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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 02 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.272 Bio-Efficacy of different Biopesticides Evaluated against Aphids Infesting Coriander K. N. Patel1*, R. K. Thumar2*, Atul Mohapatra1, A. H. Barad1 and K. D. Parmar1 1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, 2Department of Nematology, B A College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Coriander, aphids, ginger rhizome extract, tobacco deccotion, garlic bulb extract Article Info Accepted: 15 February 2021 Available Online: 10 March 2021 A field experiment was conducted at Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Rabi season 2019-20 to assess the bio-efficacy of various biopesticides against aphids infesting coriander. Of the nine biopesticides evaluated against aphids infesting coriander, application of tobacco decoction was found the most effective followed by ginger rhizome extract and garlic bulb extract with coriander seed yield of 449, 437, and 420 kg/ha, respectively. Introduction Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is very important spice and it is mainly a crop of tropics and sub-tropics and the crop is the native of Mediterranean region near east region. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of coriander in the world. It is extensively grown in the arid to semi-arid regions of India. Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajsthan, Uttar Pradesh and West bengal are the major coriander producing states of India covering an area of about 0.628 million ha with the production of 0.75 million tonnes (Anon., 2019a). Rajasthan and Gujarat states have emerged as seed spice bowl and together contribute more than 80 per cent of the total coriander production in the country. Gujarat, covering an area of about 86.175 thousand ha with production of 129150 MT production (Anon., 2019b). Insect-pests are one of the major limiting factor for higher production of good quality coriander leaves as well as seeds. These include: aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das.), Bemisia tabaci (Genn), Agonoscelis nubile (Fab.), Spodoptera exigua (Hub.), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Thrips tabaci 2169 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 (Lindeman) and the mite, Petrobia latens (Muller) (Jain and Yadava, 1988). Among the insect-pests infesting coriander, the aphid, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das.) has been reported as a regular and major pest in Rajasthan and other parts of the country (Hameed et al., 1975; Jain, 1984). Aphids cause both the quantitative and qualitative loss in the seed yield and deteriorate the green leaves by sucking cell sap. Moreover, it exudes copious quantity of honey dew, which favour the growth of sooty mould and results into retarded growth of the plant. In case of severe infestation the growing points and flower stalks wither and dry up and at flowering and fruiting stage, the seeds are not formed and if they are formed, they are shriveled and of poor quality. Both the nymphs and adults cause qualitative and quantitative losses to seed yield by sucking cell sap from inflorescences/umbels. Biopesticides have an essential role in IPM because it can be used along with other strategies for sustainable insect-pest management. They cause regularly a considerable mortality of varied insect pests in many parts of the world and thus, constitute an efficient and extremely important natural control factor (Steinhaus, 1949). The safety of biopesticides towards humans, the environment and non-target organisms is an important criteria and offers a safer alternative for application in IPM over continuously evolving chemical insecticides. Materials and Methods For evaluation of various insecticides against aphid infesting coriander an experiment was conducted under field conditions at B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in Random Blocked Design with ten treatments viz., neem oil 1%, neem seed kernel extract 5%, garlic bulb extract 5%, ginger rhizome extract 5%, tobacco decoction 2%, kalmegh extract 10%, indranama fruit extract 5%, cow urine 2%, Asafoetida + Ajawain + turmeric2% and control (no spray) along with three replications with a view to evaluate bioefficacy of various