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VAI TRO CIJA OLIVER CROMWELL TRONG GIAI DOAM C A M QIJVl^M (1649 - 1658) DOI Vdl Slf PHAT TRI^I^ CIJA l^GOAI TllUOMG AI\H Triin Nggc Dung Khoa Llch sir - Dgi hpc Sir phgm Ha Npi "Ngogi thuang la su gidu c6 cita quoc trong giai dogn 1610 - 1640 , nhung so vdi vuang, la danh du cua vuang qudc, Id sir trilu dai cua N d hodng Elizabeth thi van minh cao quy cua thuang nhdn. Id su ldn tgi chua ed dugc sy tuang xdng vd chua dem cua chiing ta vd Id cdng dn vi$c lam cua den sy hdi Idng cho lang ldp thuang nhdn. nguai ngheo a nu&c ta. Id su cdi thi$n ddt Chinh vi thi, cuOc cdch mgng tu sdn Anh dd dai chung ta, Id truang hgc cua cdc thuy thu lal dd chl dd phong kien, dua den sy thidt chiing ia, la dgng luc chiin tranh cda chiing lap nha nudc tu sdn ma ngudi dgi dipn tieu ta, la sir khung khiip cua ke thu ciia chung bilu la Oliver Cromwell^. Vdi vai trd cua ta"\ Chi tdng dy can van thdi, Thomas Mun mpt Bdo hp cdng (Lord Protector), dng dd khdi qudt len gid trj vd y nghla vd cung to khdng chi cd nhiing chinh sdeh dua nen kinh Idn eua ngogi thuang ddi vdi su phdt trien te tu bdn di ldn md cdn ddc biet chu y ddn sy cua todn bd nudc Anh trong giai dogn ddu di phdt trien cda ngoai thuong. Nhung chinh Idn chu nghia tu ban. Sy phdt tridn cda "chu sdeh todn dien vd cai cdch quan dpi, xam nghta trgng thuang" da trd thdnh diem nhdn lugc, chien tranh..., xet mpt cdch sdu xa, quan trpng trong tien trinh Ijch su chu nghTa chinh la nhiing bipn phdp vo cung phu hpp, tu ban Anh. Do do, mpi vdn dd tu kinh td cho tgo dieu kien lhu$n Igi cho sy phdt tridn nen den ehinh trj, vdn hda, xa hpi deu thdm dam ngogi thuang Anh trudc sy cgnh tranh cua mdu sac "trgng thucmg". Trong hodn cdnh Hd Lan, Phdp, Tdy Ban Nha,... dd, mdt ydu cdu cdp thidt ddi vdi nhd nude chinh Id vide bdo dam mpi dilu kidn dl phdt ^ Michel Beaud, sdd, tr. 61. ^ Oliver Cromv/ell (1599 1658), sinh ra d Huntingdon trong m^t gia dinh quy t^c nho, la m^ttK dudi thdi Charles I mdc du da ed nhdng hipn d6 Thanh gido, ngudi da tham gia vao pfae Nghj viSii phdp kich thich su phdt trien cda ngoai trong cupc N^i chiln Anh (1642 - 1649), vi la ngirM thli ba kl vdo Ifnh tu hinh vua Charles I. Trong n^i thuong, lam gid tri ngoai thuong tang 10 ldn chiln, 6ng da xdy d ^ g m$t d6i quSn thi^n chi^n la "dgi qudn sudn sdC, sau niy tra thdnh hinh mSu cho h | thong qudn d0i mdi cua nu6c Anh. 6ng la ngutri n5m quSn d0i trong thdi gian Cong h6a (1649 - 1652) ' Michel Beaud, 2002, Lfch su chu nghTa tu bdn tir va sau d6 thdu tdm mpi quyln lyc i§p ph^P>'|^ 1500 din 2000, ThI gidi, Hd Npi, tr. 62, din theo phap va qudn dOi trong giai do^n Bdo h$ edng ( ^ ^ ^ 1658). P.Deyon, Chu nghTa trgng thucmg, tr. 54. tridn ngogi thuong. Che dp phong kiln Anh (Vai tro eua Olio^r ^rotnwell... 