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D n D n KINH NGHIEM THlfC TIEN D D D D 0^ THirC THI C6 HlEU QUA QUY^N TL/CHO NHIEM XA HOI COA CAC TRl/dNG OAI HOC VIET NAM LAM T H ^ NAO VA CHjU TRACH Ngo Thj Tuyet Mai' Van de trao quyln ty chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi cho cae trudng dai hgc Viet Nam da duge the hien trong cac van ban phap luat hien hanh cua nha nudc (dien hinh la Luat Giao due nam 2005 va Dieu le Trudng Dai hgc nam 2010) dang duge sy quan tam rat ldn cua xa hdi nhlm ddi mdi cdng tac quan ly, nang cao chit lugng giao dye dai hgc. Tuy nhien, viec thye thi quyen ty ehu cdn gap nhieu khd khan. vudng mac do ban che ve nang lyc quan ly, thieu cac van ban phap luat, va do chinh ban than cae trudng chua thye sy thay ddi tu duy, phong each iam viec de huy ddng tdi da ngudn lyc cua xa hdi va lgi the canh tranh cua minh. Tat ca nhiing van de nay can sdm duge khae phuc de quyen ty chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi eiia cae trudng dai hgc Viet Nam thye sy di vao cude sdng. Hinh 1: So lupng cac trutrng dai hpc va cao dang tai Vift Nam 376^ 1992-1993 2008-2009 Nguon: 8$ Gido dgc \h Dio t^o. Ng6 Thj Tuylt Mai, Tien sT kinh tl, D^i hpc Kinh tl Quoc dan. Hi NQI 86 42(7+8/2011) Q VEMR KINH N G H | £ M THirC TIIN 1. Tinh can thiet phai doi mdi quan ly giao due dai hoc, tang quyen tir chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hoi cho cac truong dai hoc Viet Nam Tir nam 1986, Viet Nam da chmh thiic bat diu thye hien nhieu cai each ve kinh te - xa hdi (Ddi mdi) va da dat duge nhilu thanh tyu ve tang trudng kinh te va xda ddi giam ngheo. Tuy nhien, he thdng giao dye cua Viet Nam ndi ehung, giao due dai hgc ndi rieng vln chua thye sy dap iing duge nhiing yeu clu phat trien ngudn nhan lu phu hgp vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia dit nudc, vdi nhu eau hgc tap eua ngudi dan. Nhiing yeu kem, bat cap ciia ban than he thdng giao dye dai hgc, dat biet ve CO che quan ly va chat lugng giao dye, nhiing thach thiic cua toan cau hda va yeu cau ciia hdi nhap qudc te trong giai doan mdi da va dang gay siic cho Chinh phu thye hien nhirng cai each giao dye dai hgc, trong dd nhan manh den trao quyln ty chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi cua cac trudng dai hgc d Viet Nam. Quy md gido due dgi hoc ngdy cdng md rdng, vugt qud khd ndng qudn ly cua cdc ca quan chu qudn. Sau ban 20 nam thuc hien Ddi mdi, cimg vdi sy phat trien kinh te xa hdi, so lugng eac trudng dai hgc va cao dang da tang len nhanh ehdng (Hinh 1). Trong ciiug giai doan, sd lugng sinh vien ciing tang len tuang lirig, tir 162.000 (chiem 2% dan sd) tang din ban 1,6 trieu (chiem 13% dan sd)' Trong khi dd, edng tac quan ly giao dye bi phan tan, thieu sy lien kit, kem hieu qua. Trong bao cao trinh Chinh phu ngay 29/10/2009, Bd Giao dye va Dao tao (GD&DT) da thira nhan: "Gdn 30 ndm qua chiing ta chua thuc su qudn ly duge chdt lugng gido due dgi hoc" Thye te cho thay, hien cd 13 bd nganh va cac dia phuang quan ly tap trung cac co sd giao dye dai hgc, cao