biopesticides against aphids infesting coriander. The first spray of respective biopesticides was given on appearance of aphid and second spray was given after 10 days of first spray for recording observations, 5 plants were randomly selected from each plot and 3 shoots each of 5 cm was selected randomly from each plant and count the number of aphids and also count their natural enemies. The observations were recorded before first spray as well as 3,5,7 and 10 days after each spray. The seed yield was also recorded. The data obtained were analyzed by following standard statistical technique (Steel and Torrie, 1980).On the basis of coriander seed yield harvested from various treatments under study, the avoidable losses due to aphids was calculated with the help of formula described by Khosla(1977). Avoidable losses (%) Yield of treatment which - Yield of respective gave the highest yield treatment =----------------------------------------------- x100 Yield of treatment which gave the highest yield Results and Discussion The population of aphids was homogenous before spray in all the treatments as treatments did not differ significantly. All the evaluated biopesticdes were significantly superior to control up to 10 days of spray. First spray The analysis of data on aphid population/5 cm shoot of plant at 3rd DAS revealed that the all the treatments were found non-significant but the aphid population decreased as compared to the before spray observations. At the 5th DAS, 2170 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 the treatment of tobacco decoction 2 per cent recorded that lowest aphid population (25.40/5 cm shoot) and proved to be the most effective and remained par with ginger rhizome extract (GRE) 5%. The maximum aphid population was recorded in the treatment of indranama fruit extract (IFE) 5% with the population of 47.38 aphids/ 5 cm shoot and it was at par with the kalmegh (KE) extract 10% but they were also found at par with control but significantly superior. While, the others treatment like the neem oil 1%, NSKE 5%, Garlic bulb extract (GBE) 5%, cow urine 2% and asafoetida + ajwain + turmeric (AsAjT) 2% were mediocre in their effectiveness against the aphid population but recorded aphid population significantly lower than that of the control. The order of efficacy of biopesticides in comparison to control based on aphid population/5 cm shoot (given in bracket after each treatment) was : Tobacco decoction 2% (25.40) > ginger rhizome extract 5% (25.91) > garlic bulb extract 5% (36.10) > neem oil 1% (35.34) > NSKE 5% (36.95) > asafoetida + ajwain + turmeric 2% (37.69) > cow urine 2% (46.69) > kalmegh extract 10% (46.97) > indranama fruit extract 5% (47.38) > control (56.65). At the seven days after first spray, aphid population slightly decreased due to the increasing effect of biopesticides and all the treatment were significantly superior over control. Similar trend in efficacy as per the 5th DAS was found in the 7th day as well wherein, the treatment of tobacco decoction 2% recorded the least (22.82/ 5 cm shoot) aphid population which was at par with the treatment of GRE 5% (23.11/5 cm shoot). Whereas, the minimum control of the aphid population (48.92/5 cm shoot of plant) was observed in the indranama fruit extract with the concentration of the 5% and it was also at par with the treatment of the cow urine 2% and kalmegh extract 10%. More or less similar effect of treatments was observed at the 10th DAS. The pooled over period data of population of aphid showed that the highest control in aphid’s population was achieved in two treatment viz., tobacco decoction 2% and GRE 5%. After that, the treatments of GBE 5%, neem oil 1%, NSKE 5%, AsAjT 2% and cow urine 2% stood next in their efficacy and were at par with each other. And the least effective treatments were indranama fruit extract 5% and kalmegh extract 10% but were recorded significantly superior over control. Second spray Three days after the second spray of the biopesticide, minimum aphid population was found in the plots treated with the tobacco decoction 2% at observed the population of aphid at 5 cm shoots were 22.34 aphids as per the Table 2. Which was at par with the treatment of GRE 5% and the population of aphid was 22.82 /5 cm shoot of plant. After that GBE 5% was found moderately effective with the population of 33.48 aphids/5 cm