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NG6N NGtr 2011 so 2 V' BATDAUYA THE KHClI PHAT TIENG VIET TS NGUYEN VAN PHO 1. Dan nh^p Trong cdc tdi lipu ngdn ngfl hgc, thi (aspect) Id mgt khdi rupm dd dugc thira nhgn Id phgm trft pho qudt - it nhdt Id pho qudt hom thi (tense) [1], [2], [14]. Lyons cho rdng nhieu ngdn ngfl khdng cd thi nhung rat it ngdn ngft khdng cd till [10, 705]. Vd nhilu nhd ngu hgc cho rdng till van Id mgt pham tru it dugc h o ^ chua dugc chu y diy dft [3], [10]. Phgm tiu thi lien quan din vipc djnh vj thdi gian cua sy tinh dang duge ndi den (event time) ttong quan hp vdi thdi gian cua phat ngdn (thdi diem dua ra phdt ngdn - speech time) hodc/ vd thdi gian quy chieu (reference time). CJ tiing Anh, quan hp tiudc sau gifta thdi gian sy tinh vd thdi gian phdt ngdn sS dugc thi hipn bdng cdc phuang tipn hinh thai hgc, vd ta cd thi qud khft, hipn tgi vd tuomg lai (past present, future). Quan hp trudc sau giira ba tiidi gian se tgo ra pluperifect ho^c futiire perfect [3], [II], [13]. Trong khi dd, till Id mgt phgm tiu ngdn ngu hgc bilu hipn d^ctiungtiidi gian mang tuih chu quan (subjective) ve sytinhdugc dien dgt hay ndi each khac, till d$c tiung cho gdc nhin cua ngudi ndi vl dudng net tiidi gian cua sy tinh. Mpt sy tinh dien ra cd till dugc ngudi ndi nhin tii ngodi nhu mgt todn the ho$c nhin tii ttong d mgt khuc dogn ndo dd [3, 24]. Theo truyin thdng, thi hoan thdnh (perfective) bilu thj mgt tinh hudng bj hgn djnh vl thdi gian, vd la mgt tinh huong dugc nhin tft ben ngodi (extenal), khdng cd cdu true ngi tgi. Ngugc Igi, till phi hoantiidnh(imperfective) bilu tiij mgt tinh hudng khdng hgn djnh ve m$t thdi gian. Id mgt tinh huong nhin tii ben ttong (internal). Do vgy, mgttinhhuong phi hoan tiianh cd thi phan tich thdnh cdc khuc dogn (khdi diu, dien tiln, kit tiiuc) vd nd cd till mang thugc tinh Idp (repetitive) hay tgp qudn (habitiial). Cdc nhd n ^ e n cuutiiudngphan chia the thMitiiengu ph^ (grammatical aspect) vd till tu vyng (lexical, sitiiational hay inherent aspect, vd d$c bipt Id Aktionart), va khdng it khi cdp khdi nipm aspect - Aktionart dugc dien gidi nhu la sy doi lap gifta thi ngft phap vd tiie tii vyng. Sy doi lap ndy CO Ig cdn cu vdo cac ngdn ngu An Au vdn it nhieu dya vdo hp biin hinh (inflection) ngfl phdp dl danh diu till. Xuat phdt tii quan dilm cho rdng the Id mgt phgm tiu ph6 qudt ma ngdn ngu nao cflng cd cdch bilu hipn (vl ni^t nay nd ddi Igp vdi titi), chung tdi cho ring tmdc het nd phdi dugc xdc djrih nhu mgt phgm tiu mang tinh ngu nghia. Nghia Id, ngi dung ngft ngMa cua V}tir,cua cdc tiiam td cfta vj tu vd sy tirong tde gifta chung sg hinh fnh gia ti, till [8], [12], [14]. Smitii dua ra khdi mpm verb constellation Bdt ddu. >i nrt«ili*1^ 13 start) nfta md cd thi thi hipn qua sy tuong tdc gifla cdc thdrtii phan cdu. Chinh vi vgy, cdc cdu sau day diu dugc Smith cho Id mang y nghia khdi phdt: (1) a. Mary got angry. (M. trd nen gidn da.) h. John became tired. (J. trd nen met.) c. Her face whitened. (Mat cd trdng bech ra.) d. The page yellowed. (Td gidy vdngdi.) e. They began to walk to school. (Hg bdt ddu di bg den trudng.) f. They walked to school at noon. (Hg di bg den trudng