1. Vai trd trong vi^c thilt l^p chinh quyln va lure lugng hdi qudn vQ-ng manh bao dam cho sy phdt trien ciia ngoai thirong 57 cho qudn ddi vd tu sdn thuang mgi img bO dng trong thdi gian npi chiln. Tuy nhien, vide thill ldp mpt bdn Hiln phdp mdi da gdy ra mau thuin gida dng vdi Oliver Cromwell ldn cam quyln vdi sy Nghj vipn. Cromwell muln thilt lap mpt chl tin tudng vd iing hp ciia bd phdn thuang dp mdi md trong dd qudn ddi cd quyln lyc nhdn nen muc lidu trudc mdt md dng thyc ldn vdi nhdng nguydn tdc nhdt djnh, ngugc hien chinh la ciing c6 quyln lyc cda minh vd Igi, Nghj vi^n mu6n xdy dung Hiln phdp trdn nhung luc lupng iing hd, d6ng thdi dua ra linh th^n ly do vd ddn ehii. D I ddm bdo han nh&ng bidn phap 1dm gidu hon nda cho hp. niia quyln lyc ciia mlnb, ndm 1653, dng dd Tridu dgi cua Charles 1 syp do do khdng ddm bdo dugc quyln Igi ciia dai da s6 q u ^ chiing nhan ddn, d$c bi^t Id tu sdn cdng thuong, chinh Id bdi hpc nhdn lien cho chinh quydn mdi ciia Cromwell. Du Id dudi chd dd Cpng hda (1649 - 1652) hay sau ndy Id Bdo hd cdng (1653 - 1658), uu lidn hdng ddu ciia dng van Id sy md rpng cua thuang mai Anb. Bk thyc hidn dugc dilu dd, trudc hit, dng dd tim cdch xdy dyng mdt chinh quyen thuc sy cd quydn lyc. Trong giai dogn ndn Cpng hda, md thyc chdt Id ndn chuydn chinh tu sdn trong tay cdc ludng ITnh phai Dpc lap, Cromwell ddng m^t vai trd quan trpng yong Nghi vien Rump"*. Vdi vai trd Id mdt trong nhung thdnh phan chii ch6t nhdt cda Nghi vien, lai Id ngudi ndm quyen ldnh dgo lyc lugng qudn dpi, Cromwell cd dieu kien thugn dpp bd Nghj vi§n Rump, lap ra Nghi vidn Barebone^ bao gom nhihig phlin Id Thanh gido tien bO thu^c phe quan dpi dugc bilt din dudi ten gpi "Praise-God Barebone'* Nghi vidn ndy dd dua ra mdt Phdp Ipnh mdi (Instrument of Government), cdng nhdn Cromwell Id Bdo hd cdng cua Vuang quoc Anh. 6ng da trd thdnh mdt vj vua khdng thi hi phi truat, tdc Id cd quyen lap ngudi thda kl chdc vu Bdo hd cdng cua mmh'. Mdc dii CO su tin tai cua Nghi vien, Hdi ddng Nhd nudc, nhung cdn bdn Cromwell dd tu minh ndm lay quyln lyc. Trong phien hpp ddu lidn eiia Nghj vien mdi dd cd mpt sd it dai bieu Idn dn ban Phdp ldnh ndy vd tim cdch ludc bd quyen luc trong qudn dpi cua Cromwell nhung hk tbdnh^ chirng td sy thdu tdm quyln hdnh ciia dng Id rdt ldn. Den ndm lgi dk tidn hdnh cdi cdch, dem den quyen lyc * Thang 12/1648, mpt nhdm linh co vu trang dufn sy chi huy cua 69114 Thomas Pride dS tien hanh khai trit bp phan nghi vien muon thucmg lugng voi Charles I trang qua U-lnh nOi chien (hay c6n gpi \h Sir thanh lpc cua Pride). Sau sv ki§n d6, Nghj vi^n chi con nhQng thanh vien muon ti^p tyc n^i chiln ch6ng nhi vua, l^t do che dp phong kien, xiy d\mg che dO mdi tu ban chu nghia va dupc gpi Ik Nghj vi§n Rump. * Nghj vifn nay chi tfin t^i trong mpt thW gian ngSn (1653 - 1655), m$c dii bao gfim hau het nhOng p h ^ tu ung h$ Cromwell. *' Day la nhihig ngucri Thanh giao rat cufing tin, chi duy nhit tin vio Chiia v i luon iing hO quyfin lyc cua Cromwell. (Nguon: Corelli Bamett, 1974, Britain and her army 1509 - 1970: amililary, political and social survey. Penguin books, Middleses, p. 106). ^ Corelli Bamett, sdd, p.ip6. * Corelli Bamett, sdd, p.l07. 