Nội dung

BUSINESS GUIDE TO PAPER REDUCTION A Step-by-Step Plan to Save Money by Saving Paper Including Case Studies of Bank of America, AT&T, Nike, Alameda County, and the Moore Foundation Heather Sarantis September 2002 Preface I want to thank the following people for their insight and feedback throughout this project: Bill Chaloupka, Neva Hassanein, and Jeff Bookwalter of the University of Montana; and Michael Marx, Todd Paglia, and Adam Zielinski of ForestEthics. I would also like to thank Bruce Nordman of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for help in the initial planning of this project; Leta Winston of Nike, Brad Allenby of AT&T, Ed Yoon of the Moore Foundation, and Beth Eckl, formerly of Alameda County, for their openness in the interview process; and Steve Lippman of Business for Social Responsibility and Susan Kinsella of Conservatree for their thoughtful feedback in the peer review process. I am especially grateful to Bob Kee of Bank of America for his generosity with his time and feedback. This project was made possible by the funding of the Doris Duke Conservation Fellowship and The Packard Foundation. Copyright © 2002 ForestEthics – All Rights Reserved Business Guide to Paper Reduction i Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 I. Background Education About Paper Use..................................................................................2 A. Trends in Paper Consumption..........................................................................................2 B. Business Efficiency: The Argument for Paper Reduction.................................................3 C. Environmental Impact: The Argument for Paper Reduction .............................................4 D. Efficient Paper Use: Where the Environment and Business Intersect ...............................5 II. Step-by-Step Guide for Reducing Paper Consumption ............................................................7 A. Start with a vision............................................................................................................7 B. Do an initial assessment of inefficient paper use. .............................................................7 C. Get buy-in from top leadership. .......................................................................................7 D. Organize a team of people to support the work. ...............................................................9 E. Audit paper consumption. ................................................................................................9 F. Identify and prioritize paper reduction efforts.................................................................11 G. Start with a pilot project. ...............................................................................................12 H. Encourage involvement. ................................................................................................12 I. Educate paper vendors of relevant changes in policies.....................................................14 J. Track results over time....................................................................................................14 K. Communicate success to participants and the public. .....................................................15 L. Continuously find ways to reduce number of sheets and/or paper weight, increase percentage of environmentally preferable paper choices, and eliminate waste. ...............15 III. Case Studies ........................................................................................................................16 A. Bank of America: Long-Term Commitment to Comprehensive Paper Reduction...........16 B. Nike: Basic Changes Make Good Economic Sense ........................................................24 C. AT&T: The Benefits of the Intranet and Online Billing .................................................27 D. Alameda County Offices, CA: Organizing a Large, Decentralized Agency ....................31 E. The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Getting Started.............................................33 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................36 Appendix A: Paper Audit Worksheet..................................................................................37 Appendix B: Related Organizations and Resources ............................................................40 Appendix C: Paper Reduction Strategies ............................................................................43 Appendix D: Bank of America Educational Resources .......................................................50 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................57 Endnotes ............................................................................................................................59 Business Guide to Paper Reduction ii List of Tables Table 1: Environmental Benefits of the Internet at AT&T .........................................................28 Table 2: Economic and Environmental Savings from Online Billing at AT&T ..........................29 List of Figures Figure 1: Sample Paper Reduction Policies .................................................................................8 Figure 2: Prioritizing Paper Reduction Activities.......................................................................12 Figure 3: Tips on Environmental Leadership in Companies.......................................................26 