liic giUa trua.) g. Mary began to run. (M. bdt ddu chgy.) Theo nhilu tdi lipu, the khdi phdt h. Suddenly Mary ran. (Bdt ngd dugc till hipn luan phien bdng ho^c inchoative (tgm djch: khdi trgng) ho$c M. (bd) chgy.) ingressive (inceptive, tgm djch: khdi Nhu vgy, theo Smith, (i) cac vj su). Cd tdc gid khdng phdn bipt ([3], tft get, become, (ii) phy td -en hodc [13]), cd tdc gid Igi phan bipt ([9], [14]) biin the zero, tiii) cdcttgngngft dilm hai khdi nipmtiren.Chdng hgn, Lehman tinh diu cd the tgo thdnh tinh hudng xip inchoative vdo kilu sy tinh qud khdi phdt. tiinh (process situation) vdi d ^ tnmg Thgt ra, chuyen thdi (change of thdi lugng vd vd kit (atelic); ttong state) vd khdi phat Id hai khdi nipm khi ingressive lgi Id mgt bien co (event), khdc nhau: mgt ben till hipn mgt ttang hflu ket (telle). Smith cho inchoactive thi hipn sy xuit hipn mgt ttgng thdi thdi da dugc thay ddi khdc vdi trudc (state), khdng cd tdc the (agent); cdn (ttgng thai trudc vd sau khdc nhau, inceptive "di vdo" mgt biin co [14,22]. nhung khoang cdch thdi gian khdng xdc djnh) cdn mgt ben la mgt ttgng Trong qud trinh phdn tich. Smith thdi mdi xuit hipn Ae tit mgt thdi dilm cho rSng cdu khdi phdt (cd khdi trgng vd xdc djnh (dft cd hiin ngdn hay khdng). khdi sy) cd thi suy ra (infer) gidn tilp Xet them hai cau sau: (indirect) cdc cau hdnh dgng (activities), dogn tirih hflu kit (accomplishments) (2) a. The leafbecomes (I became) ho^c ttgng thdi (statives). Nghia Id, yellow. (Chiic la trd nen vdng) vdi Smith, the ndi chung vd the khdi h. The leaf started to be yellow. phdt ndi rieng hodn todn Id mgt phgm trft ngft nghia [14, 1] - thi khdng edn O (a), ta cd sy chuyln thai: qud gidi hgn d cdc phy to hay cdc "sieu trinh vdng bdt diu tft khi ndo khdng vj tir" (super-lexical verbs, nhu begin. dugc thi hipn, nhung khi nhan dinh 'Vj tft chftm" de bilu hipn quan hp gifla vj tft vd cdc tham to cua nd [14]. I 2. Nh$n difn sy tinh khdi phdt 2.1. Thi khdi phdt danh dau sy bit dau cua mgt hdnh dgng ho$c sy khdi dau cua mgt trgng thdi, qud trinh. Nhu vgy, thi khdi phdt cd the xem Id mgt phgm tru phy thugc (subcategory) cua phgm tru phi hodn thdnh ho^c phgm tru thdi lugng (durative). (Vdi mgt so tdc gid, phgm tru thdi lugng phi thdi lugng tuomg ftng vdi phgm tiii phi hodn thdnh - hodntiidnh).Trong tiing Latinhho$c tiing Nga, thi khdi phdt dugc hinh thdnh bdng phy to -scho^ 20-, diSng hgn:tiingLatinh;«Qscerie "bit dau/ tio nen bilt", florescere "bdt dau ra hoa"; tieng Nga: zagovorit "bdt dau ndi", zapet "bdt diu hdt", v.v.. Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 14 dugc dua ra thi chile Id dang cd mdu vang. Dgng tuomg ung d tieng Vipt phdi Id: "(Bay gid) chiec Id dang (tird nen) vang"; doi lgp vdi "became yellow" - qua trinh chuyln tft mgt mdu gi dd sang mdu vdng dd kit thuc (ket thuc d mdu vdng): "Chile Id dd vdng roi" [9]^ tinh cd bdt ddu, ngft vj tu tiieo sau bao gid cflng dugc hilu [+ tiidi lugng]. (ii) Sy hiin ngdn cua mgt khdi dilm tiidi gian cd till Idm cho mgt sy tinh [+ tiidi lugng] mang nghia khdi phdt^: Trong khi dd, d (b) vdi "started", ta cd sy tinh khai phat: chiec la bit diu qud trinh chuyln vdng, nhung khdng hdm nghia kit qud, tftc Id qud trinh chuvin vdng dd bdt dau nhung cd the ket thuc khi chile Id chi vua chdm vang - Smith ggi cdch kit thuc ndy la v5 dodn (arbittary endpoint), doi Igp vdi cdch kit thuc ty nhien (natural endpoint) d sy tinh hflu kit [14,73]. h. 6 gid nd di bgti-ongcdng vien. Nhu vgy, ban chat sy doi l^ khdi phat - chuyln thdi chu ylu Id d sy cd m^t tilm tdng ho^c hiin ngdn kit dilm diu (ggi tdt Id "khdi dilm", initial endpoint). 