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International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976(IJM) - 6510(Online), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online) Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17 © IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJM.asp Journal Impact Factor (2015): 7.9270 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJM ©IAEME CONSTRAINTS FACED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Ms. Meenakshi Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology. Murthal Dr. S.N. Mahapatra Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies Deen Bandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology. Murthal ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is the core of economic development. It is a multi dimensional task and essentially a creative activity. Entrepreneurship is the back bone of the economy. Women entrepreneurship is a recent phenomena and the process has to face various problems. Therefore, this study was conducted on 100 women entrepreneurs selected through random sampling technique from Sonipat and Rohtak, Haryana. Nursing homes, boutiques, beauty parlous, utensil store, training and education institution, general stores, jewelry shops and tailor shops were the enterprises selected for study. The objectives of the end over were to ascertain the financial, marketing, social, domestic and production constraints by women in their enterprise. Keywords: Enterprise, Entrepreneurial Constraints, Financial Constraints INTRODUCTION Entrepreneur is the key factor of entrepreneurship and now women have been recognized as successful entrepreneurs as they have qualities desirable and relevant for entrepreneurship development. In the process of entrepreneurship women have to face various problems associated with entrepreneurship and these problems get doubled because of her dual role as wage earner and home maker. Even though female entrepreneurship and the formation of women business networks is steadily rising, there are a number of challenges and obstacles that female entrepreneurs face. One major challenge that many women entrepreneurs may face is the traditional gender-roles society may still have on women. Entrepreneurship is still considered as a male-dominated field, and it may be difficult to surpass these conventional views. Other than dealing with the dominant stereotype, women entrepreneurs are facing several obstacles related to their businesses 8 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME REVIEW OF LITERATURE According to Verma (2010), in her study “Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in a developing economy.” She found that women entrepreneurs faced constraints in aspect of financial, marketing production, work place facility and with problems. Financial problems faced were nonavailability of long term finance, regular need of working capital. In marketing problems they face location and lack of transport facility. In production problem was non availability of raw material. These Entrepreneurs also faced the problems such as fatigue, tension and headache. They are also faced the shortage of water and space. Government agencies and NGO’s can help women entrepreneurs to deal with these problems effectively. Kumar & Verma (2008), in their paper “A Study of Marketing Problems in Women Owned Business” examined the marketing problems of women owned Business. A sample of 110 respondents has been taken from the state of Haryana. The factor analytical Models has clubbed these statements in to factors these are problem of demand estimation, problem of product pricing, location disadvantage and competition from big producers. This problem can be handled by imparting training in the field of management of small enterprises. Small business should lay more emphasis on quality improvement through the adoption of latest technology and utilization of modern human resource management practices. Raghavalu (2003), in his study “Women Entrepreneurs in Backward Areas” analyzed that women entrepreneurs cannot be ignored since she is almost equal to man in terms of significant participation in economic development but changes are limited in backward area because of poor socio economic condition and literacy level, low entrepreneurial skill, lack of financial help and related agencies, limited support of government, rare availability of raw material on time and poor marketing facilities. In five years plan and programs government provide huge budget for women entrepreneurs to improve their entrepreneurial skill through various center and state government policies. Study revealed that these policies and program improve their condition but background need more help. Kumar (2005), analyzed the factors which are compelling women enter into business based a sample of 120 women from Haryana 6 districts. Analysis of data revealed that women have participating in economic activities not due to family compulsions in her life and to use the free time. It shows