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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.134 Beneficial Microbial Load under Organic Cotton Production System Rudragouda F. Channagouda* Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamoga, Karnataka, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Uptake and soil availability of N, P, K and microbial population Article Info Accepted: 10 November 2019 Available Online: 10 December 2019 The field experiment was carried out at MARS, Dharwad during Kharif, 2010-11 and 2011-12 to study the “Beneficial microbial load under organic cotton production system ” Among the nutrient management practices, integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded significantly higher Integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded significantly higher bacteria, fungal, actinomycetes, N2-fixers, enzymes mainly phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration rate (73.19 cfu X106/ g of soil, 26.84 cfu X103/ g of soil, 39.65 cfu X102/ g of soil and 29.52 cfu X103/ g of soil, respectively) at 60 DAS as compared to application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. Among the different treatment combinations, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and N2-fixers over RDF + FYM Introduction Currently, the energy crises associated with hike in prices of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers has made the use of chemical fertilizers in crop production not only costly but also in short supply. It is imperative to develop and make use of on-farm organic sources of nutrients to maintain healthy crop growth and obtain sustainable yield and quality apart from reduction in cost of chemical fertilizers. It is worth to note that nutrient management through organics play a major role in maintaining soil health due to build up of soil organic matter, beneficial microbes and enzymes, besides improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties. To achieve sustainable soil fertility and crop productivity, the role of green manures, organic manures, biofertilizers and other nutrient sources like 1055 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 use of fermented organic nutrients mainly panchagavya, jeevamruth, cow urine, vermiwash, bio-digester etc, are becoming popular among the farmers. Organic agriculture in the world has emerged as an alternative to the chemicals oriented intensive modern agriculture. The global retail market of organic cotton has increased from 583 million to 4.3 billion in 2009 with an annual growth rate of 3.8% (Anon., 2015). In India, cotton is grown over an area of about 11.14 m.ha with a total production of 34.93 m. bales (Anon., 2015). India ranks fifth in area and third in production of cotton after USA and China. The productivity of cotton is 510 kg of lint ha-1 which is much lower than the world average of 621 kg ha-1. Among the cotton growing states, Karnataka ranks fifth with an area of 3.90 lakh ha and sixth in production with 9.0 lakh bales of lint with an average productivity of 392 kg of lint ha-1. Presently, the chemical fertilizers are the major source of nutrients but escalating cost, coupled with increasing demand of chemical fertilizers and depleting soil health necessitates the safe and efficient use of organics in crop production. These practices gaining much popularity to enhance and maintain soil health for obtaining sustainable crop yields. The crop management