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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 2211-2216 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 6 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.270 Commercial Prospects of under Exploited Leafy Vegetables in India Basabadatta Sahu* and Samapika Dalai MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India-761211 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Under-exploited crops, uses, distribution Article Info Accepted: 18 May 2020 Available Online: 10 June 2020 Leafy vegetables play a major role in our daily dietary food chart. These nourish us with several nutrients like vitamins and minerals which help in combating against various diseases. Nearly one thousand species of plants with edible leaves are known. Out of which many of them are either grown locally or in rural-tribal areas. On the other hand many are unaware about their existence as well as importance. This paper has been focused on some of them which are widely distributed in various parts of our country India which are categorised as underexploited. They are Sesbania grandiflora, Talinum triangulare, Ipomea aquatic, Chenopodium album, Moringa oleifera, Cucurbita moschata, Marselia quadrifolia, Alternanthera sessilis. These have been found in the Southern and eastern regions of India. These crops need to be expanded quickly for proper nutritional security and prevention against harmful diseases. Introduction India is the country which is blessed with the natural origin of various types of fruits and vegetables which play a major role in our nutrition. And also according to ICMR, a person should consume an average of 300gm of vegetables and 100gm of fruits per day. And among vegetables, 50 gm of leafy vegetables, 200 gm of other vegetables and 50 gm of root and tuber crops are needed (Sachdeva et al., 2013). The growth and consumption of leafy vegetables like Amaranthus, Palak Spinach are quite familiar among all as therefore they are categorised into major groups. Their cultivation is widely distributed in our country. But still other leafy vegetable crops are there whose utility and consumption is very rare in our country though they are rich source of several nutrients. And these crops are categorised into underexploited leafy vegetables. Their commercialisation is needed to give a good impact on the food security. Such crops like Sesbania grandiflora, Talinum triangulare, Ipomea aquatic, Chenopodium album, 2211 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 2211-2216 Moringa oleifera, Cucurbita moschata, Marselia quadrifolia, Alternanthera sessilis. Potential role of some underexploited leafy vegetables Importance of leafy vegetables Sesbania grandiflora The photosynthesis process i.e. preparation of food by utilising water and carbondioxide takes place in leaves. Somehow we are consuming the edible parts like fruits in most cases but also leaves and flowers are also being consumed. The plants whose edible part is leaf is considered as leafy vegetable. However, leafy vegetables are rich source of minerals vitamins, moisture (Arasaretnam et al., 2018). If we focus on its cultivation, these are basically short duration crops and requires less maintenance for their growth. It is commonly called as Agathi belongs to Leguminoseae family and it is widely distributed in the areas of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Assam (Indian Biodiversity Portal). Leaves are alternate compound and pinnate. It is suitable to grow at a temperature of 22-300 C and can be grown in wide range of soils. Both leaves and flowers are valued and have nutritional property (Priyanka et al., 2019). Leaves chewed to disinfect mouth and throat. They are excellent source of Vit C, Ca, Fe also (Gowri et al., 2010). 100 gm of agathi leaves contain 93 Kcal energy, 73 gm moisture, 8 g protein, 1g fat, 3g mineral, 2g fibre, 12 g carbohydrate, 1130 mg Ca, 80 mg phosphorus and 4 mg Fe. Also some amount of iodine and pectin is also present in leaves. Used as aperients, diuretic an also to bruises. Leaf juice has antiurolithiatic activity (Ojha and Diwedi, 1996). Also, regarded as bone strengthener. As it is a leguminous crop, it helps in contributing nitrogen to soil and improves soil fertility. Also they are not heavy feeder of nutrients. Leafy vegetables are regarded as low volume high value crops. Green leafy vegetables have been playing important role in our diet and nutrient and most readily available sources of carbohydrate, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fibers. Green leafy vegetables can be processed and stored for future use. Why underexploited crops? Many leafy vegetables exist but very few of them are being commercially grown. Many are grown and consumed in rural and tribal villages of India. Furthermore we are unaware about the nutritional, medicinal/therauptic properties of the crops. As, very lack of research have been conducted son we are unavailing with the desired seeds or planting material for its cultivation. Talinum triangulare It belongs to family Purslane (Portulacaceae). Also known as water leaf or Ceylon spinach. It is widely distributed in regions of Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, some parts of Odisha (Indian Biodiversity Portal). It is a succulent plant and known for its growing herbage yield and the chemical composition. It is characterised as tolerant to various soil types, temperature and moisture levels and grow well under shade (Swarna et al., 2015). The leaves of shade loving plant possess great therauptic value in the traditional system of medicinal but have not been fully exploited. (Swarna et al., 2013). 