the positive growth of economy and society. Women entrepreneurs investing money in business is not large because of lack of awareness of sources of finance available to women entrepreneurs. Banks through rigorous interviews should try to find those women entrepreneurs who have better traits and skills to do business and give some relax in terms and condition to developing women entrepreneurs. Tombunabunan (2009), examined in “Women Entrepreneurship in Asian Developing Countries” that greater opportunities available for women to become entrepreneurs and it would help much poverty reduction. Study gives importance only small and medium enterprises. Study revealed these main facts first small, medium enterprises are of overwhelming importance in the region as they accounts on average per country. For the 95% of all founds in all sectors. Second participation of women in enterprise is still low because of low level of education, lack of training opportunities, heavy house hold duties, legal boundations, customs, cultural and religious constraints. IIIrd Most of women entrepreneurs come in this line to forced category like poverty unemployment need to have more income and precaution motive. Larger modern and more complex business in Asian countries is still dominating by men. Women can run this way only with the help of education, better opportunities and economic reforms. 9 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME Patagoakar (2010), in her study on “Entrepreneurship Development among Women” conducted in Sheri Rampur Toluca of Ahmednagar district with the sample the most entrepreneurs have come from new, non industrial communities. She found that high percent of women entrepreneurs adopted to like a sole proprietorship, high education affect their choice of business and type of enterprise. The performance of units is on a rise but it also true many units are suffering from finance and shortage of electricity and water. Women entrepreneurs face much kind of problems during promotion, expansion, financing and daily operation of the enterprise. Social constraints like dual role, lack of encouragement, prejudice, male dominating also the wall in her way. Profitability status of enterprise increased coping with the lack of supportive means and management. ILO (2004), This report supporting growth oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania,” concluded that African countries face numerous barriers like security for loans, limited financial services, difficulties in accessing credit and gender related barriers. The governments review the legal frame work within their countries with particular regard to the rights of women in society and entitlement to ownership of property assets. In addition, efforts must be made to empower women economically and aware those of the rights that they have integrated seam work should be redesigned to address cultural, financial, business, support, education and training, net working, regulatory and infrastructure barriers so women can access the resources they need to grow. They require new structure like women enterprise centers expansion capacity to advice and counsel growth oriented women. Need for more strategic interaction between donors, government, women Entrepreneurship Agencies and other relevant stake holders a strong national level policy much needed development of women entrepreneurs. Bajpai & Kumar (2010), in their study on “Women Entrepreneurship in India,” Opportunities 8 challenges” conducted on 70 respondent in National Capital Region found out that problems faced by Women Entrepreneurs are lack of confidence, dual role to play, competition, lack of business administration knowledge, lack training programs and non awareness. 2% women start a enterprise effecting pull factor like need of achievement, ideas, opportunities challenges, need to utilize knowledge, skill & experience and economic reasons push factors like unemployment, insecure job, economic pressure, dissatisfaction also reasons to start own enterprise. Distinct age of launch enterprise is (30-40) and family support is important factor for success. professional education, training programme, treat a specific group, provision for marketing, finance corporation, infrastructure facilities, programmes for encouraging entrepreneurship among women at local level are necessary for the development of women entrepreneurship. Afrin, Islam and Ahmed (2010), identified those factors like financial management, Skill, creative urge, self interest, use family fund and family involvement. New job and employment of family members, Independence, knowledge of business and family experience, economic necessity, self confidence technical knowledge, money earning, want suitable job and contribution to economic growth to make them entrepreneurs and significant relation with rural female entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. But only use and self interest family fund and experience and job and involvement of family member are not found significant relation with