shoot and at par with neem oil 1% (33.37/5 cm shoot). Where the less control of population found in which plots with the treated by the kalmegh extract 10% and indranama fruit extract 10%. At 5th DAS after the second spray of the biopesticides, the tobacco decoction 2% with population of 12.17aphid /5 cm shoot of plant found most effectively treatment and it was at par with the treatment of GRE 5% and aphid’s population was registered as 13.78/5 cm shoot of plant. Whereas, the highest population was found in the treatments of the kalmegh extract and indranama fruit extract with the population of aphid as 30.63 and 30.97/ 5 cm of shoot. More or less similar results were observed at seven days after second spray. 2171 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 Table.1 Bio-efficacy of biopesticides against aphids infesting coriander after first spray Tr. No. Treatments Conc. (%) T1 Neem oil (Azadirachta indica L.) 01 7.54 (56.35) No. of aphids/5 cm shoots at indicated days after spray 5 7 10 Pooled over periods 6.81 6.07b 5.86c 5.36c 6.03c (45.87) (36.34) (28.22) (28.22) (35.86) T2 Neem seed kernel extract 05 T3 Garlic bulb extracts (Allium sativum L.) 05 T4 Ginger rhizome extracts (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) 05 T5 Tobacco decoction 02 T6 Kalmegh extracts (Andrographis paniculata Wall) 10 T7 Indranama fruit extracts (Citrullus colocynthis L.) 05 T8 Cow urine 02 T9 Asafoetida + Ajawain + turmeric(AsAjT) 02 T10 Control 7.46 (55.15) 7.37 (53.81) 7.59 (57.10) 7.44 (54.85) 7.45 (55.00) 7.59 (57.10) 7.55 (56.50) 7.46 (55.15) 7.55 (56.50) 0.35 6.67 (43.98) 6.59 (42.92) 6.78 (45.46) 6.65 (43.72) 6.84 (46.28) 6.83 (46.14) 6.84 (46.28) 6.78 (45.46) 7.58 (56.95) 0.36 S.Em.±T P TxP - Before spray 3 6.12b (36.95) 6.05b (36.10) 5.14c (25.91) 5.09c (25.40) 6.89ab (46.97) 6.92ab (47.38) 6.87ab (46.69) 6.18b (37.69) 7.56a (56.65) 0.26 5.84c (33.60) 5.81c (33.25) 4.86d (23.11) 4.83d (22.82) 6.87b (46.69) 7.03b (48.92) 6.27bc (38.81) 5.91c (34.42) 7.95a (62.70) 0.27 5.39c (28.55) 5.35c (28.12) 4.33d (18.24) 4.16d (16.80) 6.72b (44.65) 6.77b (45.33) 6.10bc (36.71) 5.77c (32.79) 7.73a (59.25) 0.28 6.01c (35.62) 5.95c (34.90) 5.28d (27.37) 5.18d (26.33) 6.83b (46.14) 6.88b (46.83) 6.52bc (42.01) 6.16c (37.44) 7.70a (58.59) 0.20 0.09 0.29 NS NS Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. F test (T) 8.99 9.05 8.48 8.20 8.31 8.09 C.V. % Note : Figures in parentheses are retransformed values and those outside are √x +0.5 transformed values. Treatment mean(s) with the letter(s) in common are not significant by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level of significance. Significant parameters and its interactions: T, P and T X P. 2172 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 Table.2 Bioefficacy of biopesticides against aphids infesting coriander after second spray Tr. No. T1 Conc. (%) No. of aphids/5 cm shoots at indicated days after spray Pooled over periods and sprays 3 5 7 10 Pooled 01 5.82d 4.77c 4.41d 3.89cd 4.72cd 5.37d (33.37) (22.25) (18.94) (14.63) (21.77) (28.33) Neem seed kernel extract 05 5.86b 4.75c 4.65d 4.20cd 4.86cd 5.43d T2 (33.83) (22.06) (21.12) (17.14) (23.11) (29.98) Garlic bulb extracts (Allium sativum L.) 05 5.83d 4.74c 4.29d 3.68d 4.64d 5.29d T3 (33.48) (21.96) (17.90) (13.04) (21.02) (27.48) Ginger rhizome extracts (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) 05 4.83e 3.78d 3.03e 2.27e 3.48e 4.38e T4 (22.82) (13.78) (8.68) (4.65) (11.61) (18.68) Tobacco decoction 02 4.78e 3.56d 2.69e 1.8e 3.23e 4.21e T5 (22.34) (12.17) (6.73) (2.74) (9.99) (17.22) Kalmegh extracts (Andrographis paniculata Wall) 10 6.60b 5.58b 5.71b 4.99b 5.73b 6.28b T6 (43.06) (30.63) (32.10) (24.40) (32.33) (38.93) Indranama fruit extracts (Citrullus colocynthis L.) 05 6.70b 5.61b 5.78b 5.01b 5.77b 6.33b T7 (44.39) (30.97) (32.90) (24.60) (32.79) (39.56) Cow urine 02 6.00b 4.91bc 5.19bc 4.46bc 5.14c 5.83c T8 (35.05) (23.60) (26.43) (19.39) (25.91) (33.48) Asafoetida + Ajawain + turmeric 02 5.84bc 4.81bc 4.69cd 4.34bcd 4.92cd 5.74cd T9 (33.60) (22.63) (21.49) (18.33) (23.70) (32.44) Control 7.56a 7.38a 7.35a 7.36a 7.42a 7.56a T10 (56.65) (53.96) (53.52) (53.66) (54.55) (56.65) 0.31 0.25 0.31 0.23 0.14 0.10 S.Em.±T 0.08 6.50 P 0.27 0.20 TxP Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. Sig. F test (T) 8.61 8.53 11.25 9.62 9.58 8.59 C.V. % Note : 1. Figures in parentheses are retransformed values and those outside are √x +0.5 transformed values. 