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pISSN 1859-1388 eISSN 2615-9678 Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science Vol. 129, No. 1D, 43–49, 2020 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM RHIZOMES OF DISTICHOCHLAMYS BENENICA Hanh Thi Nhu Hoang1, Thanh Thu Thi Dinh1, Ty Viet Pham2, Hien Bich Thi Le3, Duc Viet Ho3* 1 University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung St., Hue, Vietnam 2 University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi St., Hue, Vietnam 3 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, 6 Ngo Quyen St., Hue, Vietnam * Correspondence to Duc Viet Ho (Received: 03 May 2020; Accepted: 08 September 2020) Abstract. Twenty-seven constituents were identified by using GC/MS, representing 99.57% of the rhizome oil of Distichochlamys benenica. The major constituents of the essential oil are 1,8-cineole (54.39%), β-pinene (7.50%), (E)-citral (7.26%), and (Z)-citral (6.79%). The rhizome essential oil has antiacetylcholinesterase activity with an IC50 value of 136.63  2.70 g/mL. Keywords: Distichochlamys benenica, essential oil, acetylcholinesterase, 1,8-cineole 1 Introduction Distichochlamys, Essential oils, which are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, mainly terpenes, are extracted from plants by using steam distillation and various solvents [1, 2]. All over the world, around 3000 essential oils have been extracted from at least 2000 plant species, out of which approximately 300 essential oils are considered important in commerce [1]. Since ancient times, essential oils have been used in traditional medicines to treat inflammatory disease, pain relief, gastrointestinal disease, or the reduction of stress. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that essential oils exhibit biological activity such as antifungal, antibacterial [3-6], anti-inflammatory [7-9], cytotoxicity, cancer chemoprotective [10, 11], cardiovascular effects [12, 13], anticonvulsant [14], and anti-insect [15, 16]. With a broad spectrum of biological activity and aromatic properties, essential oils are increasingly popular, especially in cosmetics, food products and pharmaceuticals. DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jns.v129i1D.5804 a genus belonging to Zingiberaceae family, was first discovered in 1995 by Newman [17]. Up to now, only four species of this genus have been identified, all endemic to Vietnam. These include D. benenica Q.B. Nguyen & Skornick [18], D. citrea M. F. Newman [17], D. orlowii K. Larsen & M. F. Newman [19], and D. rubrostriata W. J. Kress & Rehse [20]. The composition of rhizome essential oils from D. rubrostriata, D. citrea, and D. orlowii has been reported. 1,8-Cineole (13.2–22.0%), -citral (18.5– 22.1%), β-citral (14.2–22.3%), trans-geraniol (12.5– 12.8%), and geranyl acetate (6.6–14.9%) are the main constituents in D. rubrostriata [21]. The phytochemical investigation of the rhizome essential oil of D. citrea indicates that 1,8-cineole is the main component (30.71–43.67%) [22], while high contents of geranyl acetate (16.5%), β-elemene (9.2%), β-pinene (9.0%), and β-caryophyllene (7.9%) are present in the rhizome essential oil of D. orlowii [23]. To the best of our knowledge, the phytochemical analysis and biological activity of 43 Hanh Thi Nhu Hoang et al. D. benenica have not been performed yet. This patterns were checked against those of other article aims to report the chemical composition essential oils of known compositions by using from the rhizome essential oil of D. benenica as well NIST 11 and WILEY 7 Libraries (on ChemStation as its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory HP) and by comparison of mass spectra of the activity. separated constituents with the data reported in the literature [24]. The relative percentage of 2 Material and methods particular components in the essential oils was calculated 2.1 Plant collection and extraction of essential oil from the area percent report (Uncalibrated calculation procedure) generated in the GC software. D. benenica Q.B.Nguyen & Škorničk species was collected in Tay Giang district, Quang Nam 2.3 Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay province, Vietnam in February 2020. A voucher specimen (B.En.01) was deposited at the Faculty of The AChE inhibition assay was determined with a Fundamental Sciences, University of Agriculture modified version of the Ellman colorimetric and Forestry, Hue University, Vietnam. method [25]. Each of the reaction mixtures contains Fresh rhizomes of D. benenica (0.2 kg) were 140 µL of Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 20 µL of the shredded and their essential oil obtained was by tested sample solution, and 20 µL of the AChE hydrodistillation for 6 hours. The oil was dried solution (0.25 units/mL). After incubation for 15 with Na2SO4 and kept under refrigeration (4 °C) min, the reaction was initiated by adding 10 µL of until analysis. The experiments were performed in 0.24 triplicates. (DTNB) and 10 µL of 0.24 mM acetylthiocholine mM 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) iodide (ACTI). The final mixture then was 2.2 Analysis of essential oil incubated at ambient temperature for 15 min. The same reaction mixture without sample was used as A Shimadzu Technologies GCMS-QP2010 Plus a negative control. The optical density was chromatograph fitted with a fused silica Equity-5 measured at 405 nm on an ELISA microplate capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness reader 0.25 µm, Supelco, USA) and coupled with a mass percentage spectrometer (MSD QP2010 Plus) was used for GC- Galanthamine was used as a positive control. All MS analysis. The analytical conditions are as tested follows: carrier helium (1.78 mL/min), injector galanthamine, were dissolved in 10% DMSO temperature of 250 °C, interface temperature of 250 (analytical grade). The reaction was performed in °C, and a column temperature programmed from triplicates in 96-well microplates. The percentage 40 °C (1 min hold) to 285 °C (5 min hold) at 3 inhibition (I%) was calculated according to the °C/min. Samples were injected using a split ratio of following equation: 30:1. The injected volume is 1.0 µL, and the inlet pressure is 100 kPa. The MS conditions are as follows: ionization voltage 70 eV, detector voltage 0.82 kV, and acquisition scan mass range 40–350 amu at a sampling rate of 0.5 scans/s. The MS fragmentation 44 𝐼% = (EMR-500, Labomed inhibition samples and Inc.) was the and the calculated. positive control, 𝐴control − 𝐴sample × 100 𝐴control where Asample is the absorbance of the sample solution; Acontrol is the absorbance of the negative control. Each sample was assayed at 5 pISSN 1859-1388 eISSN 2615-9678 Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science Vol. 129, No. 1D, 43–49, 2020 concentrations (60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 g/mL) so total of 27 components are identified, representing that the IC50 value could be calculated from the 99.57% logarithmic dose-inhibition curve. monoterpene derivatives are the major type of of the oil content. Oxygenated compounds present in the rhizome essential oil 3 Results and discussion with 75.89%, hydrocarbons 3.1 Essential oils composition The rhizome essential oil of D. benenica is a pale yellow liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor and lighter than water. The yield of essential oil is 0.2% (v/w), calculated on a fresh weight basis. A followed by monoterpene (19.97%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.5%), and other compounds (3.21%). Moreover, 1,8-cineole (54.39%), -pinene (7.50%), (E)-citral (7.26%), (Z)-citral (6.79%), and pinene (4.51%) are found in this oil as main constituents (Table 1). Table 1. Chemical composition of the rhizome essential oil of Distichochlamys benenica No. Compound Class Percentage composition (%) 1 (Z)-3-Propylidenecyclopentene NT 0.04 2 -Thujene MH 0.12 3 -Pinene MH 4.51 4 Camphene MH 2.53 5 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-penten-1-ol NT 0.04 6 Isopropyl glycolate NT 0.06 7 Sabinene MH 0.93 8 β-Pinene MH 7.50 9 6-Methylhept-5-ene-2-one NT 2.97 10 (5S,8R)-5-Isopropyl-8-methyl-2-methylene-3,9-decadien-1-ol NT 0.09 11 -Phellandrene MH 0.77 12 Limonene MH 2.93 13 1,8-Cineole OM 54.39 14 γ-Terpinene MH 0.59 15 Terpinolene MH 0.09 16 Linalool OM 2.10 