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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 09 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.217 Assessment of Health Workers’ Knowledge about Blood Borne Diseases Zainab A. Hasan* College of Nursing, University of Basra, Basra - Iraq *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Assessment, Health workers, Knowledge, Nursing, Blood borne diseases Article Info Accepted: 12 August 2018 Available Online: 10 September 2018 Blood borne diseases is a serious global public health problem, health workers are in danger of infection. 1- Assessment of health workers’ knowledge about blood borne diseases in Al- Basra general hospital. 2- Assessment of health workers’ knowledge precautions to prevent infections. Across sectional institutional study was conducted among health workers the total subjects studied were 50 of health workers. Data was entered in spss program and analyzed using chi-square test. Highest percentage of the sample was aging group (20-29) years (42%), female (66%), blood blank unit (46%), institute (54%) and employee years (1-10) (64%). The highest percentage of relation of health workers’ knowledge and age for the age group (50-59 years) (100%), the percentage of knowledge males (88.23%) was higher than females (75.7%), highest percentage for knowledge was for blood bank unit workers (90.3%), highest percentage for employment years (21-30 years) and (more than 30 years) (100%), and highest percentage for knowledge was for college (91.6%). There is no significant difference between health workers’ knowledge and age, gender, work place, employment years and education. Health workers staff in Al-Basra general hospital has sufficient knowledge about blood borne diseases but need more knowledge about transmission methods of blood borne diseases and how to deal with blood spill and contaminated fluid. The employment and direct dealing with blood present good information to health workers about blood borne diseases. Introduction Blood-borne diseases include a wide spectrum of infectious conditions that infect their target tissue through the circulation of blood (Greenberg et al., 2000). Transmission of blood borne diseases is by direct contact with infected blood or other body fluids. The infection risk can be reduced by avoiding direct contact with blood and body fluids, by avoiding the use of contaminated needles and syringes for injection or any other medical or cosmetic procedure penetrating the skin (including acupuncture, piercing and tattooing), and by avoiding transfusion of unsafe blood. Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS and malaria are examples of blood borne diseases (WHO, 2007; Dionne-Odom et al., 2016). In the health-care setting, transmission of blood-borne pathogens represents a matter of increasing public interest over the past number of years. There have been several reports of health-care workers, who had been involved in exposure-prone procedures, infected with 1789 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 blood-borne pathogens (Slainte and Leana, 2005). October-2017 and ends the work in 15-April2018. Exposure to blood-borne pathogens shows a serious danger to health care workers (HCWs). Needlestick and sharps injuries have been reported as transmission method of at least 20 different pathogens (Collins and Kennedy, 1987; Tarigan et al., 2015). Risk factors of infecting or transmitting a blood borne pathogen are not the only healthcare provider. For this, knowledge of health worker about blood borne diseases becomes more importance in save health worker life. Sample of study The study aims to determine to the awareness of blood borne diseases among health workers, to assess the existing knowledge of health workers’ knowledge precautions to prevent infections, and to find out the association between the levels of knowledge and demographic variables. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, questionnaire composed of (20) questions about blood borne diseases was evaluated by four referees to add their notes. After that, questionnaire was distributed to (50) health workers, we divided years of experience for them to classes (1-10, 11-20, 21-30,>30) and their level of education to (secondary school nurses, institute, college). Also we divided their age to classes (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59) and work place (blood bank unit, operation rooms, dialysis unit, laboratory unit). All participants answer 20 questions through self-administered, and we collect the score of each sample to evaluate knowledge of health worker about blood borne diseases. Fifty health workers’ working in (blood bank unit, operation rooms, dialysis unit, laboratory unit) in Al –Basra General Hospital were participated in the study project. Project instrument The questionnaire was designed and constructed after reviewing related literatures, obstetrical background and previous studies. The questionnaire consisted of three parts which included the following appendix: Part one: socio-demographic characteristics Demographic data relative to sociodemographic date characteristic such as nurse age, gender, working place, years of employment and level of education. Part two: knowledge regarding blood borne diseases Included (16) question related health workers’ knowledge regarding blood borne disease such as: causes, type and transmission ways. Part three: knowledge precaution to prevent infection regarding Included (4) question related health workers’ knowledge about how to prevent infection. Limitation of the study Setting of the project The difficulties encounter the researcher in conducting the present study as following: This study was carried out from health worker in Al-Basra General Hospital from 22- This study was performed in one hospital in Basra city and it did not cover all city hospital. 