2. Treatment mean(s) with the letter(s) in common are not significant by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level of significance. 3. Significant parameters and its interactions: T, P and T X P. Where, T = Treatment and P = Period. Treatments Neem oil (Azadirachta indica L.) 2173 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 Table.3 Effect of various biopesticides on coriander yield Tr. No. Treatments Conc. (%) Yield (kg/ha) T1 T2 T3 T4 Neem oil (Azadirachta indica L.) Neem seed kernel extract Garlic bulb extracts (Allium sativum L.) Ginger rhizome extracts (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Tobacco decoction Kalmegh extracts (Andrographis paniculata Wall) Indranama fruit extracts (Citrullus colocynthis L.) Cow urine Asafoetida + Ajawain + turmeric Control S. Em. + F test (T) C. V. (%) 1 05 5 5 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 408cd 400cd 420bc 437ab Increase in yield over control (%) 37.37 34.65 41.41 47.13 Avoidable losses (%) 9.13 10.91 6.45 2.67 2 10 449a 328d 51.17 10.43 0.00 26.94 5 327d 10.10 27.17 2 2 - 350d 346d 297e 56.66 Sig. 12.35 17.84 16.49 22.04 22.93 33.85 - Note: Treatment mean with letter(s) in common are non-significant by DNMRT at 5% level of significance 2174 - Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 Fig.1 Effect of different biopesticides on yield of coriander 2175 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 Population of aphids after tenth day of second spray of the biopesticides, the lowest population was found in the treatments of tobacco decoction 2% (9.99 aphids/5 cm shoot) and GRE 5% (11.61 aphids/5 cm shoot). Among the evaluated treatments, the highest population of aphid was found in the treatment of kalmegh extract 10% and the indranama fruit extract treatment 5%. The treatments, GBE 5%, neem oil 1%, NSKE 5% and AsAjT 2% were found comparatively less effective against aphid population infesting coriander. Pooled over periods (Table 2) data of second spray asserted that the treatment of tobacco decoction 2% (9.99 aphid/5 cm shoot) and GRE 5% (11.61 aphid/5 cm shoot) were found highly effective in checking the population of aphid infesting coriander. Whereas, the treatments of GBE 5% (21.02 aphid/5 cm shoot) and neem oil 1% (21.77 aphid/5 cm shoot) moderately effective and it was at par with the treatments of the NSKE 5% (23.11 aphid/5 cm shoot), cow urine 2% (25.91 aphid/5 cm shoot) and AsAjT 2% (23.70 aphid/5 cm shoot). And the treatment of kalmegh extract and indranama fruit extract less effectively in the control of the aphid population in coriander. Over all pooled Pooled over spray data (Table 2) revealed that tobacco decoction 2% (17.22/5 cm shoot) was found the significantly superior than all the evaluated biopesticides except GRE 5% (18.68/5 cm shoot). Also GBE 5% (27.48/5 cm shoot), neem oil 1% (28.33/5 cm shoot) and NSKE 5% (29.98/5 cm shoot) treated plots revealed significantly lower incidence of aphids compared to the remaining treatments, while the plots treated with IFE 5% recorded the maximum (39.56/5 cm shoot) aphid population and it was at par with kalmegh extract 10% (38.93/5cm shoot). From the above result, it can be deduced that tobacco decoction 2%, GRE 5% and GBE 5% were more effective in reducing aphid population in present investigation. However, neem oil 1%, NSKE 5% and AsAjT 2% were found mediocre in their effectiveness against the aphid in coriander. Whereas, the cow urine 2%, kalmegh extract 10% and indranama fruit extract 5% were found least effective in the reducing of aphid population. According to Noonari et al., (2016) studied on efficacy of bio-pesticides for management of sucking insect pests of cotton and they found that highest per cent reduction of thrips in NSKE, neem oil, tobacco and hing (asafoetida) when in condition of jassid neem oil, hing, and tobacco and in whitefly reduction per cent revealed that hing, neem oil and tobacco. Megersa (2016) evaluated botanicals extract for control of pea aphid at Ethiopia and reveled that garlic and neem was found superior on aphid under laboratory condition as compared to the ended seed (Phytolacca dodecandra). Pradhan et al., (2018) reviewed the cow urine effect on crop production and according to them cow urine works on