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COLORECTAL CANCER BIOLOGY – FROM GENES TO TUMOR Edited by Rajunor Ettarh Colorectal Cancer Biology – From Genes to Tumor Edited by Rajunor Ettarh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Tajana Jevtic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Colorectal Cancer Biology – From Genes to Tumor, Edited by Rajunor Ettarh p. cm. 978-953-51-0062-1 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Chapter 1 Part 2 Chapter 2 Introduction 1 Colorectal Cancer: It Starts and It Runs Rajunor Ettarh 3 Genes and Polymorphisms 9 Germline Genetics in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility and Prognosis Amanda Ewart Toland 11 Chapter 3 The Role of Modifier Genes in Disease Expression in Lynch Syndrome 37 Rodney J. Scott, Stuart Reeves and Bente Talseth-Palmer Chapter 4 Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Spaska Stanilova Part 3 Cell and Molecular Biology 79 Chapter 5 Glutathione-S-Transferases in Development, Progression and Therapy of Colorectal Cancer 81 Tatyana Vlaykova, Maya Gulubova, Yovcho Yovchev, Dimo Dimov, Denitsa Vlaykova, Petjo Chilingirov and Nikolai Zhelev Chapter 6 Distinct Pathologic Roles for Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 in Colorectal Cancer Progression Toshinari Minamoto, Masanori Kotake, Mitsutoshi Nakada,Takeo Shimasaki, Yoshiharu Motoo and Kazuyuki Kawakami Chapter 7 59 107 Molecular Traits of the Budding Colorectal Cancer Cells 135 Boye Schnack Nielsen VI Contents Chapter 8 Lipid Peroxidation in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: Bad and Good News 155 Stefania Pizzimenti, Cristina Toaldo, Piergiorgio Pettazzoni, Eric Ciamporcero, Mario Umberto Dianzani and Giuseppina Barrera Chapter 9 Growth Factors and the Redox State as New Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer 189 Teodoro Palomares, Marta Caramés, Ignacio García-Alonso and Ana Alonso-Varona Chapter 10 Human Tip60 (NuA4) Complex and Cancer 217 Hiroshi Y. Yamada Chapter 11 Characterization of the Cell Membrane During Cancer Transformation 241 Barbara Szachowicz-Petelska, Izabela Dobrzyńska, Stanisław Sulkowski and Zbigniew A. Figaszewski Chapter 12 Emergent Concepts from the Intestinal Guanylyl Cyclase C Pathway 257 Mehboob Ali and Giovanni M. Pitari Chapter 13 Molecular Mechanisms of Lymphatic Metastasis 285 M.C. Langheinrich, V. Schellerer, K. Oeckl, M. Stürzl, E. Naschberger and R.S. Croner Part 4 Tumor Microenvironment 299 Chapter 14 Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis by a Host Anti-Tumor Response in Colorectal Cancer 301 N. Britzen-Laurent, V.S. Schellerer, R.S. Croner, M. Stürzl and E. Naschberger Chapter 15 Adaptive and Innate Immunity, Non Clonal Players in Colorectal Cancer Progression Lucia Fini, Fabio Grizzi and Luigi Laghi Chapter 16 The Role of Infectious Agents in Colorectal Carcinogenesis 341 Hytham K.S. Hamid and Yassin M. Mustafa Chapter 17 Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus Induce the Development of Colorectal Cancer 375 A.S. Abdulamir, R.R. Hafidh and F. Abu Bakar Chapter 18 Intestinal Host-Microbiome Interactions 391 Harold Tjalsma and Annemarie Boleij 323 Contents Part 5 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Study Reports 411 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Prognostic Factor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer After Radical Surgical Treatment Vaclav Liska, Ondrej Daum, Petr Novak, Vladislav Treska, Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule and Lubos Holubec Fluorescent Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer 429 E. Kirilova, I. Kalnina, G. Kirilov and G. Gorbenko 413 VII Preface When a patient is diagnosed with colorectal cancer, the options available to that patient are determined by the current state of knowledge. That knowledge is dependent on a complex balance, between the advances in fundamental cell and tissue research in experimental environments on the one hand, and the advances in clinical management and treatment that result from better knowledge and application of the fundamental information about the disease. Colorectal cancer is a major killer - that much is restated in many parts of this book. This underlies the drive in research efforts towards finding solutions to important questions about how the disease starts, how it progresses, and how it spreads. So what do we know? A lot has been discovered, but all of the answers are still not within reach. Great steps and strides forward in in vitro studies still defy translation to the patient and hospital bedside - more work needs to be done to find out how to safely and effectively apply what we have discovered to the patient's illness. This book about colorectal cancer comes in two volumes - both of which address several aspects of the endeavors of the biomedical and clinical community to find resolutions and solutions to the disease and its complications. The first section of this volume (Volume 1) deals with genes and genetic background associated with colorectal cancer and explores roles of the gene polymorphisms that mediate some of the presentations of the disease, as well as the short single strand ribonucleic acid molecules (microRNA) that help to regulate the expression of these genes. The second section deals with many cellular and molecular aspects of the biochemical pathways involved in colorectal carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Section 3 examines the tumor microenvironment and the role of intestinal microbes and host-microbial interactions in colorectal cancer. Section 4 presents a collection of short reports from studies that explore aspects such as fluorescent biomarkers and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The chapters in this book represent some of the efforts of the thousands of workers involved in finding solutions and cures to colorectal cancer. This book is directed to clinicians and scientists who want to ask why, learn how and know more. Dr Rajunor Ettarh Professor & Associate Director of Anatomical Teaching, Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA X Preface Acknowledgements The publication of this book would not have been possible without the support of my family. I am also especially indebted to Publishing Process Manager Tajana Jevtic whose infinite patience, timely reminders, and never-ending assistance and support made the task of editing this book easier.