Business Guide to Paper Reduction iii Introduction High quality vision, efficiency, and creativity are key ingredients to a successful business. While much emphasis is placed on how these factors affect a business’ product, companies are also seeking ways to improve their internal operations. Increasingly, they are finding that reducing paper consumption can improve efficiency and reduce costs. Additionally, it can earn them a reputation for being environmentally conscious. This report is a tool kit for building a paper reduction1 campaign. The first section contains educational background information: statistics and trends in paper use, which has been increasing steadily with great access to the internet and printing capabilities; an explanation of the different ways that paper dependence costs companies, including purchasing, storage, lost documents, postage, waste, and labor inefficiency; and the environmental impact of forest extraction and the production and disposal of paper. The second section is a step-by-step guide to implementing a paper reduction campaign in a company. While every company will implement paper reduction in a way that is most appropriate to its culture and organization, in general most or all of the steps outlined in this guide will be necessary for a comprehensive reduction campaign. These steps include getting started, dedicating adequate support, auditing paper consumption, identifying and prioritizing ways to reduce paper consumption, encouraging involvement, tracking improvements, and sustaining efforts over time. The third section presents the case studies, which inspired and informed the step-by-step guide. The guidelines were developed from case studies conducted on Bank of America, Nike, AT&T, Alameda County, and the Moore Foundation. All of these organizations are involved in paper reduction, but are at different stages in the process. These case studies include an overview of how each organization is pursuing paper reduction, some of the successes they have had, and challenges specific to their process. Many companies2 have documented savings of thousands or even millions of dollars through their paper reduction efforts. Some approaches, such as duplex (double-side) copying or printing, may address the everyday ways that people use paper. Other efforts, such as implementing online billing, have the potential to save companies millions of dollars through reduced paper, postage, and processing costs. An initial audit of paper use will often reveal numerous cost-saving ways to dramatically reduced paper without loss of performance. As this report demonstrates, with dedication and planning there is significant potential for a successful paper reduction campaign. Additionally, based on the cost-savings potential, there is little economic justification not to initiate such an effort. And the environmental benefits of paper reduction confirm that what is good for business can be good for the environment. Many companies have documented savings of thousands or even millions of dollars through their paper reduction efforts. Business Guide to Paper Reduction 1 I. Background Education About Paper Use A. Trends in Paper Consumption As many people who work in an office can attest, paper is ubiquitous. While buried under piles of memos, reports, to-do lists, order forms, and staff manuals, paper’s services seem indispensable, yet the paper itself seems to be a great burden. Quite likely, both impressions are true. The ability to document processes, place or fill orders, manage human resources, communicate between employees, store information, edit documents, bill customers, and legally protect oneself or the company can be the core of business operations. Historically, providing these services required the use of paper. Without this important tool, it would be very difficult to conduct business. Yet for many of these services, there are new tools or methods available that could replace the use of paper and provide the service more efficiently and/or cost less. As explained in the following sections, there are significant economic and environmental concerns related to sustained paper dependence. To fully understand these concerns, it is important to understand the magnitude of current paper consumption: Paper Consumption Statistics • The average American office worker is estimated to use a sheet of paper every 12 minutes—a ream per person every two and a half working weeks—and to dispose of 100-200 pounds of paper every year.3 • The number of pages consumed in U.S. offices is growing by about 20 percent each year.4 • The introduction of email into an organization resulted on average in a 40 percent increase in paper consumption.5 A worldwide growth of 600 percent in printer accessibility between 1988 and 19936 is in part what contributes to this. • The U.S. is by far the world’s largest producer and consumer of paper.7 Per capita U.S. paper consumption is over six times greater than the world average and about 25 percent greater than Japan, the world’s second largest per capita paper consumer.8 • According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, global paper products consumption has tripled over the past three decades and is expected to grow by half again before 2010.9 This report focuses on ways to improve business efficiency by reducing paper use. Many of the suggestions for paper reduction entail investing in new technology.10 While some of the information above indicates