17 Borneol OM 1.33 18 Terpinene-4-ol OM 1.68 19 Arthole OM 0.67 20 -Terpineol OM 0.73 21 Fenchyl acetate OM 0.56 22 (Z)-Geraniol OM 0.23 23 (Z)-Citral OM 6.79 24 β-Farnesene SH 0.50 DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jns.v129i1D.5804 45 Hanh Thi Nhu Hoang et al. No. Compound Class Percentage composition (%) 25 (E)-Citral OM 7.26 26 Neryl acetate OM 0.14 27 Isovalerone NT 0.01 Total 99.57 MH (Monoterpene Hydrocarbons) 19.97 OM (Oxygenated Monoterpenes) 75.89 SH (Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons) 0.5 NT (Non-Terpenes) 3.21 Out of 27 compounds identified in the D. benenica oil, 19 of them are also found in the rhizome essential oil of D. rubrostriata, D. citrea, and D. benenica. rhizome essential oils of D. rubrostriata, D. citrea, and D. orlowii. The most abundant class of the rhizome essential oil of D. benenica is oxygenated monoterpenes (75.89%), similar to those of D. rubrostriata (64.92–94.06%) [21] and of D. citrea (79.47–90.73%) [22, 23]. However, this finding is very different from that of the essential oil of D. orlowii, which comprises oxygenated monoterpenes (29.4%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (23.9%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.7%), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.2%) [23]. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole presented in rhizome essential oil of D. benenica, D. rubrostriata, and D. citrea as the major component with 54.39%, 13.2–22.0% and 23.00–43.67%, respectively [21-23]. Surprisingly, this compound is not identified in D. orlowii [23]. Similarly, a remarkable amount of (E)-citral is found in the rhizome essential oil of D. benenica, D. rubrostriata, and D. citrea but conspicuously absent in D. orlowii. Besides, a significant quantity of -pinene (7.50%), (Z)-citral (6.79%), and -pinene (4.51%) in D. benenica is previously reported on three other Distichochlamys species [21-23]. All of the data in the present and previous studies indicate a similarity in the chemical composition of the 3.2 The essential oil is tested for AChE inhibitory activity at various concentrations. Galanthamine is used as a positive control. The essential oil exhibits moderate AChE inhibition with an IC50 value of 136.63  2.70 g/mL. However, this oil displays a much weaker activity compared with galanthamine (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.01 g/mL) (Table 2). The potency of D. benenica essential oil is stronger than that of Lavandula officinalis (IC50 = 820 g/mL) and Ocimum sanctum oils (IC50 = 1600 g/mL) [26], but slightly weaker than that of Artemisia maderaspatana, Artemisia dracunculus, Pinus heldreichii subsp. leucodermis, and Pinus nigra subsp. nigra oils with IC50 values of 31.33, 58, 51.1, and 94.4 g/mL, respectively [26-28]. A literature survey indicates that 1,8-cineole, -pinene, and β-pinene possess a potent AChE inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 0.06 ± 0.01, 0.09 ± 0.005, and 0.2 ± 0.004 mg/mL, respectively [29]. These components are found in the essential oil of D. benenica with a high content (4.51–54.39%). Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that these compounds contribute significantly to the AChE inhibition of D. benenica oil. 46 Acetylcholinesterase inhibition pISSN 1859-1388 eISSN 2615-9678 Hue University Journal of Science: Natural Science Vol. 129, No. 1D, 43–49, 2020 Table 2. AChE inhibitory activity of rhizome essential oil of Distichochlamys benenica Samples Essential oil Galanthamine# # Concentration (g/mL) Percentage of AChE inhibiton (%) 140 51.56  0.58 120 45.72  0.53 100 39.89  0.38 80 33.67  0.91 60 25.69  0.62 0.5 57.86  1.79 0.4 52.88  0.75 0.3 47.61  0.34 0.2 42.44  1.09 0.1 28.37  1.23 IC50 (g/mL)  SD 136.63  2.70 0.33 ± 0.01 Positive control 4 Acknowledgments Conclusion In this study, we report the phytochemical The authors would like to thank Mr. Cam Xuan Do, composition and AChE inhibitory activity of the University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue rhizome essential oil of D. benenica for the first University for plant identification. time. 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