2.2. N I U hilu sy tinh khdi phdt Id mgt sy tinh [+ thdi lugng], [vd kit] cd khdi dilm thi tiong tiing Vipt nhflng sy tinh khdi phdt cd the dugc bilu hipn bdng (i) vj tft bdt ddu, (ii) ciu true vj ngft cd khung de hay trgng ngft diem tinh, (iii) vj tft tinh thdi mdi, (iv) cac v\ tft tinh thdi mang nghia dgt biin (ndi sinh, phdt, khdi, ddm, od, v.v.). Sau day chftng tdi dilm qua cdc trudng hgp dd: (i) Sy tinh khdi phdt hien ngdn vdi sy ed m^t cfta vj tii bdt ddu: (3) a. An xong, nd bdt diu ldm bdi tgp. h. Nghe tin dd, nd hit diu lo. Bdt ddu cho bilt: ke tii khdi diem, sy tmh dien ra vd sg dien ra trong mgt tiidi dogn nhit djnh. Trong mpt sy (4) a. Nd thi ldc 8 gid. Hai cau tten cd till hilu la "bdt dau" (vd cd till tiiem bdt ddu vdo tiudc vi tft). Tuy nhien, cdch hilu khdi phdt nhu till tiiy thugc rat nhieu vao ngft canh, vdo kiln thuc nin cua ngudi nghe. N I U md rgng hay thay doi ylu to thdi gian cd lien quan (chdng hgn: "Sdng hdm qua no di bg... ", "II gid trua nd di bg... ", "Nd thi vdo thu ti/') ho^c cd mgt sy tinh khdc ldm nin (ching hgn: "Nd khdng dinh den vu do ddu. Vi tdi biit 6 gid sdng nd di bg trong cdng vien") thi y nghia khdi phdt bien mat. Hom nua, khdng phai logi sy tinh ndo ciing cd the dugc hieu khdi phdt nhu vgy (ching hgn: "6 gid tren dudng cd nhieu xe" hay "Tdi hdm qua nd ddng cdi ghi do" khd cd thi hilu Id khdi phdt). Do sy phy thugc vdo ngu canh, cd till xem day Id mgt y nghia khdi phdt mangtinhtinhhuong. (iii) Trong tiing Vipt, vj tft mdi cflng cd tiie bieu tiij nghia khdi phdt. Thi dy: (5) a. Nd mdi khde ddy. h. Nd mdi luge thdi, chua mim. Nghia khdi phdt cua wd? till hipn khi hdnh chftc tten cdc vj tii [+ tiidi lugng], [vd kit]. Tuy nhien, y nghia khdi phdt ndy hmh tiidnh tten cai nen tinh tiidi "dien dgt sy tuih xay ra d tiidi diem ngay ttudc tiidi dilm quy chieu" eho nen, tiieo chftng tdi, ddy chi Id y nghia tiift sinh (secondary). Bdt ddu... (iv) Ngodi ra, ttong tiing Vipt cd mgt logt vj tii thih tiidi cd gia ttj tgo thi, chdng hgn: sinh, ddm, ndi, phdt, khdi, bgt, biing, khai; vd mgt so vj tii cd tinh ad hoc: dd (t^nh, ng), nga (bpnh),/7/Ki (Ien cudi), da (khdc), vgt (len, ra), v.v.. Thi dy: (6) a. Nd bgt khdc. 15 b. Cdn nhd bung chdy. ^' c. Nd sinh nghi. J Ar'v*\ 1- ngg. " d. No dam'/(ra) ^ nghi * * e.^ Chung tdi se khdi ddng logt bdi dieu tra ndy trong sdtdi. f Nghetinndy, bd dy phdt dien. g. Nhin thdy ng bd dy noi gign. r^' • ^^ 1 -i ., • 1 ~ 1. .• w Cac V} tu bieu tm nghia khdi phdt *_„ ' ' *-ft A^ ' ^i.)^ A. ^i.'S tiong cac cau tren deu co the thay the ui u^* ^> -r-^* u •x-i. ' bdng oa/aaw. Tat nhien, moi tu CO nghia tft vung khac nhau, do vgy nd sg mang den mgt nghia mdi cho cdu. Dilm chimg nhat Id n^t nghia lien quan din tinh tiidi dgt biin. . , a (a), "Nd bgt khdc" nghia Id nd bit diu khdc, ttgng thdi khdc cd till k^o ddi, nhung sau khi "bgt" titi khdng till dua ra nhgn djnh "Nd bgt khdc" dugc nfta md chi cd till Id "Nd khdc". 