58 NGHIEN COU CH&U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 {1331.2011 1655, Nghj vien ndy dd bj gidi tdn bdi chinh ngudi lap ra nd. Hdnh d^ng ndy dli vdi nhilu hpe gid nhu David Hume, Christopher Hill Id dpc tdi, mdt ddn chu'. Nhung xdt theo myc tidu xdy dyng mpt cudng qu6c vQng manh, dd Id mpt chinh sdeh phu hgp vdi hodn cdnh nudc Anli, tgo dilu kipn thu|ln lgi dl cung CO dia vj quoc le cua Anh. Bdn cgnh vide logi bd nhdng rdo cdn trong nudc, Cromwell ciing lich eye dua ra nhihig hdnh dpng rdn de vdi cdc thupc dja cd y tudng ching doi. Vipc Virginia, Maryland tuyen bo trung thdnh vdi tridu dinh phong kiln cii dd dan ddn mdt cupc phong tda hdi qudn ngay lap tdc vdi nhirng thugc dja nay'**, nhung ngudi dung ddu dd bj thay thd bdng nhung vien ehde ed tinh thdn iing hd chinh phu mdi. Xet trong hoan cdnh qudc td, khi ma Hd Lan chua cd sy thdng nhat hoan toan ndn chinh tri, Phdp vdn d trong che dp phong kidn lac hdu thi mdt chinh quyen mdi vdng manh cua giai cdp tu sdn, quy tdc mdi vdi chu truong "trgng thuang" thyc sy la ddn bay quan trpng cho sy phat tridn cua ngogi thuong. Do dd, nhilu hpc gid dd coi ddy Id mdt nguydn nhdn quan trpng li gidi vipc Anh gidnh thdng lgi trudc Hd Lan trong cupc cgnh tranh dja vi bd chu mat bidn sau nay. Didu dd cung khdc vdi nudc Phdp, khi md hp ludn coi trgng tinh chdt quy tpc, du duge cho phep ciing khdng tham gia vao cac tdu budn hay cdng vipc budn ban. Chinh quyen mdi cua Anh di theo mOt quan dilm r4t rd rdng rdng dia vj quy tdc quan trpng nhung sdc mgnh nhd nudc dupc ddnh gid bdng d6ng tiln nen vipc hudng din phdt triln ngogi thuang Id mdt dilu rdt cdn thilt" Trong hodn cdnh h^u hit cde qudc gia Tdy Au diu n h ^ thdy rd vai trd ciia ngoai thuong vd tim cdch dau tu, ehilm ITnh nhiing thj Irudng quan trpng nhu Dja Trung Hdi, Baltic, Nga, An Dp va sau dd Id vide 1dm chii Dai Tay Duong thi hogt dpng ngoai thuong khdng chi don thuan Id mpt hogt dpng kmh tl nda. Bdn cgnh nhihig thucmg thuyin Iudn la nhung hgm dpi hung mgnh bdo vd nhdm chdng lgi sy chdn ep cua qudc gia khdc ciing nhu ngdn chdn nguy co cudp bidn (nhieu liic dugc sy bdo trg cua cdc chinh phd khdc). Do dd, mudn phat trien ngogi thuong khdng chi edn ndn kinh td pliat trien, chinh phu vung mgnh, quan tdm ddn phdt trien thuong mai md cdn can cd nhirng ham dpi. Vdi y nghia dd, cudc chay dua trong xay dyng lye lugng hdi qudn giii'a cdc qudc gia ciing chinh Id mdt bieu hipn cua cupc chgy dua gianh thj trudng budn bdn. Len cam quyen nhd qudn dpi, thau hieu dugc nhu ciiu cua giai cdp tu san, Cromwell dd tim mpi each de cdi cdch quan d0i, trong dd cd sy luu y ddc biet ddn hdi quan. Neu nhu trong thdi ki npi chidn, dng chu tam vao xay dyng lyc lugng kj binh nhdm tao uu thi vdi phe ddi ldp thi sau khi nam dugc quyln lyc, chi cd hdi quan mdi ^ http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/01iver_Cromwell '" Arthur M.Schlesinger, Jr, 2004, The Almanac of " Alfred Thayer Mahan, 1889, The influence of American history. Nien gidm lich su Hoa Ky, Khoa seapower upon history, 1660 - 1783, Little, Brown hpc xa h^i, Ha Npi, tr. 94-95. and company, Boston, p.55. 

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