practices such as cultivation, cultural practices, crop rotation, residue management and organic manures exert a considerable influence on the level of organic matter retention in soil over a period of time, regulation of soil microbial biomass, nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover. The enhancement of soil microbial biomass is known to influence crop productivity and nutrient cycling. Application of compost, vermicompost, compost, green manures and liquid organic manures are known to harness the beneficial micro flora and suppress soil pathogens (Bhawalkar and Bhawalkar, 1991). In this context, to field experiment were carried out to study the beneficial microbial production system. load in organic Materials and Methods The field experiment was conducted at MARS, Dharwad during 2010-11 and 2011-12 to study the “Effect of organic manures, green leaf manures, liquid organic manures and micronutrients on yield and economics of cotton”. The soil of the experiment site was medium deep black, having medium carbon (0.48%) and available NPK (264.70:21.80: 285.30 NPK kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The main plot comprises of three manurial treatments as M1 : Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (80:40:40 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 + FYM @5 t ha-1), M2: EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN M3: EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF and sub plot consists of five liquid organic manures treatments are L1 : Foliar application of panchagavya @ 5% at sympodial branching, square, flower and boll development stages, L2: Foliar application of bio-digester @ 20%, L3: Foliar application of cow urine @ 10%, L4: Foliar application of vermiwash, L5: Foliar application borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 and one control treatment was T1: Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (80:40:40 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1+ FYM @ 5 t ha-1). As per the treatments the organic manures equivalent to RDN and RDF through farm yard manure, enriched compost (50%), green leaf manure were applied 15 days before sowing and 50% vermicompost was spot applied to the soil before dibbling of cotton seeds and top dressing with remaining 50% of vermicompost was done at 60 DAS. The chemical fertilizers as per the recommended package alone and along with farm yard manure were applied to the check treatments. The seeds were treated with cow urine, Azospirilum, Phosphate solubalizing bacteria, Pseudomonas striata, Trichoderma and cow 1056 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 dung slurry before sowing. The seed of Hybrid cotton DHH-11 was obtained from ARS Dharwad (ARS, Hebballi) and were hand dibbled with two cotton seeds per hill on 12, July, 2010 in 1st year and 8, June, 2011 in 2nd year. The soil adhering to the roots was carefully collected and used for enumeration of total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, by standard serial dilution plate count technique using soil extract agar for bacteria count (Bunt and Rovira, 1955), Martin’s Rose Bengal agar for fungi (Martin, 1950) and Kusters agar for actinomycetes (Kuster and Williams, 1964). The microbial populations were expressed as number of colony farming units per gram dry weight of soil. Results and Discussion Integrated application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF recorded significantly higher