that introducing more technology—such as the internet or printers— into the workplace can result in increased paper use, this is not the only possible outcome. As documented throughout this report, numerous companies have had excellent success in reducing Business Guide to Paper Reduction 2 paper consumption by focusing on the appropriate use of technology. As part of the same effort, they focus on eliminating wasteful practices and training employees on the benefits of paper reduction. This approach can have significant financial benefits and serve their company better than previous paper-dependent processes. B. Business Efficiency: The Argument for Paper Reduction Paper is something that virtually every business uses in large quantities. Currently 90 percent of all information in businesses is retained on paper.11 Its use is so familiar that it generally goes unquestioned. This tendency, however, can lead companies to stay dependent on wasteful systems. The financial costs of paper extend far beyond just purchasing the paper. There are also costs associated with storage, lost documents, postage, document obsolescence, and labor inefficiency. For example, a study of the Alameda County, CA Social Services Department found that, in distributing a memo to all employees, only 11 percent of the cost was related to purchasing. Thirty-three percent was for copying the memo (this includes expenses for the copy machine and the labor to make the copies), and 56 percent for was the labor of processing and distributing it.12 Below are some of the other less-obvious ways that paper use can negatively impact a company’s bottom line: How Paper Over-Use Hurts the Bottom Line Storage Space: To store 2 million paper documents, an organization can expect to spend between $40,000 and $60,000 on filing cabinets alone. Those same files could fit on fewer than ten CD-ROMs.13 Adding the cost of floor space required to house the filing cabinets, and considering that for many companies 45 percent of files stored are duplicates,14 paper storage is both inefficient and expensive. An effective electronic network and storage system could help cut costs dramatically. Lost Documents: Despite the best intentions and even the best filing systems, documents are lost on a regular basis. In fact, approximately three percent of all paper documents are filed incorrectly, and almost eight percent of all paper documents are eventually lost.15 A study of managers in the U.S. found that they spend an average of three hours per week looking for paper that has been misfiled, mislabeled, or lost. Overall, the cost of misfiled documents is upward of $120 per document.16 An effective electronic storage system combined with a well-developed organization system could dramatically reduce this loss. Postage: Distributing documents by electronic rather than regular mail can significantly reduce postage costs. This is especially true for larger documents. A 1996 case study found that because of shipping costs, producing and delivering five thousand 1,000-page documents on CD-ROM cost less than half as much as producing and delivering the documents on paper.17 Savings can also be significant for lighter weight but higher volume mailing. AT&T, for example, found that paper and postage together account for 72 percent of the cost of billing their corporate customers.18 Online billing can reduce the costs of rendering bills dramatically. Using lighter weight paper,19 for example 20-pound instead of 24-pound, can also reduce postage costs. Business Guide to Paper Reduction 3 Wasted Forms: Outdated forms are a considerable source of waste for many companies. In the U.S. alone, businesses spend $1 billion a year designing and printing forms, $25-35 billion a year filing, storing, and retrieving those paper forms, and $65-85 billion over the entire life cycle of those documents maintaining, updating, and distributing them. While approximately 83 percent of all business documents are forms,20 one third of the printed forms become outdated before they are used.21 With a well-developed internet system, forms can be downloaded and printed as needed, and this waste can be reduced. Labor Inefficiency: A Lawrence Berkeley Labs study estimates that the cost per ton of handling paper is 20 times the cost of purchasing it and 200 times the cost of throwing it away.22 Automated processes can increase productivity by 50 percent or more.23 The Superior Court in Cobb County, GA, for example, reduced their real estate processing time from 46 days to 3 hours by implementing a scanning system with electronic document access.24 Fortunately, there are numerous other opportunities to reduce these inefficiencies. Technology is becoming an increasingly useful tool to reduce paper dependency. Additionally, there are many ways to reduce paper use without technology. By simply beginning to examine and question the way that paper is used within a company, numerous ways to reduce paper consumption and expenses can be found. C. Environmental Impact: The Argument for Paper Reduction In the same way that using paper has hidden but negative effects on business efficiency, its full environmental impact may also not be obvious. All the steps involved in creating paper—wood extraction, processing, production, transportation, use, and disposal—contribute to significant environmental challenges. Recycling paper and using recycled paper can help alleviate concerns associated with much of the process, though