2212 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 2211-2216 It is a perennial herb with fleshy green leaves. Popularly k/as water leaf because of its high moisture content of almost 90.8 g/100gm of edible leaf. It is characterised by the presence of minerals like Ca, K, Mg and vitamins like C and ß-carotene. Extract of leaves used to cure Asthma. It consist of several phyochemicals (Anthocyanin, carotenoids, lutein, lycopene, phenolics. The flavonoids like quercetin, haempferol, apigenin which helps against cardiovascular diseases. (Ikewuchi et al., 2017) Water leaf has antiinflaming, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial functions (Adie et al., 2018). antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic properties (Ali, 2015).Leaves contain minerals like Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, P, Cu, Mn, N (Adedapo, 2011). Traditionally, used as blood purifier, diuretic, sedative, hepaloprotective, antiscorbutic, laxative, anthelmentic against round and hookworms, ulcer and burns (Amrita et al., 2015 and Agrawal et al., 2014). It provides minerals, fibre, vitamins and essential fatty acids (Amrita et al., 2015). Rich in protein, Vit A, Vit C, Ca, P, Fe, K (Agrawal et al., 2014). Ipomea aquatic It is known as drumstick or moringa belongs to family Moringaceae. This is widely known for its fruit in Southern parts of India in preparation of various dishes. Widely distributed in the regions o Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh. Varying percentage of nutrients are found in leaves (Bamishanye et al., 2011). Pods and leaves contain high amount of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, P, Zn, Na, Cu and Fe (Aslam et al., 2005). Protein has also been found in leaves (Asante etal). Tradiionally leaves are used in treatment of diabetes (Dieye et al., 2014). Leaves contain bioactive components like vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, tannins and saponin which help against chronic diseases (Jimenez et al., 2017). Leaves have antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties (Mbikey, 2012 ). Somehow leaves are also processed and preserved for future use (Mishra et al., 2012). It is commonly known as water spinach belongs to family Convolvulaceae. It is found in the areas of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Assam. It is a semi-aquatic tropical plant. It is a quick vigorous plant. This is considered as food with medicinal effects. Used in treatment of various nervous disorders, Gastric and intestinal disorders (Austin, 2007 ). It contains proteins, carbohydrates, crude fibre, vitamins like A, B, C, E and U and minerals like Mg, Mn, K, Fe (Umar et al., 2007). It has been noted that some amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, ß-carotene and ascorbic acid have been found (Dua et al., 2015). Traditionally, it is used in treatment of disorders like diabetes, liver, malfunction, constipation (Chopra et al., 1956). Moringa oleifera Chenopodium album Cucurbita moschata It is known as bathua belongs to family Amaranthaceae. It is found in the areas of Kashmir, Bihar, Assam, Manipur. It is a fast growing annual plant. Plant is used for local use as a food and medicine. It is reported that bathua contains phenols, tannins, saponin, flavonoids, proteins and trace elements. Also, it has anti-inflammatory, anticancer, It is widely known vegetable for its fruit commonly famous as Pumpkin. In many parts of India and other countries other parts of the plant like leaves are consumed as a cooked vegetable or in the form of soups (Rahman et al., 2019). Leaves are widely consumed in the tract of Odisha, Jharkhand region. 2213 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(6): 2211-2216 Traditionally, other parts of pumpkin plant except the fruit was also used for medicinal purpose (Yadav et al., 2010 ). Pumpkin leaves contain protein (Ghaly et al., 2010). Besides the consumption of leaves of Cucurbita moschata, leaves of Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita pepo are also edible. Marselia quadrifolia (Water Clover/ Sunsunia) is a rarely found leafy vegetable in the Odisha, Jharkhand regions of India. It is an aquatic fern belongs to family Marsileaceae that grows from creeping rhizomes. It grows best in the muddy regions of ponds and lakes. It is used as a locally vegetable and also has medicinal properties. It is a good source of protein but low in mineral content like Sodium, potassium (Dewanjii et al., 1993). The leaves used to cure migraine, hypertension, headache (Soni and Singh, 2012). It also contains phytochemical compounds which helps in curing against several diseases like tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2017). Alternanthera sessilis It belongs to family Amaranthaceae. Commonly known as joyweed or Madranga. This is an annual or perennial prostrate herb. Young shoots and leaves are eaten mostly on eastern parts of India mostly Odisha, Assam, Manipur. Leaves are high in antioxidant property and they protect us from various chronic diseases (Murugan et al., 2013). Leaves are source of moisture, protein, total sugar, some amount of vitamin C (Misra and Misra, 2014). They are locally used for treatment against fever, ophthalmia, gonorrhoea (Behera et al., 2008). It is also a good source for reducing blood sugar level (Hossain et al., 2014 ). It contains phytochemicals like saponin (Walter et al., 2014 and Rao 2018). Poverty is a major problem in our country for which many are unable to get required amount of nutrient in their daily diet. However, this can be rectified by the various underexploited leafy vegetables such as available locally in rural-tribal areas of India. India is blessed with many such type of leafy vegetable which need to be exploited commercially. These underexploited crops such as Sesbania grandiflora, Talinum triangulare, Ipomea aquatic, Chenopodium album, Moringa oleifera, Cucurbita moschata, Marselia quadrifolia, Alternanthera sessilis are rich source of minerals like P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn; vitamins like A, B, C; moisture and some amount of proteins. The growth habits of most of these crops are of short duration which hardly requires 3-4 months to obtain the herbage yield. 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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(06): 2211-2216. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.270 2216