6 (b), "Cdn nhd bung chdy" nghia Id bdt diu chdy, ttudc dd chua hgn, tiong "Nd bgt dung day"tinbdt chi Id mgt ylu to tinh tiidi bilu tiij sy nhanh chdng vd dgt biin, vi "dung dgy" khd cd the bilu thj mgt hdnh dgng cd thdi dogn, nhit Id khi nd kit hgp vdi bdt. Hom nfta, sau khi "bat dirng dgy" thi nd khdng (tilp ti^c) " * ^ ^ y " " ^ ° ^ ^^ (^^ ^yc) "dftng" thdi. Ciing do y nghia ndy, nhflmg t r ^ ngft bilu hipn nghia dgt biin (nhu bdng, chgt, bdt ngd, thinh linh, v.v.) chi cd. thi mang nghia khdi.,.-, phat khi-, dl^.cung vol,.mgt-r.vj •tu.. [+^,thai lugng] vd [vd kit]. Cd till xem (iv) Id tiudng hgp khdi phdt tiift sinh. Vi khudn kho cua mgt bdi vilt cd hgn, sau day chung tdi sg chi tiln hdnh khdo sdt hogt ddng cua vj tft u^* ^' +,- .*'.*•- ^ .*x J.^ oa/tfoM, tu do dl sau vao djc tiung ~ /~ w - Ji.^ i u - • ngft nghia - ngu phap cua the khoi u'tt V't *^ g i? • ^ ^Bit dau vd die khdi phdt tieng ^i?* Bdt ddu cd till xem Id vj tft tieu bilu cho y nghia khdi phdt, vi y nghia tft vyng tirdng minh, vi khd ndng cd °i^t ttong hau het cdc logi sy tinh vd '^V^S T^ PJ^V sdc ttmig tinh (neuttal) f,^ ""?• ^^^ P^^^u quan mpni tiie ! . " £ " ^ J i ^ " ^/?°^ ^ ^^"^ "^"^^ f ^} ^"^ f." l"^ ^^%Au^ T chdv vd nud tiinh chaV cd thi sg diln ^ ^ 1°^ "^^^ *'^" ^'^" ^ * ^ ^^V cha^ va qua ttmh chay co tiie sg dien j ^ . ^A ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^. ^^^ ra rat Iau sau dd. Tucmg ty^ a tc). Wo rj 2331 • ^' ^ sinh nghr nghia Id nd bdt dau nghi ngd,tiididg nghi ngd cd till Uo ddi, Sy tinh ton tgi: nhung sau dd khdng till ndi "Nd sinh Sy tinh ton tgi la sy tinh phan nghi" duoc nfta. V.v.. Ndi chung, sau anh "d mgt noi ndo do cd cai gi", dugc khi bit dau (bilu thj bdng vj tii dftng till hipn bdng mgt cau time ttong dd tiudc), hogt dgng, qud trinh hay ti^g khdng bao gid cd Chft dl md chi cd thdi (bilu thj bdng vj tft dftng sau) sg Khung de. Xet cdc thi dy sau: tilp tyc dien ra ttong mgt tiidi dogn (7) ^ j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ nhat djnh. u T - ^ ^ ui. ^i . b. Tren duang bdt dau co xe. Nhu vgy, nhftngtiudnghgp khong ,, , r ddp ftng ngi dung ngft nghia ndy sg ^- Trong phong eo muot. khdng dugc xem Id khdi phdt. Ching d. Trong phdng bit diu cd mudi. 16 6 (a) vd (c) ta cd cac sy tinh tdn tgi [- dgng], tiic Id ttong nghia bilu hipn cfta cau true sg khdng cd bit ky sy thay ddi nao lien quan din tiiyc the tdn tgi, xet tren trye thdi gian. Trong Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 ton tgi nua ma sg Id mgt sd lugng xe hoi khdc. Ta cd mgt tiiyc tiie mang tinh djnh lugng (quantization). (So sdnh: "Tren dudng cd ba chile xe hoi vdo Iftc bit diu bo rdp"). ^^.