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I AUTOMATION & CONTROL - Theory and Practice AUTOMATION & CONTROL - Theory and Practice Edited by A. D. Rodić In-Tech intechweb.org Published by In-Teh In-Teh Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. Publisher assumes no responsibility liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained inside. After this work has been published by the In-Teh, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are an author or editor, and the make other personal use of the work. © 2009 In-teh www.intechweb.org Additional copies can be obtained from: publication@intechweb.org First published December 2009 Printed in India Technical Editor: Melita Horvat AUTOMATION & CONTROL - Theory and Practice, Edited by A. D. Rodić p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-039-1 V Preface Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control, programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concert with other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies [CAD, CAM, CAx]), to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible. Specialized industrial computers, referred to as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), are frequently used to synchronize the flow of inputs from (physical) sensors and events with the flow of outputs to actuators and events. This leads to precisely controlled actions that permit a tight control of almost any industrial process. Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI), formerly known as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers, such as entering and monitoring temperatures or pressures for further automated control or emergency response. Service personnel who monitor and control these interfaces are often referred to as stationary engineers. Different types of automation tools exist: • ANN - Artificial neural network • DCS - Distributed Control System • HMI - Human Machine Interface • SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition VI • PLC - Programmable Logic Controller • PAC - Programmable Automation Controller • Instrumentation • Motion control • Robotics Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics that deals with the behavior of dynamical systems. Control theory is • a theory that deals with influencing the behavior of dynamical systems • an interdisciplinary subfield of science, which originated in engineering and mathematics, and evolved into use by the social, economic and other sciences. Main control techniques assume: • Adaptive control uses on-line identification of the process parameters, or modification of controller gains, thereby obtaining strong robustness properties. • A Hierarchical control system is a type of Control System in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchical tree. When the links in the tree are implemented by a computer network, then that hierarchical control system is also a form of a Networked control system. • Intelligent control use various AI computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms to control a dynamic system. • Optimal control is a particular control technique in which the control signal optimizes a certain “cost index”. Two optimal control design methods have been widely used in industrial applications, as it has been shown they can guarantee closed-loop stability. These are Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian control (LQG). • Robust control deals explicitly with uncertainty in its approach to controller design. Controllers designed using robust control methods tend to be able to cope with small differences between the true system and the nominal model used for design. • Stochastic control deals with control design with uncertainty in the model. In typical stochastic control problems, it is assumed that there exist random noise and disturbances in the model and the controller, and the control design must take into account these random deviations. The present edited book is a collection of 18 chapters written by internationally recognized experts and well-known professionals of the field. Chapters contribute to diverse facets of automation and control. The volume is organized in four parts according to the main subjects, regarding the recent advances in this field of engineering. The first thematic part of the book is devoted to automation. This includes solving of assembly line balancing problem and design of software architecture for cognitive assembling in production systems. The second part of the book concerns with different aspects of modeling and control. This includes a study on modeling pollutant emission of diesel engine, development of a PLC program obtained from DEVS model, control networks for digital home, automatic control of temperature and flow in heat exchanger, and non-linear analysis and design of phase locked loops. VII The third part addresses issues of parameter estimation and filter design, including methods for parameters estimation, control and design of the wave digital filters. The fourth part presents new results in the intelligent control. That includes building of a neural PDF strategy for hydroelectric station simulator, intelligent network system for process control, neural generalized predictive control for industrial processes, intelligent system for forecasting, diagnosis and decision making based on neural networks and selforganizing maps, development of a smart semantic middleware for the Internet , development appropriate AI methods in fault-tolerant control, building expert system in rotary railcar dumpers, expert system for plant asset management, and building of a image retrieval system in heterogeneous database. The content of this thematic book admirably reflects the complementary aspects of theory and practice which have taken place in the last years. Certainly, the content of this book will serve as a valuable overview of theoretical and practical methods in control and automation to those who deal with engineering and research in this field of activities. The editors are greatfull to the authors for their excellent work and interesting contributions. Thanks are also due to the renomeus publisher for their editorial assistance and excellent technical arrangement of the book. December, 2009 A. D. Rodić IX Contents Preface I. Automation 1. Assembly Line Balancing Problem Single and Two-Sided Structures V 001 Waldemar Grzechca 2. A Software Architecture for Cognitive Technical Systems Suitable for an Assembly Task in a Production Environment 013 Eckart Hauck, Arno Gramatke and Klaus Henning II. Modeling and Control 3. Two stage approaches for modeling pollutant emission of diesel engine based on Kriging model 029 El Hassane Brahmi, Lilianne Denis-Vidal, Zohra Cherfi, Nassim Boudaoud and Ghislaine Joly-Blanchard 4. An approach to obtain a PLC program from a DEVS model 047 Hyeong T. Park, Kil Y. Seong, Suraj Dangol, Gi N. Wang and Sang C. Park 5. A framework for simulating home control networks 059 Rafael J. Valdivieso-Sarabia, Jorge Azorín-López, Andrés Fuster-Guilló and Juan M. GarcíaChamizo 6. Comparison of Defuzzification Methods: Automatic Control of Temperature and Flow inHeat Exchanger 077 Alvaro J. Rey Amaya, Omar Lengerke, Carlos A. Cosenza, Max Suell Dutra and Magda J.M. Tavera 7. Nonlinear Analysis and Design of Phase-Locked Loops 089 G.A. Leonov, N.V. Kuznetsov and S.M. Seledzhi III. Estimation and Filter Design 8. Methods for parameter estimation and frequency control of piezoelectric transducers 115 Constantin Volosencu 9. Design of the Wave Digital Filters Bohumil Psenicka, Francisco García Ugalde and Andrés Romero M. 137 X IV. Intelligent Control 10. Neural PDF Control Strategy for a Hydroelectric Station Simulator 161 German A. Munoz-Hernandez, Carlos A. Gracios-Marin, Alejandro Diaz-Sanchez, Saad P. Mansoor and Dewi I. Jones 11. Intelligent Network System for Process Control: Applications, Challenges, Approaches 177 Qurban A Memon 12. Neural Generalized Predictive Control for Industrial Processes 199 Sadhana Chidrawar, Balasaheb Patre and Laxman Waghmare 13. Forecasting, Diagnosis and Decision Making with Neural Networks and Self-Organizing Maps 231 Kazuhiro Kohara, Katsuyoshi Aoki and Mamoru Isomae 14. Challenges of Middleware for the Internet of Things 247 Michal Nagy, Artem Katasonov, Oleksiy Khriyenko, Sergiy Nikitin, Michal Szydłowski and Vagan Terziyan 15. Artificial Intelligence Methods in Fault Tolerant Control 271 Luis E. Garza Castañón and Adriana Vargas Martínez 16. A Real Time Expert System For Decision Making in Rotary Railcar Dumpers 297 Osevaldo Farias, Sofiane Labidi, João Fonseca Neto, José Moura and Samy Albuquerque 17. Modular and Hybrid Expert System for Plant Asset Management 311 Mario Thron and Nico Suchold 18. Image Retrieval System in Heterogeneous Database Khalifa Djemal, Hichem Maaref and Rostom Kachouri 327