bacteria, fungal, actinomycetes, phosphorus solubilising bacteria, N2-fixers, enzymes mainly phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity and soil respiration rate (73.19 cfu X106/ g of soil, 26.84 cfu X103/ g of soil, 39.65 cfu X102/ g of soil (Table 1-4), 26.15 cfu X103/ g of soil, 29.52 cfu X103/ g of soil, 25.01µ pnp/g of soil/hr, 11.99 µ TPF/g of soil/day, and 9.51 mg of C or CO2/ hr/100 g of soil respectively) at 60 DAS as compared to application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + RDF. The foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% in combination with organic manures recorded significantly higher population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, N2-fixers and PSM, phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil respiration rate over foliar spray of biodigester @ 20% with organic manures and was on par with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% and vermiwash @ 20 %. Among the different treatment combinations, application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% recorded significantly higher bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, N2fixers and P-solubilizer, phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and soil respiration rate over RDF + FYM and was on par with EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1%, EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with vermiwash @ 20% and EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDF with cow urine @ 10%. The enhanced soil microbial activity as indicated by both population, microbial diversity and enzymatic activity was mainly due to favourably soil environment, sufficient energy in the form of carbon and protein sources with organic sources of nutrition. These results are in conformity with the findings of Solaiappan (2002) who opined that, the addition of organic manures have improved the microbial activity and enhanced the availability of native and applied nutrients which in turn increased the yield of cotton. Higher dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity was observed with higher levels of organic matter, narrow C: N ratio. This facilitated the greater release and availability of micronutrients in the soil. This has influenced higher uptake of nutrients in above treatments and improved crop performances indicated by ultimately resulted in higher kapas yield of cotton. These results are in confirmation with the findings of Kavallappa (1989) and Singaram and Kamala (1995). There has been an increasing interest in the soil enzymes as indicators of soil fertility, as the soil enzyme activity depends on numerous factors such as climate, amendment type, cultivation practices, crop type and edaphic properties. Naseby and Lynch (1997) considered enzymatic determinations as more useful than microbial population measures. 1057 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 Table.1 Bacteria (cfuX106 / g of soil) and fungal (cfuX103 / g of soil) population observed in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment 2010 Bacterial population 60 DAS 90DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 65.52b 62.73c M2 68.86a 67.21b 2011 Pooled Fungal population 60 DAS 90DAS Bacterial population 60 DAS 90DAS Fungal population 60 DAS 90DAS Bacterial population 60 DAS 90DAS Fungal population 60 DAS 90DAS 23.00b 23.73b 20.67b 21.53b 66.95c 71.61b 25.28b 26.00b 23.10b 23.81b 66.23c 70.24b 63.67c 68.60b 24.14c 24.87b 21.88c 22.67b 68.75a 