^t i ^ \ "?. ^^^' 1 ' ° f ^^ 2"^ (Chft tiuch: Khdi nipm Ifly tich ttinh [+dgng] hdm yrdn^edsy tiiay yd djnh lugng dd dugc Kriflca [8] phan t t i S ^ r " ^ ? ^ "^uL^-J"^ b i p S n g ^ . Cd till gidititichdon then diem quy chieu (thudng Id thdi •• u dilm ndi), dudng chua cd xe, phdng g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a u : chua cd muoi. Sau thdi diem quy chilu, Trong "Nam dn chudi\ chudi "xe", "muoi" tilp tyc ton tgi, nhung la mpt danh ngft lfl>; tich, vi dft Nam "xe" vd "muoi" Iftc nay khdng hodn <^ ^ nfta qud chudi hodc ndm gud todn Id "xe" vd "muoi" tgi thdi diem chuoi thi cflng Id "Nam dn chudi". quy chilu nfta. Trong khi dd, d "Mzm dw 6a ^ C/JMOV', Khi mgt sytinht6n tgi dugc danh f ^ ^"^ '!;f'}^ / ° ^ ! ' ^ " ? * '^fj diu khdi phdt nd cd nhihTg rdn^ bugc ^^Z'dfT d^ T "^ f"^- ? vl m^t ngfl phdp vd ngfl nghia. x £ ^"^ ^ 5", ^f? ^^. ^,f. '^^^l ^ cdc cdu"^^ ^^ ^°^^ ^^^ 1"^ ^^^S phai la "dn ba qud chudi".) (S) a. Tren dudng hit dka cd xe r ^ , , - •. ,~ .^. . > . , • . , fj^ Khai mpm luytichva djnh lugng lien quan den cd vj tft vd danh ngft b. Tren dudng hit dau cd tiiam to. 6 thi dy (8), sy doi lap Ifly vdi (/ mgt sg nhieu) chiic xe hai. tich vd djnh lugng cho thay y nghia , c. ? Tren dudng bdt diu cd ba * ! gdn vdi vjtiibdt ddu chu khdng chiic xe hai. phdi vdi cd. Cau (a) doi tugng ton tai dugc ^ ^^ m§t ngfl phap, d qud trinh bieu hipn bdng mgt danhtiikhoi (mass ^on tgi, ddc tinh Ifly tich tiiudng dugc noun), khdng mang thupc tutii so. Q ^^^^ ^} hing mgt danh ngft mang cau (b) ta cd mgt lugng khdng chi'nh P^^'^^ sd khdng xac djnh hodc mpt xdc; ngay khi nhgn djnh dugc dua ra, ^^^ tft khdi. Tuy nhien, mgt danh sy tdng ho$c gidm mgt (vdi) phin tii ^^ ^}^^ ^ mpt lurgng chinh xac van ttong cdi lugng iy van khdng ldm ^d tiie xuit hipn nlu nd cd chfta mgt tiiay ddi bdn chat y nipm 'Vdi", "mpt ^Vdh ngu hgn djnh dl lam rd sd chi sd" ho^c "nhilu", nghia Id ngi dung ^ua cdi tgp hgp chfta cdc phanttrtiiudc nhgn djnh khdng tiiay doi. Q cd hai '^"^^g ^^- Khi dd, cdc tiiyc till - phin truang hgp (a) vd (b) ta cd mgt tiiyc tft Idm nen tgp hgp cd till dugc tri tiie mang tinh IGyti'ch(cumulativity). ^ ^ ^ rtiiu mpt khoi dan nhit doi Idn Trong khi dd, d (c) ta cd mgt s6 lugng ^di nhung tiiyc till cftng loai neodi chinh xdc tgi tiidi dilm nhgn djnh: "d. CWnh tten cdi khdi don nhit nav sy tdn tgi cua "ba chile xe hoi" chi ^^ cd tiie xdc lap khftc doan din bdo dam dung tgi tiidi dilm "bdt diu" g'^^, cudi cfta mgt sy tinh. Thi du(tiidi diem ndm d ranh gidi giiia yyjd«j? (Q\ :> Nn,>, M- ,\ va CO "ba chi^c xe hd"). Ngay 1 Ha mi hk2u°6 T fT^"*"' do CO « -ba chiic xe hd*H,6ng cmteHLZZl""' "''"> '" 17 Bdt ddu. b. Tren tudng bdt ddu treo bdn buc tranh dit gid nhat cua hga si Bui. ben Id khuc dogn diu cdn mgt ben Id khuc dogn gifla cua qud trinh. Cau (9a) hdm y rdng sau dd (sau tiidi diem quy chilu) cd till sg cd nhieu xe hoi, nhung Id nhflng chiec xe hoi khdc, khdng till dien dgt bdng bdt ddu vd ddu tien dugc nfta. (9b) hdm y ring sau dd sg tilp tyc cd nhflng hue khdc, "bon bftc tranh" kia Id bon bftc diu tien. Cd the hinh dung: d thdi dilm quy chilu t "tten dudng bdt diu cd xe", nghia Id d thdi diem t{.