it is difficult to quantify its effect on reducing demand on forests. Likely, it is happening at a scale that helps abate the impacts from increasing demand, yet does not create a net reduction in the rate of forest extraction.25 Reducing paper use is the most effective way to reduce some of the following impacts: How Paper Over-Use Hurts the Environment Forest Loss: Though paper can be made from a wide array of materials,26 the U.S. depends almost exclusively on wood. Approximately 70 percent of this comes from the southeastern U.S., which has become the largest pulp-producing region in the world. With an estimated 1.2 million acres of forests cleared every year in the region,27 the impact on forests is significant. Loss of habitat and species endangerment, reduced climate regulation and erosion control capabilities, and weakened air and water cleaning potential all result from such large-scale logging. While approximately 83 percent of all business documents are forms, one third of the printed forms become outdated before they are used. Business Guide to Paper Reduction 4 Production Pollution and Resource Use: To create pulp for office paper, generally a kraft pulping process is used. This dissolves the wood chips and removes lignin, a resinous binding that gives structure to the cells of the wood but will ultimately cause yellowing in the paper if not removed. Overall, in this pulping process only about half the tree is actually used to make the paper.28 Pulp and paper mills in the U.S. produce approximately 245,000 metric tons of toxic air pollutants every year, which may include volatile organic compounds, sulfur, absorbable organic halides, chloroform, dioxin, and furan. All of these toxins have known health risks.29 Worldwide, pulp and paper is the fifth largest industrial consumer of energy, accounting for four percent of the world’s energy use,30 and the processes use more water to produce a ton of product than any other industry.31 Overall, producing one ton of paper uses 98 tons of various resources.32 Disposal Pollution: Paper, including paperboard,33 is the single largest component of municipal solid waste, constituting 38 percent of all materials.34 As of May 2001, approximately 46 percent of the office paper generated in the U.S. was recovered.35 Thus, despite long-term educational efforts, more paper is still going into landfills than is being collected for recycling.36 Once at the landfill, the carbon present in wastepaper decomposes to produce methane, 37 a potent greenhouse gas. The paper also has toxic printing inks on it. While printing inks have become less toxic over the years, many of the color pigments are still made with heavy metals, which can eventually leach out of the paper and contaminate groundwater through leaks in the landfill.38 This description of environmental problems is not comprehensive. To understand the total environmental impact of paper, a full life-cycle analysis would be needed, including factors such as the transportation of trees to the mills and paper to the end-use destination, the extraction involved in the development of the chemicals used in production processes and printing inks, and the pollution in the production of those chemicals; among other factors. Ecological degradation and potential health impacts from paper production should provide incentives to seek out better ways to meet the needs of business and society. D. Efficient Paper Use: Where the Environment and Business Intersect Regardless of whether a company approaches paper reduction from an environmental or economic perspective, the above-mentioned challenges can be addressed simultaneously. Even a cursory investigation of paper use will often reveal opportunities to reduce inefficiency. Possible approaches to these reductions vary in labor intensity and potential initial investment; some are simple, some are significant. Either way, businesses frequently find a high return on investment for their paper reduction efforts. As the examples below demonstrate, any scale of effort can result in worthwhile savings: Overall, producing one ton of paper uses 98 tons of various resources. Business Guide to Paper Reduction 5 High ROI from Paper Reduction Campaigns • General Electric estimates an up to $10 billion cost reduction in the coming years through digitizing many of its processes. This effort has already helped GE identify approximately $1.5 billion in potential cost-savings for 2001.39 • Public Service Electric and Gas Company saved 100 tons of paper and $320,000 through the use of electronic communications.40 • Legacy Health Systems saved $279,000 in reduced paper consumption by centralizing files, reducing distribution lists, and consolidating forms.41 • Lockheed Martin estimates savings of eight million sheets of paper and $250,000 by putting a 100-page manual on the Internet.42 • Bell Atlantic saved 29 tons of paper and more than $60,000 by expanding the use of electronic purchasing orders and invoices.43 In natural systems as in business operations, efficient, minimally wasteful processes are significant factors in long-term stability. As these examples indicate, there does not need to be a distinction between paper reduction efforts that are good for the environment and good for the bottom line. The two even amplify each other – while cost-savings will be the most tangible benefit, a reputation for being environmentally conscious can also be good for business. Business Guide to Paper Reduction 6