ding. Trong tdng sd cac trudng dai hgc, cao ding hien cd, Bd GD&DH hien chi quan ly duge 54 trudng (chilm 14,4%), eac bd, nganh ' NguIn BQ GD&DT. 8(^42 (7+8/2011) LAM THf NAO D f THUC THI C6 Hlf U QUA.... khae quan ly 116 trudng (chilm 30,8%), Uy ban Nhan dan (UBND) cac tinh, thanh phd quan Iy 125 tiirdng (chilm 33,2%), 81 trudng dan lap, tu thye (chilm 21,5%). Hon niia, viee kilm tra chip hanh eac van ban quy pham phap luat ve giao dye d cae bd, nganh khae va UBND tinh va thanh phd la cac co quan chu quan edn rat ban che. Mac du Bo GD&DT la ca quan duy nhlt duge luat phap cho phep phat hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat vl quan ly giao dye, van cdn cd (nhiing) bd khae ban hanh cac van ban ehdng cheo len chiic nang quan ly nha nudc cua Bo. Do vay, nlu khdng phan d p , giao quyln tu chii, chiu trach nhiem cho cac dia phuang, cac trudng dai hgc thi mdt minh Bg khdng the quan ly ndi. ChtSt lugng gido due dgi hoc cua Viet Nam cdn thdp, chua ddp uTig duge yiu cdu cua cdng cude cdng nghiip hda vd hien dgi hda ddt nudc, trong bdi canh hdi nhdp qudc te. Cho den nay, Viet Nam chua cd mdt trudng dai hgc nao duge qudc te cdng nhan ve chat lugng va cd ten trong danh sach cac trudng dai hgc hang dau d chau A. Sd lugng rit it cae bai vilt cua Viet Nam duge xuat ban tren cac tap chi khoa hgc hang dau tren the gidi (Bang 1). Cae trudng dai hgc Viet Nam chua dao tao duge lye lugng lao ddng ed trinh do dap ling yeu cau phat trien KT-XH ciia dat nudc. Ket qua dieu tra do cae hiep hoi thudc Chinh phu thuc hien cho thly khoang 50% sinh vien tdt nghiep dai hgc d Viet Nam khdng tim duge viee iam diing chuyen mdn^. Mdt vi du rit diln hinh la kit qua kiem tra danh gia tieu chuin 2.000 sinh vien cdng nghe thdng tin Viet Nam do Intel thuc hien cho thay chi cd 90 iing cu vien, tiic la 5% dat yeu cau, va trong nhdm nay ^ Harward Kennedy School, ASH INSTITUTE for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Asia Programs, Vietnamese Higher Eucaition: Crisis and Response, Memorandum Higher Education Task Force, November 2008. QUAN Lt KINH T£ LAM THf NAO D f THUC THI C6 Hlf U QUA... chi ed 40 ngudi cd dii trinh do tilng Anh dat yeu clu tuyln dyng. Intel cho bilt day la kit qua tdi te nhlt ma hg chua tirng gap d nhiing qudc gia ma hg diu tu. Chit lugng KINHNSHllMTHUtTliN MB thIp cua giao dye dai hgc Viet Nam so vdi cac nudc phat triln ndi chung, cac nudc trong khu vuc ndi rieng cdn phan anh d sd bing sang ehl duge d p d Bang 2 dudi day. Bang 1: So luong bai viet dvqrc dang tren tren cac tap chi khoa hoc (co binh duy^t) nam 2007 Cac trvcmg dai hoc, cao dang Quoc gia DH Tdng hgp Qudc gia Xeun DH Tdng hgp Qudc gia Xingapo DH tdng hgp BIC Kinh DH tdng hgp Phiic Dan DH tdng hgp Mahidol DH tdng hgp Chulalongkom DH tdng hgp Malaixia DH tdng hgp Philippin DH Qudc gia Viet Nam (Ha Ndi &TPHCM) Vien Khoa hgc & Cdng nghe Viet Nam Han Qudc Xingapo Trung Qudc Trung Qudc Thai Lan Thai Lan Malaixia Philippin Viet Nam Viet Nam So bai xuat ban 5.060 3.598 3.219 2.343 950 822 504 220 52 4 NguSn: Science Citation