\ chua cd xe vd d thdi diem t+n vdn cd xe; nhung d thdi dilm t\^nH) svr ton tgi cua xe khdng quan ylu doi vdi nhgn djnh dugc dua ra. Hay ndi cdch khdc, vdi bdt ddu ngudi ndi chi quan tam din khuc dogn dau cua qua trinh chft khdng quan tam din cdc khuc dogn sau dd, Igi cdng khdng khong quan tam din kit qud hay sy kit thftc. (Ban chit cua the khdi phdt logi trft y nghia ket qud (resultative) ho§c kit thuc (terminative)). Day ciing chinh Id co sd ngft nghia cua yeu eau vl tinh Ifly tich cfta bdt ddu. Them mgt vdi thi dy: Yeu cau ve tinh don nhit cua cdi tgp hgp (do danh ngft bilu hipn) ggi y ring vin de ndm d quan h? bg phgn - todn till cfta tgp hgp (part-whole relation). Bdt ddu tdc dgng trye tilp din bg phgn dau tien cfta todn thi ngay sau dd tgp hgp van ton tgi - chft khdng phdi tdc dgng din mgt dom vj "dgc lgp" cua mgt tong so cdc dom vj. (y (9a), bit dau xuat hipn mgt chile (tiong "ba chile xe hoi dautien")cflng cd nghia Id "ba chile xe hoi diu tien" xuit hipn; nghia Id ta cd mgt tgp hgp mang tinh luy tich. d cdc sy tinh sau, d ^ dilm don nhat ndy sS dugc the hipn rd hon. v l m^t y nghia, khi ddnh dau khdi phdt, bdt ddu ciing dong thdi bdo hipu rdng vao thdi dilm quy chilu doi tugng dugc de cgp buoc vdo (step in) qud trinh ton tgi; tftc Id nd mang Igi thugc tinh [+ dgng] cho sy tinh ton tgi. Trgng thdi trd thdnh qud tiinh. Cdc cdu (7), (8) vd (9) deu cdtilltiiay thi bdt ddu bdng dang. Tuy nhien, qud trinh ton tgi khdng dong nghia vdri tilp dien (progressive), vi mgt (10) a. * Trong phdng bit diu cdn ngudi. h. Tren tudng bit dau treo tranh cd. c. Dudng phd bdt dau treo cd chdo mitng Qudc khdnh. d. ITren tudng bdt diu treo hai bite tranh. Cdn Id mgt vj tft tdn tgitieubieu, nhung d (a) khdng till ddnh diu khdi phdt. Li do: cdn Id mgt vj tft bilu thi khuc dogn gifla cuattgngtiiditdn tgi, ttong ngfl nghia cua nd dd ham y sg di din kit thuc. d cau (b) vd (c), cd vg nhu ngudi ta ttdng chd rdng d thdi diem ti+n ndo dd (n phdi du Idn de bao ddm qudtiinhcd dugc tinh thdi lugng) sg cdtiiemnhilu bucti^nhco vd nhilu 18 Ngon ngfif so 2 nam 2011 la cd dugc tteo. Cau (lOd), tiiong ty Cflng tiiong ty nhu d sy tinh tdn (8c), qud tiiyc khd cd till hinh dung tgi, bdt ddu ddi hditiiamto doi tiigng nd cd till dugc sft dyngtiongmgt ngft phdi cd tinh Ifly tieh. 6 cdu (1 Id) hai canh nhu till ndo: nlu ngi dung tiuyen djnh ngfl ddu tien vd (cua) hgp ddng dgt Id sy doi I ^ cd - khdng thi chi can dd tgotinhdom nhit cho "ba cdi bdn" ndi "bit diu tteo ttanh", cdn neu Id do vgy, cd danh ngft tham to dd mang sy doi Igp gifla "hai (buctiranh)"vdi tuih Ifly tich. Tat nhien, vl m^t ngu mgt so lugng khdc thi phdi ddnh dau nghia, khi "nd" bit diu ddng cdi ban tuih dom nhat cfta nd - nghia Id danh thft nhit (ttorg "ba cdi bdn diu tien" ngft nay can mgt djnh ngft. 4y) thi cflng cd nghia Id "nd" bdt diu thyc hipn "ba cdi bdn dautiencua hgp Hdnh dgng chuyen tdc: \/f-*ux u.*« u i *' IA «.^ dong". Trong khi do, d(lib), khi "nd" Mgt hdnh dgng chuyen tac Id mgt , ^ ^ , ; / Ui u J- .1. >1 >x. ^ bdt dau ddng cai bdn thu nhat thi khong hdnh dgng tdc dgng vdo dot tugng, ., u r IA AC^ ^ .u A^' thi ndi Id "nd" ddng "ba cdi ban" Danh tgo ra ho^c Idm dot tugng thay dot , A , , ^. ngfl - tham to d (1 lb) mang tinh djnh ^^ ..L '• .' 1 1 A. •. .X1 , -i (ttgng tiiai, tmh chit, vj tii) hay biln ^ u - •,~ . - 1 A /iT ^ «.. -.u' u i .' lugng chu khong phai luytich.O (lie), ^* XT'- u mat. Noi chung, mgt v}tirchuyen tac / °., . f^ \^ ,.' ; .* AA u A)^ .^U^IU'- U.C. i Ui neuhieu bdt dau dong mgt cai ban dugc ddnh dau the khoi phdt ve bdn , , , ,. , * u'!