rural women entrepreneurship development. Only financial management skill and group identity of borrows have direct and significant relation with Women Entrepreneurship Development through Micro credit programs. Experience from family and urge to independent also significant relationship. Main problem faced by them in Bangladesh financial planning because of their illiteracy. Dang, Kirti & Divya (2009), in their work on Uttarakhand Women Entrepreneurs “The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world” found out motivational level of rural women entrepreneurs is very 10 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME low compare to urban. Region of urban women education and family environment. Women entered this field to avail economic competence and independency. Need to motivate women entrepreneurs through the workshop and training programmes? Women are mostly unaware of the govt. schemes and assistance. Those have been using govt. assistance have not gained much profitability. Women awareness, education n, training, govt. assistance, liberal attitude of bank and society are those factors that improve the conditions of Uttrakhand Women Entrepreneurs. Padma and Reddy (2013) analyzed the factors influencing work life balance of female into three components like family issue, personal core issue and work issue. Female need more support from her family members i.e. from spouse and elders to relieve stress in balancing work and personal life. More aged women successfully balancing their work and personal life. Their age and marital status have significant impact on work life balance. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study to find out the constraints faced by Indian Women Entrepreneurs. HYPOTHESIS: Financial constraints are discouraging the growth of women entrepreneurs. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in Sonipat and Rohtak, Haryana and random sampling technique was adopted for selection of study area. A sample of 100 women respondent was taken on the basis of criteria that they should be running their enterprises independently. The women were between 25 and 55 years of age, mostly were married. Enterprises taken up for the study were boutiques, beauty parlors, nursing homes, education and training institutions, general store, tailor shops. Well structured was used for collecting primary data by survey method. Tabular analysis techniques employed were; mean, standard deviation, ANOVA and Cronbach Alpha. DATA ANALYSIS The first important table is the Reliability Statistics table that provides the actual value for Cronbach's alpha, as shown below: Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .519 40 We can see that Cronbach's alpha is 0.519, which indicates a high level of internal consistency for our scale with this specific sample. 11 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME Value of ANOVA show different Constraints of women Entrepreneurship Sum of Squares Between Groups PFD 3 5.905 447.644 96 4.663 465.36 99 9.808 3 3.269 452.032 96 4.709 461.84 99 1.21 3 0.403 Within Groups 311.54 96 3.245 Total 312.75 99 Between Groups 10.329 3 3.443 402.511 96 4.193 412.84 99 8.062 3 2.687 379.248 96 3.95 387.31 99 Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups PGB PAB Within Groups Total Between Groups PMT Within Groups Total Between Groups PTT Within Groups Total Between Groups PMW Within Groups Total Between Groups PRC Within Groups Total Between Groups PRM Within Groups Total Between Groups PMKT Within Groups Total Between Groups TRE Within Groups Total Between Groups TMKTS Within Groups Total Between Groups TSL Within Groups Total Between Groups TAK Mean Square 17.716 Within Groups Total PIC df Within Groups Total Between Groups TSBP Within Groups 4.386 3 1.462 216.524 96 2.255 220.91 99 7.499 3 2.5 341.341 96 3.556 348.84 99 3.397 3 1.132 307.113 96 3.199 310.51 99 11.679 3 3.893 394.511 96 4.109 406.19 99 7.252 3 2.417 209.658 96 2.184 216.91 99 1.581 3 0.527 53.329 96 0.556 54.91 99 2.671 3 0.89 54.169 96 0.564 56.84 99 0.096 3 0.032 172.894 96 1.801 172.99 99 7.914 3 2.638 170.276 96 1.774 178.19 99 10.927 3 3.642 205.913 96 2.145 12 F Sig. 1.266 0.29 0.694 0.558 0.124 0.946 0.821 0.485 0.68 0.566 0.648 0.586 0.703 0.553 0.354 0.786 0.947 0.421 1.107 0.35 0.949 0.42 1.578 0.2 0.018 0.997 1.487 0.223 1.698 0.173 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME MSD Total 216.84 99 Between Groups 16.097 3 5.366 Within Groups 85.293 96 0.888 Total 101.39 99 1.723 3 0.574 0.647 Between Groups MRI MAPWE Within Groups 62.067 96 Total 63.79 99 Between Groups 4.739 3 1.58 102.251 96 1.065 106.99 99 2.231 3 0.744 118.769 96 1.237 121 99 16.223 3 5.408 113.817 96 1.186 130.04 99 2.301 3 0.767 121.009 96 1.261 123.31 99 2.172 3 0.724 119.138 96 1.241 121.31 99 4.557 3 1.519 123.083 96 1.282 127.64 99 6.991 3 2.33 0.916 Within Groups Total Between Groups MSGE Within Groups Total Between Groups MPDS Within Groups Total Between Groups MAEF Within Groups Total Between Groups MAGS Within Groups Total Between Groups