0.187 25.53a 0.301 25.95a 0.261 73.19a 0.437 70.87a 0.153 26.84a 0.0523 24.24a 0.048 24.00a 70.69a 68.01a 25.16a 22.83a 26.17a 24.00a 68.39a 66.67a 24.86a 22.55a 26.74a 26.53a 26.74a 0.349 24.55a 24.33a 24.55a 0.351 69.66a 70.26a 70.44a 0.841 67.85a 67.98a 68.06a 0.583 25.43a 25.37a 25.59a 0.249 23.05a 23.00a 23.22a 0.225 25.39c 24.96c 23.16c 22.83c 66.91c-f 64.98f 64.77cd 62.93de 24.20b 23.81b 22.08b 21.58b 25.36c 25.03c 25.68c 25.60c 25.60c 26.27bc 26.27bc 26.27bc 27.65ab 27.94ab 28.61a 28.28a 28.28a 21.48d 0.581 23.16c 22.83c 23.50c 23.41c 23.41c 24.07bc 24.07bc 24.07bc 25.42ab 25.75ab 26.42a 26.08a 26.08a 19.53d 0.593 66.22ef 66.45d-f 66.60d-f 71.23a-c 68.24b-f 69.69a-e 70.90a-d 71.14a-c 73.92a 71.94ab 73.08a 73.42a 73.58a 63.78f 1.39 63.60de 63.27de 63.77de 67.62b 67.45bc 68.99ab 69.54ab 69.41ab 71.63a 69.63ab 70.97a 71.13a 71.00a 61.59e 0.933 24.18b 24.02b 24.51b 24.47b 24.47b 25.13b 25.13b 25.14b 26.82a 26.30a 26.97a 26.97a 27.14a 21.41c 0.402 21.75b 21.75b 22.25b 22.70b 22.04b 22.70b 22.87b 23.04b 23.71b 24.04a 24.71a 24.38a 24.38a 19.27c 0.381 64.60c 69.99b M3 S.Em.± 71.25a 0.697 L1 69.21a 67.22a 24.11a 22.53a 75.13a 73.00a 28.15a 0.225 0.241 0.135 0.255 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) 21.67a 72.16a 68.79a 26.21a L2 67.33a 64.44b 23.56a 21.11a L3 L4 L5 S.Em.± 68.44a 68.72a 69.00a 1.063 66.33a 66.50a 66.66a 0.96 24.11a 24.22a 24.44a 0.463 21.56a 21.67a 21.89a 0.456 M1 L1 M1 L2 66.00b-e 64.67de 64.00cd 61.67cd 23.00cd 22.67cd 21.00a-c 20.33bc 70.88ab 69.37a 71.79ab 69.46a 71.87ab 69.46a 0.817 0.617 Interactions (MXL) 67.83c-e 65.53cd 65.30de 64.20c-e M1 L3 M1 L4 M1 L5 M2 L1 M2 L2 M2 L3 M2 L4 M2 L5 M3 L1 M3 L2 M3L3 M3 L4 M3 L5 C1 S.Em.± 65.33b-e 65.67b-e 65.93a-d 69.63a-e 67.00a-e 69.00a-e 69.17a-e 69.52a-e 72.00a 70.33a-d 71.00a-c 71.33ab 71.56ab 63.67e 1.75 62.33cd 62.67cd 63.00cd 68.00a 64.67bc 67.67a 67.83a 67.90a 69.67a 67.00ab 69.00a 69.00a 69.08a 61.37d 0.97 23.00cd 23.00cd 23.33b-d 23.33d-d 23.33b-d 24.00a-c 24.00a-c 24.00a-c 26.00a 24.67a-c 25.33a-c 25.67ab 26.00a 21.33d 0.784 20.33bc 20.67a-c 21.00a-c 22.00ab 20.67a-c 21.33a-c 21.67ab 22.00ab 22.00ab 22.33ab 23.00a 22.67ab 22.67ab 19.00c 0.751 67.10c-e 67.24c-e 67.27c-e 72.82ab 69.48b-d 70.38bc 72.64ab 72.75ab 75.84a 73.54ab 75.16a 75.50a 75.59a 63.89e 1.38 69.44b 68.90a 64.86c-e 63.86de 64.53c-e 67.25c 70.23b 70.31b 71.25bab 70.91ab 73.60a 72.26ab 72.93ab 73.26ab 72.93ab 61.82e 0.978 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 1058 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 Table.2 Actinomycetes (cfuX102 / g of soil) and N2 (cfuX103 / g of soil) fixers population observed in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment Actinomycetes at 60 DAS 2010 Actinomycetes at 90 DAS N2 fixers at 60 DAS N2 fixers at 90 DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 34.40c M2 36.67b M3 38.27a S.Em.± 0.239 32.13c 34.27b 35.67a 0.154 23.93c 27.60b 32.00a 0.539 22.33c 25.00b 27.47a 0.353 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S.Em.± 36.67a 35.89a 36.11a 37.11a 36.44a 0.45 34.44a 33.33b 33.78ab 34.44a 34.11ab 0.329 30.56a 24.56b 25.56b 28.56a 30.00a 0.779 28.78a 21.67c 22.33c 25.33b 26.56b 0.729 M1 L1 M1 L2 M1 L3 M1 L4 M1 L5 M2 L1 M2 L2 M2 L3 M2 L4 M2 L5 M3 L1 M3 L2 M3L3 M3 L4 M3 L5 C1 S.Em.