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Chemistry for Engineering Students This page intentionally left blank Chemistry for Engineering Students Lawrence S. Brown Texas A&M University Thomas A. Holme Iowa State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States SECOND EDITION Chemistry for Engineering Students, Second Edition Lawrence S. Brown, Thomas A. Holme Publisher: Mary Finch Acquisitions Editor: Charles Hartford Developmental Editor: Rebecca Heider Assistant Editor: Ashley Summers © 2011, 2006 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Copy Editor: James Corrick Illustrator: Pre-Press PMG Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. Cover Designer: tani hasegawa Cover Image: Frame Cover Image by Greg Neumaier, Frame Courtesy of Delta 7: Delta 7 has manufactured the first high performance lightweight mountain bike frame featuring the patented IsoTruss carbon fiber and Kevlar spider web-like open lattice tube design. The high performance hardtail bike frame is handcrafted in the United States and weighs only 2.74 pounds. The Arantix is an extreme hardtail mountain bike with an unparalleled strength-to-weight ratio resulting in an ultra stiff and responsive bike. Inset graphene molecule: Jannik Meyer Compositor: Pre-Press PMG Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/brookscole Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com. About the Authors Larry Brown is a Senior Lecturer and coordinator for the General Chemistry for Engineering Students course at Texas A&M University. He received his B.S. in 1981 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and his M.A. in 1983 and Ph.D. in 1986 from Princeton University. During his graduate studies, Larry spent a year working in what was then West Germany. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Chicago from 1986 until 1988, at which time he began his faculty career at Texas A&M. Over the years, he has taught more than 10,000 general chemistry students, most of them engineering majors. Larry’s excellence in teaching has been recognized by awards from the Association of Former Students at Texas A&M at both the College of Science and University levels. A version of his class has been broadcast on KAMU-TV, College Station’s PBS affiliate. From 2001 to 2004, Larry served as a Program Officer for Education and Interdisciplinary Research in the Physics Division of the National Science Foundation. He also coordinates chemistry courses for Texas A&M’s engineering program in Doha, Qatar. When not teaching chemistry, he enjoys road bicycling and coaching his daughter Stephanie’s soccer team. Tom Holme is a Professor of Chemistry at Iowa State University and Director of the ACS Examinations Institute. He received his B.S. in 1983 from Loras College, and his Ph.D. in 1987 from Rice University. He began his teaching career as a Fulbright Scholar in Zambia, Africa and has also lived in Jerusalem, Israel and Suwon, South Korea. His research interests lie in computational chemistry, particularly as applied to understanding processes important for plant growth. He is also active chemical education research and has been involved with the general chemistry for engineers course at both Iowa State University and at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee where he was a member of the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department. He has received several grants from the National Science Foundation for work in assessment methods for chemistry, and the “Focus on Problem Solving” feature in this textbook grew out of one of these projects. He served as an Associate Editor on the encyclopedia “Chemistry Foundations and Applications.” In 1999 Tom won the ACS’s Helen Free Award for Public Outreach for his efforts doing chemical demonstrations on live television in the Milwaukee area. v Brief Contents 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 2 CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Stoichiometry CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Gases CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 7 Air Pollution 126 Gas Sensors 148 Incandescent and Fluorescent Lights CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers 159 192 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 200 Materials for Biomedical Engineering 201 Molecular Scale Engineering for Drug Delivery 234 Molecules and Materials 240 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Carbon 241 The Invention of New Materials 272 Energy and Chemistry 280 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: vi 117 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 9 Gasoline and Other Fuels 100 Alternative Fuels and Fuel Additives The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 158 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 8 91 125 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 6 Explosions 65 Explosives and Green Chemistry 99 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 5 Polymers 31 Polyethylene 56 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 64 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 4 24 Atoms and Molecules 30 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 3 Aluminum 2 Material Selection and Bicycle Frames Energy Use and the World Economy Batteries 308 281 10 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 318 CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Recycling of Plastics 319 The Economics of Recycling Chemical Kinetics 347 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: Ozone Depletion 348 Tropospheric Ozone 379 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: 11 CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 12 Chemical Equilibrium OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 13 391 Concrete Production and Weathering Borates and Boric Acid 427 392 Electrochemistry 436 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: 14 335 Corrosion 437 Corrosion Prevention 465 Nuclear Chemistry 474 OPENING INSIGHT THEME: CLOSING INSIGHT THEME: Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating 475 Modern Medical Imaging Methods 498 Appendixes A B C D E F G H International Table of Atomic Weights 507 Physical Constants 509 Electron Configurations of Atoms in the Ground State 510 Specific Heats and Heat Capacities of Some Common Substances Selected Thermodynamic Data at 298.15 K 512 Ionization Constants of Weak Acids at 25°C 518 Ionization Constants of Weak Bases at 25°C 520 Solubility Product Constants of Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C 521 I Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C 523 J Answers to Check Your Understanding Exercises 526 K Answers to Odd-Numbered End-of-Chapter Exercises 529 511 Brief Contents vii Contents Preface xix Student Introduction 1 xxvii Introduction to Chemistry 1 1.1 INSIGHT INTO Aluminum 1.2 The Study of Chemistry 2 4 6 1.3 The Science of Chemistry: Observations and Models Observations in Science 9 Interpreting Observations 10 Models in Science 11 1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry at Berkeley National Laboratory, and the University of California Courtesy of Zettl Research Group, Lawrence Berkeley The Macroscopic Perspective 4 The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective Symbolic Representation 8 Units 13 Numbers and Significant Figures 16 1.5 Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering Using Ratios 18 Ratios in Chemistry Calculations 19 Conceptual Chemistry Problems 21 Visualization in Chemistry 22 1.6 INSIGHT INTO Material Selection and Bicycle Frames 24 Focus on Problem Solving 25 Summary 26 Key Terms 26 Problems and Exercises 27 2 Atoms and Molecules 30 2.1 INSIGHT INTO Polymers 31 2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass 33 Fundamental Concepts of the Atom 33 Atomic Number and Mass Number 34 Isotopes 34 Atomic Symbols 35 Atomic Masses 36 2.3 Ions 38 Mathematical Description 38 Ions and Their Properties 39 viii 12 18 9 2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds 40 2.5 The Periodic Table © Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters Chemical Formulas 40 Chemical Bonding 42 44 Periods and Groups 44 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 46 2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 47 Inorganic Chemistry—Main Groups and Transition Metals Organic Chemistry 49 Functional Groups 52 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature 48 53 Binary Systems 53 Naming Covalent Compounds 53 Naming Ionic Compounds 54 2.8 INSIGHT INTO Polyethylene 56 Focus on Problem Solving 58 Summary 59 Key Terms 59 Problems and Exercises 60 3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 64 3.1 INSIGHT INTO Explosions 65 3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations © Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters 67 Writing Chemical Equations 67 Balancing Chemical Equations 68 3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes 72 Chemical Equations for Aqueous Reactions Acid–Base Reactions 78 72 76 3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole 81 Interpreting Chemical Equations 81 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole 82 Determining Molar Mass 83 3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses 84 Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas Molarity 88 Dilution 90 3.6 INSIGHT INTO Explosives and Green Chemistry 86 91 Focus on Problem Solving 92 Summary 93 Key Terms 93 Problems and Exercises 93 4 Stoichiometry 99 4.1 INSIGHT INTO Gasoline and Other Fuels 4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry 100 103 Obtaining Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation 104 Contents ix