and Neeru Bala Department of Food Nutrition and Public Health, Ethelind College of Home Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P- 211007, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords BMI, Menopause, MRS Scale, Symptoms Article Info Accepted: 18 January 2021 Available Online: 10 February 2021 This study was aimed to find out the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and sign and symptoms of the menopausal women. The different rural areas Mahewa, Dandi and Indalpur of Prayagraj, U.P. India were purposively selected for the study. 155 women subjects of age group 40- 55 years were randomly selected and personally interviewed with the help of pre-set schedule. The interview schedule consisted of General profile, Anthropometric measurement (height, weight and BMI)) and signs and symptoms of menopause. On basis of findings it is concluded that out of 155 respondents, 45.16 percent women were belonging to perimenopausal stage, 35.48 percent were belonging to postmenopausal stage and 19.35 percent women were belong to premenopausal stage. Among all selected respondents, 5.16 percent women were found to be under weight, 20.64 percent were found to be normal weight, 38.70 percent women were found to be pre-obesity and 21.93 percent women were found to be class I obesity, 13.54 percent women were found to be class II obesity. Out of 155 respondents, 23.9 percent respondents having mild symptoms, 8.38 percent having moderate, 2.2 percent having severe and 0.1 percent having very severe symptoms and 65.2 percent respondents having no symptoms. A negative correlation found between the underweight, normal weight and symptoms like heart discomfort, sexual behaviour, bladder problem, dryness of vagina and joint pain. While positive correlation was observed between pre- obesity, class I obesity, class II obesity and symptoms hot flushes, anxiety, irritability, depression, sleep problems and physical and mental problem. Result shows that as well as BMI of the women decreases, they have less chance to face symptoms like heart discomfort, sexual problem, bladder problem, dryness of vagina and joint pain while increasing BMI they have more chance to face symptoms. 2060 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 Introduction A woman goes to under several changes in their body with their growing age one of which is menopause. Menopause is the permanent cessation of the primary functions of human ovaries; the ripening and release of ova and hormones that cause both the creation and subsequent shredding of the uterine lining. It is generally diagnosed when a woman has gone without a period for 12 consecutive months. Mostly it occurs in midlife, loss of estrogen can also occur if the, ovaries are during the late 40s or early 50s and indicates the end of the fertile phase of a woman [1].The process is gradual and is divided into three stages; Pre menopause, Peri menopause and Post menopause. Excessive accumulation of fat in body is defined as obesity, which may adversely affect the health outcomes of an individual [2]. Obesity is serious health problem in both developed as well as developing countries [3]. Indian’s are more susceptible to diabetes and cardio- vascular diseases with modest overweight, obesity and decreased physical activity has led to rapid increase in prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cardiac problems in India with major changes in diet and lifestyle [4]).Many other diseases conditions including certain types of cancer, hypertension, dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal problem, gall bladder stone formation are risk factors having association with obesity[5], [6].Strong linkage of obesity and medical risks is attributed to abdominal distribution of fat, often measured by Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) or Waist Circumference (WC) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Both can be easily calculated and have emerged as high-risk indicators and predictors of obesity induced complications, independent of height and muscle mass [7]. Menopause symptoms vary from woman to woman in India as is the case for women elsewhere. The Indian Menopause Society’s (IMS) 2008, Consensus Statement contains important statistics about menopausal symptoms and recommendations to improve healthcare for Indian women. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) is a health-related quality of life scale (HRQoL) and was developed in response to the lack of standardized scales to measure the severity of aging-symptoms and their impact on the HRQoL in the early 1990s.An estimated 80 percent of females experience physical or psychosocial symptoms while approaching menopause, leading to change in their quality of life (QOL).These physiological and psychological changes are due to estrogen deficiency. Symptoms experienced may include are somatic: hot flushes, heart discomfort, sleeping problems, muscles and joint problems. Psychological: depressive mood, Irritability, anxiety, physical and mental exhaustion. Urogenital: sexual issues, bladder problems and dryness of the vagina. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the following objectives: to find out the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and sign and symptoms of the menopausal women. Materials and Methods The different rural areas Mahewa, Dandi and Indalpur of Prayagraj, U.P. India were purposively selected for the study. 155 women subjects of age group 40- 55 years were randomly selected and personally interviewed with the help of pre-set schedule. The data pertaining to the study according to the research problem, Pre-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of data from the respondents. The schedule was included the aspects which lead to the fulfilment of the objectives of the study. The interview schedule consisted of General 2061 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 profile, Anthropometric measurement (height, weight and BMI) and signs and symptoms of menopause. The selected women were further classified into three groups, i.e.; premenopausal (having regular menstrual bleeding) group (n=30), peri- menopausal (irregular menstrual bleeding) group (n= 70) and post-menopausal (had last menstrual bleeding at least 1 year before) group (n=55). After obtaining the informed consent, person’s age, sex, height, weight and symptoms were recorded using a pre-structured questionnaire. BMI of the respondents were categorised according to cut-off values of [8]. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) is a health – related quality of life scale (HRQoL) and was developed in response to the lack of standardization scales to measure the severity of aging associated symptoms was used to collect the information from respondents. Symptoms was sub divided into psychological, somatic and urogenital [8]. The data was obtained, statistically analysed by using correlation coefficients [9]. Family type of respondents Out of 155 respondents72.90 percent respondents were belonging to nuclear type family and 27.09 percent respondents were belonging to joint type family. Education of respondents Out of 155 respondent’s 53.54 percent were Illiterate, 30.32 percent women were educated at less than high school level, 11.61 percent women were educated at high school level, 4.51 percent women were educated at intermediate level. Illiteracy is the greatest barrier in improving the health and nutritional status of women [11]. Occupation of respondents Out of 155 respondents, 74.19 percent female were housewife, 12.90 percent women were skilled worker, 10.96 percent women were unskilled worker. [12], which states that “working women have a better menopausespecific quality of life than their non-working counterparts”. Results and Discussion Income of family The data collected and tabulated under the study are presented with appropriate illustration and discussed in this chapter. Out of 155 respondents, 52.90 percent of the respondents had family income between 10000- 20000 Rs, 25.81 percent respondents had family income between 20000- 30000 Rs, 11.61 percent respondents had family income between 30000- 40000 Rs and 9.67 percent had family income above 40000 Rs. In a study conducted by [13] it revealed that rise in household economic condition results in to the betterment of menopause-specific quality of life of postmenopausal women. Age of respondents The sample for the study was divided into two categories according to their age. 70.96 percent respondents belonged to age group 4045 years whereas 29.03 percent respondents were belonging to 50-55 years. Menopause marks the beginning of ageing for women. It generally takes place during 45 and 55 years of age, bringing a variety of physiological changes, some of which are the result of cessation of ovarian functions and others are an effect of the ageing process [10]. The above table 1 shows the Body Mass Index of respondents, it categorized under three categories premenopausal women, perimenopausal women and postmenopausal women. 2062 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 Table.1 Distribution of respondents according to their Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI Indicator < 18.5 18.5-24.9 25- 29.9 30- 34.9 35- 39.9 >40 Under weight Normal weight Pre- obesity Class I obesity Class II obesity Class III obesity TOTAL (n = 155) N 8 32 60 34 21 _ (%) 5.16 20.64 38.70 21.93 13.54 _ Table.2 Distribution of respondents according to having symptoms S. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Scale Hot flushes Heart discomfort Sleep problems Depressive mood Irritability Anxiety Physical problem Sexual problem Bladder problem Dryness of vagina Joint pain Respondents having no symptoms No Symptoms N (%) 65 41.9 138 89.3 Respondents having the symptoms N 31 14 (%) 20 9.03 N 30 3 (%) 19.3 1.93 117 75.4 28 18.06 10 6.45 89 57.4 58 37.41 7 4.5 102 104 110 65.8 67.9 70.9 38 44 32 24.51 28.38 20.64 15 7 13 128 82.5 16 10.32 112 72.2 33 91 58.7 57 36.7 Mild Moderate Severe (%) 58.6 10.9 38 24.5 66 42.5 9.67 4.5 8.38 53 51 45 34.1 32.9 29.3 11 7.09 27 17.4 21.29 10 6.45 43 27.7 50 32.25 14 9.03 64 41.2 65 41.93 23 14.3 98 63.2 1 10 (%) 0.6 6.4 N 2 (%) 1.2 Total N 90 17 2063 N 27 V.severe Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 Table.3 Correlation coefficients of Body Mass Index (BMI) with symptoms of menopause Symptoms Hot flushes Heart discomforts Sleep problems Depressive mood Irritability Anxiety Physical problem Sexual problems Bladder problems Dryness of vagina Joint pain (%) Underweight (n= 8) 90 17 58.6 10.9 (r- value) +2.41 -2.67 Normal weight (n= 32) (r- value) +0.71 -0.73 38 24.5 +1.71 +0.51 +0.87 +0.67 +0.67 66 42.5 +1.59 +0.49 +0.88 +0.69 +0.89 53 51 45 34.1 32.9 29.3 +1.05 +2.54 +1.41 +0.34 +0.99 +0.44 +0.94 +0.9 +0.91 +0.80 -0.21 +0.73 +0.95 +0.11 +0.92 27 17.4 -1.37 -0.37 +0.93 +0.99 +0.92 43 27.7 -0.93 -0.2 +0.81 +0.96 +0.91 64 41.2 -1.37 -0.37 +0.91 +0.91 +0.96 98 63.2 -1.37 -0.34 +0.92 +0.99 +0.92 N Out of total 155respondent’s 5.16 percent respondents were found to be underweight; 20.64 percent respondents were found to be normal weight; 38.70 percent were found to be pre- obesity; 21.93 percent respondents were found to be class I obesity and 13.54 percent respondents were found to be class II obesity. Study by [14] revealed that women who are underweight in early or mid-adulthood might be at increased risk for early menopause. Obesity is a risk of systematic illness in the post- menopausal women. Table 2 shows that respondents having symptoms out of 155 respondents, 65.2 percent respondents having no symptoms, 23.9 percent respondents having mild symptoms, 8.38 percent respondents having moderate symptoms, 2.2 percent respondents having severe symptoms and 0.1 percent Preobesity (n= 60) (r- value) +0.72 +0.6 Class I obesity (n= 34) (r- value) +0.47 +0.79 Class II obesity (n= 21) (r- value) +0.74 +0.59 respondents having very severe symptoms [15]. In Pakistan, the mean age at Menopause was 49.38 ± 14.29 years; the mean scores of menopause rating Scale were high in all domains, the significant difference was found in the mean somatic scores of women in Premenopause, perimenopause and postmenopause status (P=<0.001). The psychological symptoms were more severe for women in perimenopause and post menopause status while the scores for urogenital symptoms were found to be higher in perimenopause women (P=<0.001). The mean scores for the physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of WHO QOL questionnaire were found significantly impaired for all women at different status of menopause. The table 3 shows that a negative correlation found between the underweight, normal weight and symptoms like heart 2064 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(02): 2060-2066 discomfort, sexual behaviour, bladder problem, dryness of vagina and joint pain. While positive correlation was observed between pre- obesity, class I obesity, class II obesity and symptoms hot flushes, anxiety, irritability, depression, sleep problems and physical and mental problem. Result shows that as well as BMI of the women decreases, they have less chance to face symptoms like heart discomfort, sexual problem, bladder problem, dryness of vagina and joint pain while increasing BMI they have more chance to face symptoms. On basis of findings it is concluded that out of 155 respondents, 45.16 percent women were belonging to perimenopausal stage, 35.48 percent were belonging to postmenopausal stage and 19.35 percent women were belong to premenopausal stage. Among all selected respondents, 5.16 percent women were found to be under weight, 20.64 percent were found to be normal weight, 38.70 percent women were found to be pre-obesity and 21.93 percent women were found to be class I obesity, 13.54 percent women were found to be class II obesity. A negative correlation found between the underweight, normal weight and symptoms like heart discomfort, sexual behaviour, bladder problem, dryness of vagina and joint pain. 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Report of a WHO consultation presented at: The World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland. Publication WHO/NUT/NCD/98.1; 1997. Yang, T., Sung-Yuan, W., Yu-Cheng, Y., Chu-Hui, S., Fa-Kung, L., Su- Chee, C., Chao- Yang, T., Hei- Jen, J., Jian – Pei, H. and Ko- En, H. (2012) Effects of standardized phytoestrogen on Taiwanese menopausal women. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 51: 229-235. How to cite this article: Singh Jyoti, Verma Anisha and Neeru Bala. 2021. Correlation between Body Mass Index and Signs and Symptoms of Menopause in Women. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(02): 20602066. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.263 2066