Index Expanded, Thomson Reuters. Trong boi canh toan cau hda va sy phat triln ngay cang manh me eiia khoa hgc cdng nghe, yeu cau cac trudng dai hgc phai thay ddi ngi dung va phuang phap giang day dl dao tao ngudn nhan lyc chit lugng ngay cang cao. Sy hdi nhap ngay cang sau rdng vao nen kinh tl the gidi yeu clu Viet Nam phai can nhic lai clu triic td chiic quan ly, chiie nang va vai trd ciia giao dye dai hgc. Nhu vay, phan elp quan ly theo hudng tang quyln ty chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi cho cac trudng dai hgc duge xem nhu la each tdt nhat de quan ly he thdng giao dye ngay cang phuc tap trong mdi trudng kiln thiic toan cau khdng ngirng thay ddi. Bang 2: Chi so sang tao (Innovation Index) Quoc gia So bing sang che dup-c cap nam 2006 Han Qudc 102.633 Trung Qudc 26.292 Xing.^po 995 Thailand 158 Malaixia 147 Philippin 76 Viet Nam NguSn: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2008 Statistical Review. QUAN Lt KINH T£ Silf 42 (7+8/2011) VEMR KINH NGHIBM THUC T I I N ve ke hoach, ehuong trinh dao tao, nhan su, nghien ciiu khoa hgc, tai chinh,....). Neu nhu su chuyen giao quyen ty ehu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi diln ra d at thi mdt sd trudng chua cd du nang luc va du dieu kien de gap lung tiing khi tiep nhan va cd the gay ra nhung hau qua khd ludng. Tren thye te d nudc ta, cd nhiing trudng dai hgc chat lugng ngudn nhan luc bi ban che, trong khi nang lyc quan ly ciia ddi ngu lanh dao yeu kem khdng dam nhan quyen va trach nhiem duge trao cho, van cdn cd tam ly thy ddng, y lai Nha nudc. Khdng it hieu trudng trudng dai hgc khi duge bd nhiem chua qua cac khda dao tao bai ban ve quan ly giao dye dai hgc, thudng lam theo thdi quen, kinh nghiem la chinh. Do vdy, mudn phat trien duge ddi ngii can bd quan ly cd nang lyc, ban than cac trudng phai xay dyng cae tieu ehuan cu the ve chiic danh Hieu trudng, Phd Hieu trudng, trudng cac phdng ban, trudng khoa, trudng bd mdn.... Ddng thdi, trien khai cdng tac quy hoach can bd lanh dao nha trudng (dac biet la lye lugng lanh dao ke can tre, cd tu duy ddi mdi va nang ddng) trong ngan ban va dai ban de cd dinh hudng bdi dudng, dao tao. Nha nudc chi trao quyen tu chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi cho cac trudng dai hgc khi cd ddi ngii can bd quan ly dii nang lyc tiep nhan va dieu hanh nha trudng. Xdy dung khudn khd ludt phdp di thica nhdn vd bdo ve quyin tu chu vd ddm bdo trdeh nhiem xd hdi cua cdc trudmg dgi hoc ciing Id mdt trong nhOng diiu kiin quan trong. Ha tang phap ly (luat, nhirng quy dinh ciia chinh phii va thdng tu hudng dan) va khudn khd the che (dieu chinh cau tnic va trach nhiem ciia nha nude va trudng) la hai khia canh quan trgng de dam bao quyen nay. Din nay, chiing ta vln chua cd Luat Giao dye dai hgc, trong khi dd cac van ban phap luat, cac quy pham phap luat hien hanh ve giao dye dai hgc edn rat phan tan, hieu lyc phap ly 8^42(7+8/2011) LAM THf NAO o f THUC THI C6 Hlf U QUA... khdng cao, da gay khd khan cho cdng tae quan ly ciia nha nuac va boat ddng cua cac trudng^ Nhiing vln dl quan trgng cua giao dye dai hgc nhu td chiic, boat ddng dao tao, nghien cuu khoa hgc, hgp tac qudc te, kilm dinh chit lugng giao due, tai chinh, thanh tra, kilm tra, ...dang duge dilu chinh bdi cac van ban phap ly dudi luat rdi rac, chua mang tinh he thdng. He thdng quan ly nha nude vl giao dye dai hgc vln mang nang tinh dm ddm, can thiep khdng diing ddi tugng, linh vuc, da gay tdn kem ngudn lyc, khdng phat huy duge quyln ty chii ciia cac trudng, tham chi cdn kim ham su phat trien ciia trudng'* Do vdy, d n phai sdm ban hanh Luat Giao dye dai hgc dk tao ca sd phap Iy cao ban cho boat ddng giao due dai hgc phat trien, giiip cac trudng dai hgc ed thl thye thi quyen tu ehu va tinh trach nhiem xa hdi ciia minh. Qua trinh xay dyng Luat giao dye dai hgc yeu eau phai cd sy tham gia gdp y khdng chi cac chuyen gia giao dye trong va ngoai nudc cd uy tin, kinh nghiem ma can cd sy tham gia cua ddi ngii giang vien, xa hdi. Ndi dung Luat Giao due dai hgc can hudng tdi chat lugng giao dye dat chuan qudc te, nhung dam bao edng bang xa hdi. Ben canh dd, can ra soat lai, hoan thien va td chiic thuc hien he thdng cac van ban quy pham phap luat ve giao dye dai hgc, trong dd dac biet luu y din eac van ban quy dinh ve trach nhiem quan ly nha nudc ve giao dye dai hgc, quy chi boat dgng cua cae loai hinh trudng, quy ehl dao tao, quy dinh vl kiem dinh chit lugng dao tao, vl td chiic va boat dgng cua Hdi dong trudng. Theo Tiln sT Bui VSn Ga, thii trudng Bp GD&DT (http://tintuc.vnn.vn/newsdetail/giao_duc/78902/cantrao-quyen-tu-chu-eho-cac-truong.htm, thiir Tu, 11/5/2011). * Nguyin Tu? Anh (2010), Tilp tuc cai cich vi dii m6i khu virc tl chirc s\f nghifp c6ng lip cung irng djeh vu giio due vi y tl 6 Vi$t Nam. QUAN Lt KINH Tg LAM THf NAO o f THUC THI C6 Hlf U QUA... Thuc hien cdng khai, minh bgch, trdeh nhiem gidi trinh vd khuyin khich su tham gia eua xd hdi vdo qud trinh phdt triin gido due dgi hoc cUng Id nhicng dieu kien quan trong di thuc thi cd hiiu qud quyen tu chu vd chiu trdeh nhiem xd hdi cua trudng. Dieu nay cd nghla ring trudng (bao gdm ca lanh dao va can bd cdng nhan vien) va xa hdi phai duge bilt vl muc do va Id trinh phan cap, phan quyln va trach nhiem cua Nha nudc, cua trudng dai hgc trong quan ly giao dye. Do ITnh vyc giao dye va dao tao dang duge sy diu tu va quan tam rat ldn cua Nha nudc va Xa hdi, ngudi dan phai duge thdng bao dly dii va cap nhat thdng tin vl nang lyc quan ly, ngi dung va chit lugng dao tao, cac khoan thu chi ciia trudng. Ben canh dd, d n thye hien xa hdi hda edng tac kiem dinh chat lugng vdi sy tham gia cua cac td chiic kiem dinh ddc lap, cae hiep hdi chuyen nganh dl gdp phln thye hien giam dinh chit lugng giao dye mdt each edng bang, khach quan va duge xa hdi thira nhan. Nhiing viec lam nay khdng nhiing tao dilu kien cho cac trudng, cac ca nhan phat huy duge quyen ty ehii, chiu trach nhiem xa hdi, ty kilm soat ben trong cua trudng tren co sd cac quy dinh ciia Nha nude, ma cdn khuyin khich sy tham gia giam sat, kilm tra eiia Nha nude, ciia xa hdi, giiip cho cac CO quan