1790 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 The study population was limited to (50) health workers because some of them were not cooperative and refuse to participate. According to Table 2, number of health workers who showed good knowledge through correct answers is (40) which present (80%). Data collection Relationship among level of knowledge and variables of study (age, gender, level of education, employment years, and working place). Data were collected from 22-October-2017 to the investigator had explained the benefit of the study to the participants and ask them to answer the questionnaire items in the same day of visiting. Data analysis Data analysis of study sample was done by using the SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) (version 16). Percentage (%) and chi-square data analysis approaches were used in order to analyze and assess the result of the study. The criteria of probability levels were used to determine the significance of statistical test as following: High significance (P< 0.01), Significance (P<0.05) and No significance (P≥ 0.05). Results and Discussion Socio-demographic characteristics of the health workers Majority nurses were females (66%), within the age group of (20-29 and 30-39). As to level of education, most health workers are graduated from institute (54%). As to years of experience, most of them are working in blood bank unit and laboratory (46% and 24%), and most health workers (64%) have rendered 1-10 years of employment (Table 1). Descriptive statistics of level of health workers’ knowledge regarding blood borne diseases. Table 3 shows the maximum good knowledge in the age (50-59) [100%] and the minimum good knowledge in the age (20-29) [71%], the relation between knowledge and age was insignificant. The male have good knowledge (88.23%) compared to the female (75.7%). The relation between knowledge and gender was insignificant. Table 3 shows (40) good knowledge, the maximum score (21) was in blood bank unit (91.3%) and the minimum score (5) was in dialysis unit (62.5%). The relation between the knowledge and work place was insignificant. The maximum good knowledge (100%) in employment years (21-30 and >30) and the minimum good knowledge (71.8) in (1-10). The relation between knowledge and employment years was insignificant. The maximum good knowledge (91.6) was college nurses while the minimum good knowledge (63.6) in secondary school nurses. The relation between knowledge and education is insignificant. Table 4 showed that majority of nurses answer the questions (8 and 10) correctly (98%), while the majority answer the question (12) wrong (86%). Table 5 shows the nurses have good knowledge to prevent infection in question 17(94%), while have bad knowledge in question 18 (86%). 1791 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 Table.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the health workers (n=50) No. % 20-29 years 21 42 30-39 years 15 30 40-49 years 6 12 50-59 years 8 16 male 17 34 female 33 66 Blood bank unit 23 46 Operation room 7 14 Dialysis unit 8 16 Laboratory unit 12 24 Employment of nurses by 1-10 years 32 64 years 11-20 years 8 16 21-30 years 5 10 30 years and over 5 10 Secondary school nurses 11 22 Institute 27 54 College 12 24 Variable Age Sex Working department Level of education Table.2 Percentage of health workers according to knowledge Good knowledge Bad knowledge No. of nurses 40 10 1792 Percentage 80% 20% Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 Table.3 Relation between health workers’ knowledge and variables Age Good knowledge Percentage 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 Total df =3 Sex Male Female Total X2 =1.092 Place 15 12 5 8 40 71% 80% 83% 100% 80% Good knowledge 15 25 40 Good knowledge Blood bank unit 21 Bad knowledge Percentage Total 6 29% 21 3 20% 15 1 17% 6 0 0% 8 10 20% 50 2 X =3.006 p =0.391 Percentage Bad knowledge Percentage Total 88.23% 2 11.77% 17 75.7% 8 24.3% 33 80% 10 20% 50 df = 1 p =0.296 Percentage Bad knowledge Percentage Total 91.3% 2 8.7% 23 Operation room 5 71.4% 2 28.6% 7 Dialysis unit 5 62.5% 3 37.5% 8 Laboratory unit 9 75% 3 25% 12 Total 40 80% 10 20% 50 2 X = 3.877 df =3 p =0.275 Years Good knowledge Percentage Bad knowledge Percentage Total 1-10 23 71.8% 9 28.2% 32 11-20 7 87.5% 1 12.5% 8 21-30 5 100% 0 0% 5 >30 5 100% 0 0% 5 2 X = 4.102 df =3 p =0.251 Education Good Percentage Bad knowledge Percentage Total knowledge Secondary nurses Institute College Total X2 = 2.899 school 7 22 11 40 63.6% 4 36.4% 81.4% 91.6% 80% 5 1 10 18.6% 8.4% 20% df =2 1793 11 27 12 50 p =0.235 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 Table.4 Health workers’ knowledge about blood borne diseases according to questionnaire items Questions answers 1-What is the blood borne diseases.... Correct a- Microorganisms such as viruses or bacterial answer b-air borne particles that are easily inhaled Wrong answer c-small larva that feed on animal carcass 2-Type of blood borne diseases.. Correct a-syphilis answer b-tuberculosis Wrong answer c-tetanus 3-What is the way leading to transmitted blood borne Correct diseases? answer a-sharps and splash exposure Wrong answer b-needle stick and dusts exposure c-splash and fluid exposure 4-The device with hollow-bore needles can... Correct a-be the highest risk of injury answer b-be increased risk of injury Wrong answer