RWE Within Groups Total Between Groups RWEE RWED RCIS Within Groups 87.919 96 Total 94.91 99 Between Groups 7.052 3 2.351 1.262 Within Groups 121.138 96 Total 128.19 99 Between Groups 15.125 3 5.042 132.665 96 1.382 147.79 99 4.314 3 1.438 148.526 96 1.547 152.84 99 2.439 3 0.813 0.547 Within Groups Total Between Groups RDPA Within Groups Total Between Groups RIFI RCEC Within Groups 52.551 96 Total 54.99 99 Between Groups 1.758 3 0.586 72.242 96 0.753 Within Groups Total SLSMUNS 74 99 Between Groups 0.406 3 0.135 Within Groups 9.384 96 0.098 9.79 99 Total 13 6.039 0.001 0.888 0.45 1.483 0.224 0.601 0.616 4.561 0.005 0.609 0.611 0.583 0.627 1.185 0.32 2.545 0.061 1.863 0.141 3.648 0.015 0.93 0.43 1.485 0.223 0.779 0.509 1.385 0.252 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME Between Groups YMUN Within Groups Total NCFW TRMSM 3 0.043 2.78 96 0.029 Within Groups 99 3 0.138 0.106 10.147 96 10.56 99 Between Groups 0.674 3 0.225 0.153 Within Groups 14.716 96 Total 15.39 99 Between Groups 0.136 3 0.045 Within Groups 5.504 96 0.057 Within Groups 5.64 99 2.132 3 0.711 0.221 21.178 96 Total 23.31 99 Between Groups 0.167 3 0.056 Within Groups 4.583 96 0.048 Within Groups Total Between Groups PCSG 2.91 0.413 Total Between Groups TSIG 0.417 Within Groups Total SIGVT 96 99 Between Groups KVIC 40.072 0.13 Total SBWE 0.723 42.24 Between Groups MCSRH 3 Between Groups Total MWCD 2.168 Within Groups 4.75 99 0.403 3 0.134 20.597 96 0.215 21 99 1.988 3 0.663 0.579 55.572 96 Total 57.56 99 Between Groups 6.392 3 2.131 Within Groups 98.358 96 1.025 Total 104.75 99 1.731 0.166 1.491 0.222 1.304 0.278 1.467 0.228 0.788 0.504 3.222 0.026 1.163 0.328 0.627 0.6 1.145 0.335 2.08 0.108 The ANOVA tests the null hypothesis that samples in two or more groups are drawn from populations with the same mean values. To do this, two estimates are made of the population variance. These estimates rely on various assumptions. The ANOVA produces an F-statistic, the ratio of the variance calculated among the means to the variance within the samples. If the group means are drawn from populations with the same mean values, the variance between the group means should be lower than the variance of the samples, following the central limit theorem. A higher ratio therefore implies that the samples were drawn from populations with different mean values. This is the table that shows the output of the ANOVA analysis and whether we have a statistically significant difference between our group means. We can see that the significance level is above .05 in almost all the cases and, therefore, there is a statistically significant difference in the present groups. 14 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME Value of Mean and Standard Deviation of different Age group of Women Entrepreneurship with basis of different constraints Age -Group PFD Mean 0-20 5.39 4.71 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 2.139 2.149 1.772 1.976 2.259 1.572 1.845 1.801 2.261 3.37 5.03 4.92 5.71 5.16 5.74 2.76 5.61 5.39 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 2.247 2.26 1.908 1.859 1.809 1.483 2.033 1.653 1.824 2.22 5.28 5.17 4.83 5 5.28 2.28 5.28 5.39 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 1.896 1.965 1.581 2.618 1.534 1.447 1.742 1.965 1.65 2.67 3.33 5.33 6 5 5.33 1.33 4.67 4.67 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.887 2.517 2.082 1 2.646 0.577 0.577 2.309 3.215 Mean 3.08 5.04 5.05 5.46 4.87 5.47 2.54 5.43 5.09 N 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2.168 2.16 1.777 2.042 1.978 1.494 1.877 1.771 2.026 TSL TAK Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Deviation Age -Group PMKT TRE TMKTS 6.07 4.51 4.54 2.02 3.1 2.8 4.41 4.71 2.71 2.24 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 1.421 0.637 0.552 1.351 1.241 1.453 0.631 0.642 1.078 1.179 6.18 4.47 4.47 2.03 3 2.47 4.37 4.61 2.42 2.08 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 1.411 0.762 0.951 1.345 1.489 1.466 0.852 0.855 1.03 1.05 Mean 5.5 4.28 4.17 1.94 2.33 2.33 3.5 4.5 2.17 1.89 N 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 Std. Deviation 1.79 0.958 0.707 1.259 1.188 1.572 1.465 0.857 0.924 1.079 Mean 6.67 5 5 2 2.67 1 3 4 3 1.67 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.577 0 0 1.732 1.155 0 1.732 1.732 1 1.155 Mean 6.03 4.47 4.46 2.01 2.91 2.54 4.19 4.61 2.51 2.1 N 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Std. Deviation 1.48 0.745 0.758 1.322 1.342 1.48 1.012 0.803 1.04 1.106 Mean N Std. Deviation Mean N Std. Deviation Above 60 N Std. Deviation Total PRM 2.54 N 40-60 PRC 5.32 Mean 20-40 PMW 4.54 Std. Deviation 0-20 PTT 5.46 N Total PMT 5.1 Mean Above 60 PAB 5.07 Std. Deviation 40-60 PGB 3.22 N 20-40 PIC TSBP MSD MRI MAPWE MSGE CHI SQUARE The first part of the output gives the categories in the first column, the observed frequencies of the categories in the second column, the expected frequencies of the categories in the third 15 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME column, and the residual (the difference of the observed and