quan ly nha nudc dieu chinh eac van ban phap ly va lanh dao nha trudng dilu chinh cac quy dinh, chuang trinh va ndi dung dao tao phii hgp vdi thye te ban. Thye hi?n cdng khai, minh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh thudng xuyen, thdng qua nhieu phuang tien thdng tin (cac trang web., ban tin ngi bg, cac eugc hgp, hdi tiiao, tioiyln hinh, tap chi, v.v..) trudc can bd cdng nhan vien, sinh vien va ngudi dan vl cac hoat ddng eua trudng s6 lam lanh manh hda cac quan he trong ngi bg trudng, tao su tin tudngti-ongxa hgi. Tir dd, huy dgng duge cac nguon lyc d trong nudc va nude ngoai vao qua trinh phat QUAN Lt KINH T£' KINH NGHIEM THUtTIJN i ' U l ' l f l trien cua trudng, gdp phln nang cao chit lugng giao dye dai hgc ciia Viet Nam. 4. Ket luan Tdm lgi, trong bdi canh toan clu hda va hdi nhap qudc te ngay cang sau rdng cua Viet Nam hien nay, viee tang quyen tu chu va chiu trach nhiem xa hdi cho cac trudng dai hgc la tat yeu de gdp phan nang cao chat lugng giao dye, dao tao. Tuy nhien, de thye thi quyln nay ddi hdi phai giai quyet duge nhung dieu kien quan trgng, dd la, nang cao nang lyc quan ly cua cac co quan quan ly giao due Nha nudc va can bd lanh dao cae trudng; Hoan thien cac van ban phap ly de thua nhan, tdn trgng va bao ve quyen tu chu va dam bao trach nhiem xa hdi cua cac trudng; Cdng khai, minh bach hda thdng tin va khuyen khich sy tham gia tich eye cua xa hpi vao qua trinh phat trien cua nha trudng ndi rieng, he thdng giao dye dai hgc Viet Nam ndi chung. Trao nhan quyln ty chii va trach nhiem xa hdi la mdt qua trinh, ddi hdi phai cd Id trinh thye hien rd rang va dai ban de dam bao thye thi cd hieu qua. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • CARDS Project (2002), "Institutional Autonomy and Accountability" in CARD Project 2002: Higher Education Mobility: Diploma Recognition Policy and Legislation. Paper presented at workshops Peter Debrczeni Team Leader. • Chiang, LC (2004), "The Relationship between University Autonomy and Funding in England and Taiwan" Higher Education, Vol.48,pp.l89-212. • Hayden, M, Lam, "International Autonomy QT for (2007), Higher 8^42(7+8/2011) Q VEMR KINH NGHIEM THUC TIEN Education in Vietnam" Higher Education Research & Development, vol. 26, No.l, March 2007, pp 73-83. • Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai (2010), "Enhancing Institutional Autonomy for Higher Education in Vietnam", Vietnam Economic Management Review, Volume 5. • Nguyen, TLH (2008), "Vietnam Higher Education Reform for the Nation's Development". Paper presented at Macau SAR, PR China 26th September. ^ Sir 42 (7+8/2011) LAM THf NAO D f THUC THI C6 Hlf U QUA.... • Vallely, Wilkinson (2008), "Vietnamese Higher Education: Crisis and Response", Harvard Kennedy School ASH Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation: Asia Programs. • Vu, NH (2006), "On the Autonomy and Accountability of Vietnamese Educational Institutions and Universities" Paper presented at International Forum on WTO Entry and Vietnam Higher Education Reform. QUAN Lt KINH Tl