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TE AM FL Y BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE 3G and Beyond Edited by Willie W. Lu SIEMENS, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE 3G and Beyond Edited by Willie W. Lu SIEMENS, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents Preface List of Contributors ix xiii 1 Summary and Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1 3 4 5 8 Introduction Network Architecture Protocol Stack Compact Open Core Conclusions 2 UMTS Air Interface 11 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 3GPP 2.1.2 3GPP2 2.2 UMTS Air Interface 2.2.1 Layer 1 2.2.2 Layer 2 2.2.3 Layer 3 2.3 CDMA2000 Air Interface 2.3.1 Layer 1 2.3.2 Layer 2 2.3.3 Layer 3 2.4 Compatibility Issues 2.4.1 3GPP-3G 2.4.2 3G-2G 2.5 Enhancing 3G Capabilities 2.5.1 Adaptive Antennas 2.5.2 Space-Time Transmission Diversity 2.5.3 Turbo Coding 2.5.4 Multiuser Detection 2.6 Conclusions 11 13 14 14 15 48 62 70 71 76 85 90 91 93 95 98 113 121 128 132 3 Network Architecture 137 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Requirements for 3G Systems 3.1.2 International Standardisation Activities 3.1.3 General Aspects of 3G Systems 3.1.4 Chapter Outline 137 138 138 140 141 Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond vi 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Generic Network Model 3.2.1 Physical Model 3.2.2 Functional Model Network Architecture 3.3.1 3GPP Release 99 3.3.2 3GPP Release 4 3.3.3 3GPP Release 5 3.3.4 An Overview of PS Domain Protocols UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 3.4.1 UTRAN Architecture 3.4.2 UTRAN Functions 3.4.3 Control and User Plane Separation in UTRAN 3.4.4 UE-UTRAN Association 3.4.5 The Uu Interface 3.4.6 The Iu Interface 3.4.7 Key Features of Iu Interface 3.4.8 Protocol Architecture across Iu 3.4.9 Signalling Procedures across Iu 3.4.10 Iur Interface 3.4.11 Iub Interface 3.4.12 Establishment of Data Bearers in UTRAN Network Access Security 3.5.1 Key Security Principles 3.5.2 Weaknesses in Second-Generation Security 3.5.3 Security Objectives 3.5.4 Security Architecture 3.5.5 Network Access Security 142 142 144 146 147 156 160 166 169 169 174 176 177 178 178 179 181 187 198 205 209 215 216 217 217 218 220 4 Emerging Wireless Applications and Protocols 239 4.1 4.2 239 240 240 243 251 252 254 256 260 262 262 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 4.3 4.4 4.5 Introduction Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 4.2.1 WAP Markets 4.2.2 WAP Architectures and Protocols 4.2.3 WAP Securities 4.2.4 WAP Interoperability 4.2.5 WAP and 3Gwireless 4.2.6 WAP Services and Applications 4.2.7 WAP System Solutions i-Mode 4.3.1 What is i-Mode? 4.3.2 i-Mode Compatible HTML 4.3.3 i-Mode Network Structure 4.3.4 Features of i-Mode 4.3.5 i-Mode Applications 4.3.6 i-Mode Developing Strategy Other Wireless Mobile Internet Application Technologies Conclusions 5 Initiatives in 4G Mobile Design 271 5.1 271 271 271 277 277 Introduction – Who Needs 4G? What is 4G? 5.1.1 Social Background and Future Trends 5.1.2 Trends in ITU-R 5.1.3 Wireless Access Systems Related to 4G Mobile 5.1.4 Key Technologies Contents vii 5.2 Microwave Propagation 5.2.1 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Urban Environments 5.2.2 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Residential Environments 5.3 Adaptive Antennas 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Algorithms 5.3.3 Space-time Equaliser Using Adaptive Antennas 5.3.4 Implementation of the Space-time Equaliser 5.3.5 CDMA Adaptive Array Antennas 5.3.6 SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) 5.3.7 Summary 5.4 Multiple Access Schemes 5.4.1 Comparison and Improvement Technology of Multiple Access Schemes 5.4.2 Multi-carrier CDMA 5.4.3 Summary 5.5 CDMA Dynamic Cell Configuration 5.5.1 Teletraffic Load in Cellular Radio Systems 5.5.2 Teletraffic Management and Access Methods 5.5.3 Channel Assignment 5.5.4 Control Methods in CDMA Systems 5.5.5 Principle of Dynamic Cell Configuration 5.5.6 Evaluation of DCC 5.5.7 Characteristics in Up and Downlinks 5.5.8 Future Works 5.6 CDMA Cellular Packet Communications 5.6.1 Transmission Power Control for Connection-less Services 5.6.2 Service Fairness in a System with Site Diversity Reception 5.6.3 Accommodation of Asymmetric Traffic 5.6.4 Summary 5.7 Network Architecture and Teletraffic Evaluation 5.7.1 Reducing Interruptions During Handoff 5.7.2 Reducing Forced Terminations During Handoff 5.7.3 Handover Control Appropriate for Multimedia Communications Using ATM and IP Technologies 5.7.4 A Mobile Communication Traffic Model 5.8 TCP over 4G 5.8.1 Transmission Rate Control 5.8.2 Transmission Power Control for CDMA Wireless Systems 5.8.3 Steady State Analysis for Combining of Transmission Power Control and Packet Transmission Rate Control 5.8.4 Performance Evaluation 5.8.5 Conclusions 5.9 Decoding Technique in Mobile Multimedia Communications 277 279 285 288 288 290 291 293 295 296 300 300 301 302 307 307 307 308 309 309 310 311 312 314 315 316 318 322 325 326 327 327 341 342 343 343 6 Conclusions 357 Index 361 331 332 336 339 340