expected frequencies) in the fourth column. The second part of the output gives the value of the chi-square statistic, the degrees of freedom (df), and the p value is given on the last line of the output. In this example, the p value is less than .05. Under the table are important statements about the assumptions of chi-square. In this example, none of the cells (categories) have expected frequencies less than 5. Thus, the assumption has been satisfied. Value of Chi-Square Test Statistics of different constraints of women Entrepreneurship Lack of Family availability of Procurement Gender Managing Procurement discourage Arrangement Availing proper of capital from biasness in time for Managing of raw me when I of initial benefits from training banks and Society for family and the work material and started my capital to start support programmes other female for the force Plant’s and own the enterprise organisations in up financing entrepreneurs business machinery ventures gradation of agency skill Marketing of products/services ChiSquare 66.640a 24.400a 15.800b 32.080a 45.760b 31.400c 25.600a 76.840b 23.920b 20.560b df Asymp. Sig. 5 5 6 5 6 4 5 6 6 6 .000 .000 .015 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .001 .002 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 8.3. b. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 7.1. c. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 10.0. SUGGESTIONS TO FACE THE CONSTRAINTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Government should provide separate financial aid to women entrepreneurs so that they do not face any difficulty in setting up their organization. Special infrastructural facilities should be provided to help women in establishing their enterprise easily and quickly. Training Programmes specially directed at women entrepreneurs should be conducted to enhance their entrepreneurial skills and abilities which help them in day to day functioning of business. Making provision for marketing and sales assistance so that women entrepreneurs are not cheated by middle men. Provision for better educational facilities should be provided starting from school and further for higher education and also several vocational studies. Women Entrepreneurs’ Guidance cell should be opened in all cities to handle problems related to day to day functioning like production, marketing, and distribution problems. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. Afrina, Sharmina, Nazrul Islam and Shahid Ahmed (2011). Micro credit and rural women entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh: A multivariate Model, Journal of Business & Management, Vol. 16. No.1. Bajpai. V.N. & Kumar Satish (2010). Women Entrepreneurship in India: Opportunities & Challenges, Effulgence, Vol.8 No.1. January-June. Dang J.P., Malhotra Kirt, Ghai Divya (2009) Uttrakhand Women Entrepreneurs; The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. Political Economy Journal of India, July-December. 16 International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online), Volume 6, Issue 5, May (2015), pp. 08-17© IAEME 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ILO (2004),” Supporting growth oriented women entrepreneurs in ETHOPIA, Kenya, Tanzania, 120 office with SEED Programmed 8 African Development Bank (AFDB) and private sector department (OPSD), ILO Geneva, July. Kumar Anil, (2005),”Women Entrepreneurs their profile and factors compelling Business Choices,” GITAM Journal of Mgt. Vol. 3(2) July-Dec., PP 138-144. Kumar Anil and Verma Divya (2008),”A Study of Marketing Problem in Women Owned Business.” The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 61(1) Jan. March. Patagaokar S Madhavi (2010) Entrepreneurship Development among Women in Shrirampur Taluka of Ahmed Nagar, District. The 1UP Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, March-June Raghavalu M.V. (2003),” Women Entrepreneurship in Background Area,” SEDME Vol.30 (4), Rao Harinarayana, C, (1991),”Promotion of Women Entrepreneurship,” SEDME, Vol. 18, No.2, 21-28 S. Padma and Reddy Sudhir (2013), “Work life balance: Women Police Constables”, SCMS Journal of Indian Management, October-December, 38-47. Tambunan Tulas (2009),” Women Entrepreneurs in Asian Developing Countries” Their development and main constraints, Journal of Development of and Agriculture Economics Vol. 1 no. 2 .27-40.May Verma Shefali Thakral (2010)’, Challenges faced by Women Entrepreneurs in a Developing Economy. International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management. Vol. 1 no.2. August D.Shanthi Revathi, Dr. Jayasree Krishnan, “Problems and Opportunities of Women Entrepreneurs Faced In the Globalized Economy” International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 77 - 81, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 09766510. Mrs.M.Chitra and Dr. Kalpana, “Women Entrepreneurs in Beauty Clinic Industry in Tamilnadu” International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 131 138, ISSN Print: 0976-6502, ISSN Online: 0976-6510. 17