Blueprint Reading

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Blueprint Reading © 2002 by CRC Press LLC Blueprint Reading Frank R. Spellman Joanne E. Drinan CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Spellman, Frank R. Blueprint reading / Frank R. Spellman, Joanne E. Drinan. p. cm. (Fundamentals for the water & wastewater maintenance operator series) Includes index. ISBN 1-58716-133-8 (alk. paper) 1. Blueprints. I. Drinan, Joanne. II. Title. III. Series T379 .S69 2002 692′.1′024628—dc21 2001052849 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-58716-133-8 Library of Congress Card Number 2001052849 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Dedication For Water and Wastewater Maintenance Operators Everywhere © 2002 by CRC Press LLC Preface You have heard the old saying, “A picture is worth a thousand words.” This is certainly true when referring to a water- or wastewater-unit process, plant process machinery, or a plant electrical motor controller. It would be next to impossible for a maintenance supervisor (or any other knowledgeable person) to accurately describe in words the shape, size, configuration, relations of the various components of a machine, or its operation in sufficient detail for a water or wastewater maintenance operator to troubleshoot the process or machine properly. Blueprints are the universal language used to communicate quickly and accurately the necessary information to understand process operations or to disassemble, service, and reassemble process equipment. The original drawing is seldom used in the plant or field, but copies, commonly called “blueprints,” are made and distributed to maintenance operators who need them. These blueprints are used extensively in water and wastewater operations to convey the ideas relating to the design, manufacture, and operation of equipment and installations. Simply, blueprints are reproductions or copies of original drawings. Blueprints are made by a special process that produces a white image on blue background from drawings having dark lines on a light background. In addition to understanding applicable blueprints, the maintenance operator should be familiar with schematic diagrams, which are also important “pictorial” representations. Made for a technical purpose, a schematic is a line drawing that uses symbols and connecting lines to show how a particular system operates. Blueprints and schematics are particularly important to a maintenance operator because they provide detailed information (or views) for troubleshooting; that is, they help familiarize the troubleshooter with the overall characteristics of systems and equipment. In this text, we focus on blueprints and schematics representative of major plant support equipment and systems. Major support equipment and systems included are: • • • • • • • Machine parts Machines Hydraulic and pneumatic systems Piping and plumbing systems Electrical systems Welding systems Air conditioning and refrigeration (AC & R) systems. Experience has shown that when maintenance operators can understand and properly use the types of drawings and schematics described above, they have little difficulty in correctly interpreting and using plant unit process drawings. © 2002 by CRC Press LLC Blueprint Reading is the sixth volume in Technomic’s Fundamentals for the Water & Wastewater Maintenance Operator Series. It is designed as a basic text for water and wastewater maintenance operators who must develop skills in reading and accurately interpreting plant and system drawings. Moreover, the text bridges the gap that exists between the available training materials and the information that water and wastewater maintenance operators need to know. Blueprint Reading contains two major parts: Part 1 covers basic principles of blueprint reading. Part 2 deals with principles and applications of schematics and symbols. Each chapter presents essential, practical knowledge about blueprints, schematics and symbols that are a vital part of understanding and interpreting plant operations. Completing the chapters in this text will increase your maintenance skills and enhance your ability to properly maintain plant systems. The information we provide in this book, and in this series, will help you build your skills. This is vital, because, to avoid major plant or system trouble, water and wastewater facilities need skilled maintenance operators to perform the key functions of troubleshooting and repair. To assure correlation to modern practice and design, we present illustrative problems in commonly used blueprint terminology, and cover typical drawing concepts used in today’s water and wastewater treatment systems. Each chapter ends with a self test to help readers evaluate their mastery of the concepts we present. Before going on to the next chapter, take the self test, compare your answers to the key, and review the pertinent information for any problems you missed. If many items are missed, review