± 34.33d-f 33.67ef 34.33d-f 35.00c-f 34.67d-f 36.67a-d 36.67a-d 36.00b-e 38.00ab 36.00b-e 39.00a 37.33b-c 38.00ab 38.33ab 38.67a 33.33f 0.77 32.33cd 32.00cd 32.00cd 32.00cd 32.33cd 35.00ab 33.33bc 33.67bc 35.67a 33.67bc 36.00a 34.67ab 35.67a 35.67a 36.33a 31.00d 0.539 26.33d-f 20.67hi 21.33g-i 25.33d-g 26.00d-f 31.33a-c 23.67f-i 24.33e-h 28.00c-e 30.67a-c 34.00a 29.33b-d 31.00a-c 32.33ab 33.33ab 20.00i 1.29 25.00c-e 20.00gh 20.67f-h 22.33f-g 23.67d-g 29.00ab 21.67e-g 22.00e-g 25.33b-e 27.00b-d 32.33a 23.33d-g 24.33d-f 28.33bc 29.00ab 17.67h 1.17 2011 Actinomycetes Actinomycetes N2 fixers at at 60 DAS at 90 DAS 60 DAS N2 fixers at 90 DAS 36.83c 34.68c 25.79c 23.75c 38.78b 36.58b 30.81b 28.46b 41.03a 38.73a 34.31a 31.57a 0.182 0.136 0.511 0.235 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) 39.02a 36.73ab 34.06a 32.07a 38.49a 35.61b 26.72c 23.92c 38.78a 36.73ab 27.90c 25.19c 39.00a 37.29a 30.81b 28.62b 39.11a 36.95ab 32.03b 29.85b 0.385 0.438 0.625 0.761 Interactions (MXL) 36.74d 34.69fg 28.38e-g 26.78d-f 36.77d 34.19g 22.77i 20.73hi 36.85d 34.80fg 23.89hi 21.70g-i 36.74d 34.69fg 26.30gh 24.11f-h 37.07d 35.02fg 27.63fg 25.45e-g 39.25bc 36.88b-f 34.84bc 32.65bc 38.35cd 35.19e-g 27.27fg 24.28f-h 38.47cd 36.42c-g 27.95e 25.72e-g 39.25bc 38.21a-d 31.17de 28.98c-e 38.58cd 36.21d-g 32.84bc 30.65b-d 41.08ab 38.63a-c 38.96a 36.77a 40.35a-c 37.46a-e 30.14d-f 26.74d-f 41.01ab 38.96ab 31.85cd 28.14d-f 41.01ab 38.96ab 34.96bc 32.77bc 41.68a 39.63a 35.63b 33.44ab 33.60e 31.48h 21.16i 18.99i 0.658 0.728 1.057 1.318 Actinomycetes at 60 DAS Pooled Actinomycetes N2 fixers at at 90 DAS 60 DAS 35.62c 37.72b 39.65a 0.174 33.41c 35.43b 37.20a 0.143 24.86c 29.21b 33.15a 0.335 23.04c 26.73b 29.52a 0.294 37.85a 37.19a 37.45a 38.06a 37.78a 0.278 35.59ab 34.47b 35.25ab 35.87a 35.53ab 0.37 32.31a 25.64c 26.73c 29.68b 31.02ab 0.504 30.42a 22.79c 23.76c 26.98b 28.20b 0.732 35.54e 35.22e 35.59e 35.87de 35.87de 37.96bc 37.51c 37.24cd 38.63a-c 37.29cd 40.04a 38.84a-c 39.51ab 39.67a 40.17a 33.47f 0.511 33.51d 33.09d 33.40d 33.34d 33.68d 35.94bc 34.26cd 35.04cd 36.94ab 34.94cd 37.32ab 36.06a-c 37.32ab 37.32ab 37.98a 31.24e 0.59 27.36ef 21.72g 22.61g 25.82f 26.82f 33.09bc 25.47f 26.14f 29.59de 31.75cd 36.48a 29.74de 31.42cd 33.65bc 34.48ab 20.58g 0.83 25.89d-f 20.36hi 21.19g-i 23.22e-h 24.56e-g 30.83bc 22.98f-h 23.86e-h 27.16c-e 28.83b-d 34.55a 25.04d-g 26.24d-f 30.55bc 31.22ab 18.33i 1.21 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 1059 N2 fixers at 90 DAS Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 Table.3 PSM (cfuX103 / g of soil) population and dehydrogenase activity (µg TPF /g of soil / day) observed in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90DAS 2010 Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS Dehydrogen ase at 90 DAS PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90 DAS 2011 Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS PSM at 60 DAS PSM at 90 DAS Pooled Dehydrogenase at 60 DAS Dehydrogenase at 90 DAS 8.42c 10.75b 12.32a 0.171 17.25c 22.00b 26.15a 0.245 15.31c 19.94b 24.31a 0.421 9.33c 11.01b 11.99a 0.029 7.76c 9.38b 10.27a 0.072 10.97a 9.84c 10.27bc 10.62ab 10.79ab 0.202 24.09a 19.55d 20.46c 22.04b 22.87b 0.289 21.91a 18.50cd 18.21ab 19.91ab 20.75ab 0.413 11.20a 10.27b 10.51b 10.86a 11.03a 0.111 9.62a 8.44c 8.92b 9.27ab 9.44a 0.159 8.83f 7.96fg 8.16f 8.50f 8.66f 11.21cd 9.98e 10.57de 10.91de 11.07c-e 12.86a 11.57b-d 12.06a-c 12.46ab 12.63ab 6.96g 0.351 19.30gh 15.73j 16.14j 17.13ij 17.96hi 23.65cd 20.14fg 21.23ef 22.32de 22.65c-e 29.33a 22.77c-e 24.00c 26.67b 28.00ab 16.34j 0.515 17.11g-i 13.91jk 14.45jk 15.11i-k 15.98h-j 21.47de 19.28e-g 18.37f-h 20.13d-f 20.47d-f 27.14a 22.31cd 21.81de 24.48bc 25.81ab 13.08k 0.817 9.74f 8.84h 9.07gh 9.40fg 9.58fg 11.42c 10.47e 10.78de 11.11cd 11.28cd 12.45a 11.51c 11.68bc 12.07ab 12.24a 8.64h 0.179 8.15fg 7.37gh 7.48gh 7.82g 7.98fg 9.82b-d 8.71ef 9.19de 9.52c-e 9.69b-d 10.88a 9.25c-e 10.08a-c 10.48ab 10.65a 6.87h 0.261 Dehydrogenase at 90 DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 M2 M3 S.Em.