management of sucking insect pest of any crop but it only works well when it used in high concentration. Thus, present findings are more or less tally with the reports of previous researchers. Effect on Coriander Yield The coriander seed yield data recorded in various biopesticide treatments as well as in control during study are presented here in Table 3. Maximum coriander seed yield (471 kg/ha) was recorded from the plots treated with the tobacco 2% (449 kg/ha) which was at par with GRE 5% (437 kg/ha). Among the biopesticides, the lowest yield was recorded from the plots treated with indranama fruit 2176 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 extract 5% (327 kg/ha) which was at par with kalmegh extract 10% (328 kg/ha). Increase in yield over control of coriander seed yield was worked out in different bio-pesticidal treatments which indicated that maximum (51.17%) increase in yield found from plots treated with tobacco decoction 2% followed by GRE 5% (47.13%). While among the tested biopesticides, minimum increase in yields over control (10.10) was found from plots treated with indranama 5% (10.10%) followed by the kalmegh extract 10% (10.43). Concisely, tobacco decoction 2% and GRE 5% recorded higher yield of coriander seed compared to the rest of treatments. Earlier researchers have not compared these biopesticides against aphid infesting coriander; therefore, present findings could not be discussed with the earlier reports. The GRE 5% (2.67%) recorded lowest avoidable losses followed by GBE 5% (6.45%). The avoidable losses were 9.13, 10.91, 22.04, 22.93 and 26.94 per cent in neem oil 1%, NSKE 5%, cow urine 2% and AsAjT 2%, respectively. The highest losses was recorded in the control treatment (33.85%). Among the nine biopesticides evaluated against aphidin coriander, application of tobacco decoction 2 per cent was found the most effective followed GRE 5 per cent, GBE 5 per cent and neem oil 1 per cent with coriander seed yield 449, 437, 420 and 408 kg/ha, respectively. While the plots treated with NSKE 5 percent and AsAjT2 per cent treatments exhibited significant efficacy and yield (400 and 346 kg/ha). The treatments of indranama fruit extract 5 per cent and kalmegh extract 10 per cent were found least effective against aphids with coriander yield 327 and 328 kg/ha, respectively. References Anonymous (2019a). Minustry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Anonymous (2019B). Director of horticulture department of Gujarat, India. Jain, P. C. and Yadava, C. P. S.(1988). Relative susceptibility of coriander to brown wheat mite. Indian Journal of Applied Entomology, 3: 5-10. Jain, P. C.(1984). Incidence of pests and their control on coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Ph.D. thesis, Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Hameed, S. F., Sud, V. K. and Giamzo, S. P.(1975). New records of aphids from Kulu and Lahoul valley (Himachal Pradesh). Indian Journal of Entomology, 37: 203-205. Steel,R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980).Principle and procedures of statistics. Second Edition, Mcgraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Steinhaus, E. A.(1949). Principles of insect pathology McGraw Hill Book C., New York, USA, 757. Noonari, A. M., Abro, G. H., Khuhro, R. D. and Buriro, A. S. (2016). Efficacy of bio-pesticides for management of suking insect pests of cotton, Gossipium hirsutum (L.). Jouranl of Basic & Applied Sciences, 12: 306313. Megersa,A. (2016). Botanicals extracts for control of pea aphid (Acrythosiphon pisum; Harris). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies,4(1): 623-627 Pradhan, S. S., Verma, S., Kumari, S. and Singh, Y. (2018). Bioefficacy of cow urine on crop production: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies,6(3): 298-301. Khosla, R. K. (1977). Techniques for assessment of losses due to pests and disease of rice. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science,47(4): 171-174. 2177 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(03): 2169-2178 How to cite this article: Patel, K. N., R. K. Thumar, Atul Mohapatra, A. H. Barad and Parmar, K. D. 2021. BioEfficacy of different Biopesticides Evaluated against Aphids Infesting Coriander. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(03): 2169-2178. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1003.272 2178