* w^u'^u-'^ -^ i . ^ u 4 r , tuc Id thyc hipn nhflmg dgng tdc dau chat phai the hipn mgt qud trinh [+ ... , , \ &v t ., , . , T , , ., i. ..A ,.i tien (cua, bao, dye, chdng hgn) nhdm thai lugng], vd d thdi diem quy chieu , ' s> -^ J • U--1 •.._' u~ u A .Ui ^^'^ X tgoracat ban thi "mgt cai ban" Id danh no phai logi tiu nghia hodn thdnh hodc ,.. , , u^. 'XT A- .u^iu'- u'. ngft Ifly tich. Cdu (lie) kha chap, ket qua. Ngodi ra, the khoi phat cua ' ^ mgt hdnh dgng chuyln tde cflng cd The khdi phdt hen quan den khftc mgt so rdng bugc nhit djnh vl vj tii "^ogn hay pha (phase) diu cfta mgt vd vl danh ngft - tham to. So sdnh: hdnh dgng; vi vgy nd chi till hipn khi (11) a. Nd bit diu ddng bdn. ^ ^ ^ ^ g '^^'^c dl cgp diln m ttong , ^ mgt dg ddi tiidi gian nhat djnh (tinh b. INd bdt dau ddng ba cdi bdn. thdi lugng, durative). Dilu nay lien c. Nd bit diu ddng mgt cdi bdn. quan chdt chg vdi tinh Ifly tich cua d. Nd bit diu ddng ba cdi bdn ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^ *° tham gia vao hogt ddu tien cua hgp ddng **^"g '^^^y^" tdc. e. Nd bit diu ddt (xdp) tdi lieu . ^° ' ^ ^^ }^> ^^ (^ if)' «•« rang fn^j-uk.A^ ^/ -' ./ . ' "bat dau dot (xap) tdi lipu" dl chip f Wo bdt dau dot mau giay do. nhgn ban "bdt ddu ddt miu giiy" rit g. *Ndh^ dm uong vien thudc dd. nhieu, vi hdnh dgng sau cd ve khd '^'"^-1. h. Nd bit bdt , diu dau , udng uong , chai thudc ,thudc khdng dd chip (So xe" f fsanh tiu 'nhgn ' cd ^"bdt khdi ve cdcnhu dau pha phdt hdnh ddt" banban, hdnh dgng vd vi "bit dgng "xe" ndddu tmdc. dede Bdt ddu... dugc hinh dung Id bao hdm nhieu dgng tde "x^" khdc nhau tten cung doi tugng, multi-events). 19 (13) a. Nd bit dau ddp dia va thdnh tiing mdnh. r n-i ciu true gay khiln: d day khodng cdch (d cdc cau (13) doi till cua hdnh thdi gian gifla hdnh dgng vd kit qua dgng chuyln tdc dong thdi Id chu thi theo sau Id mgt dgi lugng e tipm cgn cua vi tii kit qud, cdn d cdc cau (14), z6ro (e - • 0), tgo thdnh mgt ciu true bieu thj mgt sy tinh tuong ti^ sy tinh hai tham to ndy hodn todn phan bipt). dilm tinh. Do vgy, nlu doi tugng Trong hai cau tten, chung tdi chuyln tdc dugc bilu hipn bing mgt cho ring chi cd (14a) Id ciu true gay danh tft khoi thi cdi danh tft khdi dd khiln tiiyc sy: vj tft gay khiln ldm ddi khi phdi nhd vdo ngfl cdnh mdi cho Id vj tft chinh cua cau true; "nd cdtilltiiamgia vdo qua trinh khdi phdt. huttiiuoc"Id mgt cau tiuc de - thuyet Xet cdc cau sau day: dd bj hg cip (backgrounding). Nhu (15) a. *Nd bdt diu be gdy cdy bdt. vgy D I cua cau true cd thi tinh luge ho^e cdi bientiidnh"Nd bit dau ldm h. Nd bit dau be cong cdy biit. cho..." ho$c "Vipc hut thuoc cua nd c. Nd bit diu be gdy sd but vita bdt dau Ito cho..." md ngfl nghia khdng nhgn dugc/ nhiing cdy but do. thay doi'. d. ?? Nd bit dau be gay but. Trong khi dd, d (14b) hut thuoc d (a), gdy ttong be gdy Id mgt Id vj tft chinh (do vgy nd dugc ddnh vj tft dilm tinh nen sy tinh khdng the diu khdi phdt). Ta cd mgt cau true khd gidi thich cd vl m$t ngft phdp Ian danh diu khdi phdt; trong khi dd, cong ngft nghia. Ve ngft phdp, khdng thi Id mgt vj tft cd tinh thang dg (scalarity) xdc djnh tu cdch "Idm cho" vd cd thdnh nen (b) hodn todn khd chip. d (c), hdnh dgng "be" vd