± 16.73c 20.80b 24.67a 0.478 14.82c 18.47b 22.73a 0.499 8.51c 9.48b 9.85a 0.0935 7.09b 8.02a 8.22a 0.129 17.77c 15.81c 10.14c 23.20b 21.42b 12.54b 27.64a 25.89a 14.13a 0.202 0.271 0.149 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S.Em.± 22.89a 18.89d 19.33cd 20.89bc 21.67ab 0.482 20.56a 17.78cd 16.89d 18.67bc 19.47ab 0.497 9.69a 8.87b 8.99b 9.35a 9.51a 0.119 8.27a 7.04b 7.57ab 7.92a 8.09a 0.245 25.30a 20.20c 21.58c 23.19b 24.08ab 0.521 M1 L1 M1 L2 M1 L3 M1 L4 M1 L5 M2 L1 M2 L2 M2 L3 M2 L4 M2 L5 M3 L1 M3 L2 M3L3 M3 L4 M3 L5 C1 S.Em.± 18.67d-g 15.33g 15.67g 16.67fg 17.33fg 22.33e-g 19.33c-f 20.00c-e 21.00cd 21.33cd 27.67a 22 22.33bc 25.00ab 26.33a 16.00g 0.986 16.33ef 13.33g 14.33fg 14.67fg 15.42fg 20.00cd 18.33de 16.33ef 18.67de 19.00c-e 25.33a 21.67bc 20.00cd 22.67b 24.00ab 12.67g 0.878 8.89e-g 8.17h 8.22h 8.56gh 8.72f-h 9.86a-d 9.05e-g 9.22d-f 9.56b-e 9.72a-d 10.33a 9.38c-f 9.52b-e 9.92a-c 10.09ab 8.20h 0.207 7.47b-g 6.77g 6.80fg 7.13d-g 7.30c-g 8.43a-d 7.43b-g 7.80a-g 8.13a-e 8.30a-d 8.90a 6.93e-g 8.10a-f 8.50a-c 8.67ab 6.77g 0.395 19.93f-h 16.12i 16.62i 17.59hi 18.59g-i 24.97cd 20.94e-g 22.45d-f 23.64c-e 23.97cd 31.00a 23.54c-e 25.66c 28.33b 29.66ab 16.67i 0.874 23.26a 12.71a 19.22c 11.68c 19.53c 12.03bc 21.14b 12.38ab 22.03ab 12.56ab 0.542 0.189 Interactions (MXL) 17.88ef 10.59f 14.48gh 9.50gh 14.57gh 9.92f-h 15.55f-h 10.25f-g 16.55fg 10.44f-g 22.93cd 12.97b-d 20.22de 11.88e 20.41de 12.33de 21.60cd 12.67c-e 21.93cd 12.83b-e 28.95a 14.56a 22.95cd 13.64a-c 23.62c 13.83ab 26.29b 14.22a 27.62ab 14.39a 13.48h 9.07h 0.876 0.321 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 1060 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 Table.4 Phosphatase activity (µg pnp TPF /g of soil / hr) and CO2 exchange rate (mg of CO2 /hr/ 100 g soil) in cotton soil as influenced by organic manures, GLM, liquid organic manures and micronutrients Treatment Phosphatase at 60 DAS Organic Manure (M) M1 18.60c M2 M3 S.Em.± 2010 Phosphatase CO2 at 90 DAS exchange at 60 DAS 17.42c 9.34c CO2 exchange at 90 DAS 8.47c 20.83b 19.53b 9.54b 8.81b 22.91a 21.78b 10.29 9.34c 0.22 0.33 0.142 0.140 Foliar spray of liquid manures + micronutrients (L) L1 22.02a 20.67a 9.94a 9.04a L2 19.54c 18.64b 9.59a 8.51a L3 19.96c 18.70b 9.56a 8.82a L4 20.94b 19.69ab 9.93a 9.00a L5 21.44ab 20.19a 9.60a 9.01a S.Em.± 0.26 0.365 0.137 0.193 Interactions (MXL) M1 L1 19.46f 18.13d-f 9.58b-d 8.60a-d M1 L2 17.68hi 16.93e-g 9.02d 8.17cd M1 L3 17.84g-i 16.53fg 9.38cd 8.46b-d M1 L4 18.84f-h 17.60e-g 9.64b-d 8.56a-d M1 L5 19.16fg 17.90d-f 9.08d 8.55a-d M2 L1 22.41bc 21.17a-c 9.62b-d 8.91a-d M2 L2 19.65ef 18.13d-f 9.49b-d 8.56a-d M2 L3 19.71ef 18.47de 8.99d 8.79a-d M2 L4 20.91de 19.67cd 10.16a-c 8.92a-d M2 L5 21.48cd 20.23bc 9.46b-d 8.89a-d M3 L1 24.19a 22.70a 10.62a 9.60a M3 L2 21.29cd 20.87a-c 10.25a-c 8.80a-d M3L3 22.34bc 21.10a-c 10.32ab 9.20a-c M3 L4 23.07ab 21.82ab 10.00a-c 9.52ab M3 L5 23.67ab 22.43a 10.25a-c 9.60a C1 17.41i 15.83g 8.19e 7.81d S.Em.