c-be decrease risk of injury 5-HBV transmitted primarily through.. Correct a-blood to blood answer b-person to person Wrong answer c-blood to person 6-HBV can survive in dried blood for.. Correct a-10 days answer b-3 days Wrong answer c-7 days 7-80% of people infected with HCV.. Correct a-asymptomatic answer b-have jaundice and fatigue Wrong answer c-have abdominal pain and loss of appetite 8-HIV caused by.. Correct a-bacteria answer b-virus Wrong answer c-fungus 9-HIV... Correct a-cannot survive very long outside of human body answer b-can survive very long outside of human body Wrong answer c-can survive very short outside of human body 10-HIV.. Correct a-attacks the central nervous system answer b-attacks the cardiovascular system Wrong answer c-attacks the immune system 11-Getting test for HIV when... Correct 1794 NO 48 % 96 2 4 28 56 22 44 36 72 14 28 33 66 17 34 19 38 31 62 8 16 42 84 36 72 14 28 49 98 1 2 24 48 26 52 49 98 1 2 32 64 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 a-symptoms appear answer b- you feel infected with HIV Wrong answer c- touch the person infected with HIV 12-One of transmission way of HIV except blood is... Correct a-breast milk answer b-sewage Wrong answer c-saliva 13-Brucellosis is caused by... Correct a-bacteria answer b-virus Wrong answer c-fungus 14-The onset of Brucellosis can be insidious or acute Correct generally beginning within... answer a-4 to 7weeks incubation Wrong answer b-2 to 4 weeks incubation c-3 to 5 weeks incubation 15-The most common complication of Brucellosis... Correct a-osteoporosis disease answer b-osteoarticular disease Wrong answer c-meningitis 16 Malaria transmitted to human by... Correct a-fleas answer b-mosquitoes Wrong answer c-bacteria Total 18 36 7 14 43 86 35 70 15 30 25 50 25 50 20 40 30 60 34 68 16 32 50 100% Table.5 Health workers’ knowledge about precautions to prevent infections according to questionnaire items Questions 17-One of the most effective protection against blood borne disease a-wear two layers of gloves b-wear mask c-wear gown 18-If exposed to blood borne diseases a-wash thoroughly with an abrasive soap b-wash thoroughly with denatured alcohol c-wash thoroughly with soap and running water 19-Spilled blood or body fluid must be removed by a-covering with paper towels saturated with disinfectant for 20 min b-cleaning with disinfectant and running water immediately C-cleaning with alcohol, soap and water. 20- One of protection methods against malaria is... a-vaccination b-gloves and mask c-protection against mosquitoes Total 1795 Answer Correct answer NO 47 % Wrong answer Correct answer Wrong answer 3 7 43 6 14 86 Correct answer 10 20 Wrong answer 40 80 Correct answer Wrong answer 17 33 34 66 50 100% 94 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1789-1797 Our study was designed to evaluate the health workers’ knowledge about blood borne diseases and precaution to prevent infection, three forma was used for the evaluation, first forma represent the demographic features for the studied group, the second forma consist of sixteen items represent the level of knowledge about blood borne diseases, the third forma consist of four items represent the level of knowledge about precaution to prevent infection. Our study showed that health workers working in hospital for over than thirty years have sufficient knowledge about blood borne diseases and precaution to prevent infection. This explains the importance of employment and training in to get good knowledge and practice. This result agreed with Dellobelle et al., (2009) study in South Africa who mentioned that lack of training impacting negatively on health workers (Dellobelle et al., 2009), there was no statistical difference between males and females in knowledge, this result may due to the same education and experience they have been received. Our study showed that health workers in blood bank unit have the highest knowledge might because they deal directly with blood compared with other hospital department. According to education, our study agreed with Aziz, (2013) study in Erbil city at that there is no significant relation between health education role and some variables (Aziz, 2013). As noticed from table 4 there is good information about HIV disease regarding other diseases constructed in the questionnaire although there are few cases in our hospitals (Raddam, 2007, MHI, 2012) this is due to widespread information about the disease. Most of health workers participated in our study did not have enough knowledge about the methods of transmission of blood borne diseases, how to deal with blood spill, and what to do after infection. So they did not have enough knowledge about precautions to protect themselves from infection. In our study, it was concluded that: Health workers staff in Al-Basra general hospital has sufficient knowledge about blood borne diseases. The employment and direct dealing with blood present good information to health workers about blood borne diseases. Health workers need more knowledge about transmission methods of blood borne diseases and how to deal with blood spill and contaminated fluid. 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URLs: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2 007/9789241580397_5_eng.pdf and http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2 007/9789241580397_6_eng.pdf. Date of access: 28 December 2007. How to cite this article: Zainab A. Hasan. 2018. Assessment of Health Workers’ Knowledge about Blood Borne Diseases. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(09): 1789-1797. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.217 1797