the whole chapter. A comprehensive final examination can be found at the end of this text. ✔Note: The symbol ✔ (check mark) displayed in various locations throughout this manual indicates or emphasizes that a point is especially significant and should be studied carefully. This text is accessible to those who have no experience with blueprint reading, however, an understanding of basic mechanics, basic machines, and basic electricity will help. If you work through the text systematically, you will be surprised at how easily you acquire an understanding and skill in blueprint reading — adding a critical component to your professional knowledge. Frank R. Spellman Joanne E. Drinan © 2002 by CRC Press LLC Table of Contents PART I Blueprints Chapter 1 Blueprints: The Universal Language Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 1.1 Groping in the Dark 1.2 Blueprint Standards 1.2.1 Standards-Setting Organizations 1.2.1.1 ANSI Standards for Blueprint Sheets 1.3 Finding Information 1.3.1 Detail Drawings 1.3.2 Assembly Drawings 1.4 Title Block 1.5 Drawing Notes 1.5.1 General Notes 1.5.2 Local Notes 1.6 Self Test Chapter 2 Basic Math Review Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 2.1 The Maintenance Operator’s “Toolbox” 2.2 Units of Measurement 2.3 Fractions and Decimal Fractions 2.4 Review of Basic Math Operations 2.4.1 Addition 2.4.2 Subtraction 2.4.3 Multiplication 2.4.4 Division 2.5 Decimal Operations 2.5.1 Decimal Addition 2.5.2 Decimal Subtraction 2.5.3 Decimal Multiplication 2.5.4 Decimal Division 2.6 Working With Fractions 2.6.1 Adding and Subtracting Fractions © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 2.6.2 Subtracting Fractions 2.6.3 Multiplication of Fractions 2.6.4 Division of Fractions 2.7 Angles 2.8 Area of a Rectangle 2.9 Radius Self-Test Chapter 3 Alphabet of Lines Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 3.1 Just a Bunch of Drawn Lines? 3.2 Visible Lines 3.3 Hidden Lines 3.4 Section Lines 3.5 Center Lines 3.6 Dimension and Extension Lines 3.7 Leaders 3.8 Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane Lines 3.9 Break Lines 3.10 Phantom Lines 3.11 Line Gage Self-Test Chapter 4 Views Key Terms Used in this Chapter 4.1 Orthographic Projections 4.2 One-View Drawings 4.3 Two-View Drawings 4.4 Three-View Drawings 4.5 Auxiliary Views Self-Test Chapter 5 Dimensions and Shop Notes Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 5.1 Dimensioning 5.2 Decimal and Size Dimensions 5.3 Definition of Dimensioning Terms 5.3.1 Nominal Size 5.3.2 Basic Size 5.3.3 Allowance 5.3.4 Design Size © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 5.3.5 Limits 5.3.6 Tolerance 5.3.7 Datums 5.4 Types of Dimensions 5.4.1 Linear Dimensions 5.4.2 Angular Dimensions 5.4.3 Reference Dimensions 5.4.4 Tabular Dimensions 5.4.5 Arrowless Dimensions 5.5 Shop Notes Self-Test Chapter 6 Machine Drawings Key Terms Used in this Chapter Understanding Machines and Machine Tools The Centrifugal Pump Drawing (Simplified) 6.2.1 The Centrifugal Pump 6.2.2 Centrifugal Pump: Description 6.2.3 Centrifugal Pump: Components 6.3 Packing Gland Drawing 6.4 Submersible Pump Drawing (Simplified) 6.5 Turbine Pump Drawing (Simplified) Self-Test 6.1 6.2 Chapter 7 Sheet Metal Drawings Key Terms Used in this Chapter Sheet Metal Dimension Calculations 7.2.1 Calculations for Allowances in Bend 7.2.1.1 Set-Back Table 7.2.1.2 Formulae Used to Determine Developed Length 7.3 Hems and Joints Self-Test 7.1 7.2 Chapter 8 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 8.1 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 8.1.1 Standard Hydraulic System 8.1.2 Standard Pneumatic System 8.1.3 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 8.1.3.1 Similarities 8.1.3.2 Differences © 2002 by CRC Press LLC 8.2 8.3 Type of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Drawings Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Systems 8.3.1 Symbols for Methods of Operation (Controls) 8.3.2 Symbols for Rotary Devices 8.3.3 Symbols for Lines 8.3.4 Symbols for Valves 8.3.5 Symbols for Miscellaneous Units 8.4 Supplementary Information Accompanying Graphic Drawings 8.4.1 Sequence of Operations 8.4.2 Solenoid Chart 8.4.3 Bill of Materials Self-Test Chapter 9 Welding Blueprints and Symbols Introduction Key Terms Used in this Chapter 9.1 Welding Drawings 9.2 Welding Processes 9.3 Types of Welded Joints 9.3.1 Butt Joints 9.3.2 Lap Joints 9.3.3 Tee Joints 9.3.4 Edge Joints 9.3.5 Corner Joints 9.4 Basic Weld Symbols 9.4.1 Symbols for Arc and Gas Welds 9.4.2 Symbols for Resistance Welds 9.4.3 Symbols for Supplementary Welds 9.5 The Welding Symbol 9.5.1 Reference Line 9.5.2 Arrowhead 9.5.3 Weld Symbol 9.5.4 Dimensions 9.5.5 Special Symbols 9.5.5.1 Contour Symbol 9.5.5.2 Groove Angle 9.5.5.3 Spot Weld 9.5.5.4 Weld-All-Around 9.5.5.5 Field Weld 9.5.5.6 Melt-Thru Weld 9.5.5.7 Finish Symbols 9.5.6 Tail Self-Test Chapter 10 Electrical Drawings © 2002 by CRC Press LLC
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