kit qud phin sau nd ttong quan hp vai thdnh phin di trudc. Ve ngfl nghia, sg khdng "gdy" dugc thyc hipn tten moi phin the xdc djnh vipc "hut thuoc" hay Id tii ("gdy" van Id vj tft dilm tinh), do viec "bit dau hut thuoc" gay khd chju do bdt ddu cd thi ddnh diu pha khdi cho mgi ngudi. Chung tdi cho ring diu cua qud tiinh nhdm di din cdi kit cd Ig xft Ii (14b) nhu mgt cau true qud chung Id todn bg cac phin tft diu quan hp thi hgp Ii hon: "Nd bit diu bj gdy. hut thuoc, Idm cho mgi ngudi khd d (d) doi tugng Id mgt danh tu chju" (cf Cao Xudn Hgo [2,240]). khoi, nghia Id cd tilm ndng mang ddc Ve cau true gay khiln can \€t hai trudmg hgp sau day: Bdt ddu... tinh cua mgt thyc the Iflytfch,nhimg ttong tiudng hgp ndy tiem ndng dd khdng dugc hipn tiiyc. d day nd van Id mgt danh tu khdng mang phgm tni s6, tiic Id khdng hdm chfta mgt hflu hgn cdc phan tii. Cau (15d) khd dugc chip nhgn ttong mgt b6i cdnh binh thudng. Vdinhftngvituchuylntacchuyln vj, bdt ddu cd the ddnh dau thi khdi phdt, dong tiidi nd cflng giup djnh hudng lgi ngfl nghia cua sy tinh. So s^nh: ,, -. -,, .. (16) a. No ddy cdi xe vdo nhd. b. Nd bit dau ddy cdi xe vdo nhd. r^^ « /I/: ^ ^^ ^ uu A Trong cau (16a), tuy tinh huong, "nhd" cd till Id hudng (direction), cd till Id dich (goal). Khi dugc ddnh diu khdi phdt (16b), "nhd" chi cd till Id hudng chft khdng the Id dich. Li do don gidn: bdt ddu^ khdng till di vdi mgt sy^tinh^hftu ket^(teUc) ho$c dugc ddnh dau ket qud, ket tiiuc. (17) a. *Nd bit diu ddy cdi xe vdo nhd mdt mudi phat. K *AMKsf-4^ ^ ' '^ h.*Nd\y^da^daycaixevao den nha. . i , c. Nd bdt dau ddy cdi xe vdo nhd nhung dugc vdi budc thi ngd. ^ ^ ^ Ngay cd khi cd mgt yeu to ddnh dautiienhu dS, roi, chua, sdp, lgi, v.v. titi cdc yeu to ndy chi tdc dgng din vj tft bdt ddu chft khdng dnh hudng dinvjtftdisau . ^ . (18) A^d (dd) bdt dau day cdi xe vdo nhd roi. Hdnh dgng "diy" van chua dgt din dich. 21 Tuy nhien, dieu ddng chu y Id d sytinhchuyen tdc chuyen vj, bdn chit <=? ^ "S* tiiam to khdng phdi la ^^^1° ^^T ^^^ " !lf";»"^ ^^uyen tac [+tiidi lugng]. Thi dy: (^9) ^; ^^ ^^t diu ddy xe/ chiec ^^^ *" ''^'^'^ ^^ ^^° "^^• b. Nd bit dau chuyin ghi/ bdn ^^^^"""^ chiic ghi/qua phdng dn. ^^y chinh Id d$c dilm dl phan ^^^t logi sy tinh ndy vdi kilu ciu tiuc ^^y ^ ^ " ^ tren (so vdi cac cau (13)). L^ do: vj tft chuyln tdc ttong trudmg hgp ndy mang tinhtiiddlugng rat rd: ^ , ^dt, ddn, keo, ldi, v.v. diu Id nhftng vj tft cd dg ddi thdi gian dang kl. So sdnh (19a) vdi (20) sau day: , , (20) a. INd bdt ddu xd chiic xe ^"• b. INd bdt ddu gigt chiic cue do ra. yj tft xg gigt khdng cdtinhtiidi dogn nen khd chip nhgn danh ngfl don so "chile xe", "chile cue do". (Tuy "hien, vdi ngfl cdnh nhat djnh, ching hgn khi can hdng logt hdnh dgng dh cd till chuyln vjd6itiigng("xd", "gigt" nhilu lin) titi (20) khd chip). ^ Hdnh dgng vd tdc: " ^ *^^"8 ^° tdc Id hdnh dgng khdng nhdm tde dgng den doi tugng ndo. Hdnh dgng vd tdctiiudngId hdnh dgng di chuyln, cu dgng, ung xft. ^^ vi. ^i ^^ , jx , A ,, , , , ° ° *^f ^^" ^ ^^ *^ ^ ^ phdt nd khongtiietiicrnghgp vdi cdc hanh dgng hflu kit (telle), bat ke dogn tinh hay dilm tinh (accomplishment vd achievement, Vendler). (21) a. Nd chgy din (/vdo) cdng vien. —