± 0.456 0.576 0.264 0.327 Phosphat ase at 60 DAS 2011 Phosphatase CO2 at 90 DAS exchange at 60 DAS CO2 exchange at 90 DAS Phosphat ase at 60 DAS Pooled Phosphatase CO2 at 90 DAS exchange at 60 DAS CO2 exchange at 90 DAS 20.20c 18.71c 9.94c 8.64c 19.40c 18.07c 9.64c 8.55c 24.35b 27.10a 0.18 22.68b 25.49a 0.18 10.13b 11.12a 0.014 9.23b 9.69a 0.13 22.59b 25.01a 0.120 21.11c 23.64a 0.123 9.84b 10.70a 0.07 9.02b 9.51a 0.08 25.21a 22.67d 23.39cd 23.78bc 24.37b 0.251 23.32a 21.35c 21.62bc 22.35ab 22.85a 0.319 10.64a 10.44c 10.31d 10.53b 10.05e 0.007 9.49a 8.67b 9.10ab 9.32a 9.36a 0.198 23.61a 21.10e 21.68d 22.36c 22.90b 0.168 22.00a 20.00c 20.16c 21.02b 21.52ab 0.296 10.29a 10.01b 9.94b 10.23a 9.82b 0.069 9.26a 8.59b 8.96a 9.16a 9.19a 0.105 20.97e 19.08f 19.74ef 20.46e 20.74e 26.14bc 22.90d 23.74d 23.79d 25.20c 28.53a 26.01bc 26.71b 27.09b 27.16b 17.68g 0.437 19.58f 17.63gh 17.98fg 19.04fg 19.34fg 24.05b-d 21.72e 21.99e 22.55de 23.12c-e 26.34a 24.69a-c 24.89ab 25.46ab 26.08a 16.16h 0.553 10.38f 9.58j 9.93h 10.28g 9.53k 10.28g 10.28g 9.53k 10.84d 9.74i 11.28b 11.48a 11.48a 10.48e 10.88c 8.43l 0.0091 8.90a-e 8.23de 8.62c-e 8.80b-e 8.66b-e 9.52a-c 8.73b-e 9.14a-d 9.32a-d 9.46a-c 10.04a 9.05a-d 9.53a-c 9.83ab 9.97a 7.84e 0.345 20.21h 18.38i 18.79i 19.65h 19.95h 24.27cd 21.28g 21.72fg 22.35f 23.34f 26.36a 23.65de 24.52c 25.08bc 25.42b 17.54j 0.278 18.86g-i 17.28jk 17.26jk 18.32ij 18.62h-j 22.61cd 19.93f-h 20.23fg 21.11ef 21.68de 24.52a 22.78b-d 23.00b-d 23.64a-c 24.26ab 16.00k 0.476 9.98de 9.30f 9.66ef 9.96de 9.31f 9.95de 9.88de 9.26f 10.50bc 9.60ef 10.95a 10.86ab 10.90ab 10.24cd 10.56a-c 8.31g 0.133 8.75e-g 8.20gh 8.54fg 8.68e-g 8.61e-g 9.22b-e 8.65e-g 8.97d-f 9.12c-f 9.17c-e 9.82a 8.93d-f 9.37a-d 9.67a-c 9.79ab 7.82h 0.183 Note: EC- Enriched compost; C- Compost; VC – Vermicompost ; M1 – RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 ; M2 - EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3 ) equi.to RDN ; M3- EC (1/3)+ VC(1/3) + GLM (1/3) equi.to RDF; L1- Panchagavvy @ 5%; L2- Bio-digester @ 20% ; L3- Cow urine @ 10%; L4- Vermiwash @ 20%; L5- borax @ 0.2% + MgSO4 @ 1% ; C1- RDF – 80:40:40 NPK kg + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 1061 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1055-1062 However, at all the growth stages, enzymatic activity was found significantly higher in treatments with application of organic manures and liquid organic manures as compared to chemical fertilization. This can be attributed to cumulative effect of organic manures and liquid organic manures on proliferation of microbial population and they provide carbon and energy sources for growth and development of soil micro flora. Shwetha et al., (2009) observed that bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and enzymes mainly dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity significantly higher in treatments supplemented with organic manures in combination of beejamruhta + jeevamrutha + panchagavya as compared to RDF + FYM. The increase in soil microbial population was due to addition of vermicompost, compost which being enriched with the beneficial organism like P-solubalizers, N2-fixers and entmophagus fungi (Indira, 1998). Finally concluded that combined application of EC (1/3) + VC (1/3) + gliricidia GLM (1/3) equivalent to RDN with foliar spray of panchagavya @ 5% improved beneficial microorganisms in soil. References Anonymous, 2015, Cotton Advisory Board, The cotton Corporation of India pp. 1-19. 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Beneficial Microbial Load under Organic Cotton Production System. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 1055-1062. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.134 1062