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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.366 Assessment of Different Seed Priming Methods on Quality Parameters of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Ehunme Sutnga*, A.K. Chaurasia and A. Neha Reddy Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Lentil, Hydro priming, Osmo priming, Halo priming, Hormonal priming, organic priming, GA3, PEG 6000, KH2PO4, KNO3, KCl, ZnSO4, Neem Leaf Extract, Tulasi Leaf Extract and Moringa Leaf Extract Article Info Accepted: 22 October 2020 Available Online: 10 November 2020 The study was conducted at the Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, during 2019-2020. The lentil of variety K-75 was treated with different methods of priming viz. control, distilled water (hydro priming), GA3(hormonal priming), PEG 6000 (osmo priming), KH2PO4, KNO3, KCl, ZnSO4 (halo priming), Tulasi Leaf Extract, Moringa Leaf Extract and Neem Leaf Extract (organic priming) for 12 hours and were shade dried for further experiment. The experiment conducted was analysed by completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The quality parameters which were analysed for different treatments was germination percentage, speed of germination, root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (g), seedling dry weight (g), seedling vigour index I and seedling vigour index II. The experiment showed the organic treatment i.e. Neem Leaf Extract (NLE) attained the highest value in germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index I and seedling vigour index II. Hence, the results concluded that the organic priming treatment (NLE) was found to be better and can be effectively used as low cost, environmentally friendly, easily adaptable priming method by farmers. Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a member of the Leguminaceae (Fabaceae) family, recognized as the most nutritious amongst Rabi pulses and rank next to chickpea. Lentil is a diploid (2n=2x=14), self pollinated (autogamy) and annual species of grain legume. Lentils probably originated in the Near East and rapidly spread to Egypt, central and southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan, China and later to the New World including Latin America (Cubero, 1981; Duke, 1981; Ladizinsky, 1979). It is grown throughout the Northern and Central India for grains, which are used as dal and other preparation as soups and casseroles. It is generally grown as rainfed crop during Rabi season after rice, maize and pearl millet. 3022 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 In India (2017-2018), Lentil contribute to the Pulse cultivation in area is 15.54 lakh ha, production is 16.07 lakh tones, and productivity is 1034 kg/ha. About 98% has been realized from 07 states of Madhya Pradesh (5.96 Lha and 6.79 Lt), Uttar Pradesh (4.84 Lha and 4.98 Lt), West Bengal (1.58 Lha and 1.55 Lt), Bihar (1.50 Lha and 1.39 Lt), Jharkhand (0.69 Lha and 0.60 Lt), Rajasthan (0.31 Lha and 0.34 Lt) and Assam (0.27 Lha and 0.20 Lt). (Source: The botanical features of Lens culinaris (cultivated lentil) can be described as annual bushy herb, slender almost erect or sub erect, much-branched, softly hairy; stems slender, angular, 15-75 cm height (Duke, 1981; Muehlbauer et al., 1985). Ten to sixteen leaflets are subtended on the rachis (40-50 mm); upper leaves have simple tendrils while lower leaves are mucronate (Muehlbauer et al., 1985). "The leaves are alternate, compound, pinnate, usually ending in a tendril or bristly; leaflets 4-7 pairs, alternate or opposite; oval, sessile, 1-2 cm long; stipules small, entire; stipules absent; pods oblong, flattened or compressed, smooth, to 1.3 cm long, 1-2-seeded; seed biconvex, rounded, small, 4-8 mm × 2.2-3 mm, lens-shaped, green, greenish-brown or light red speckled with black; the weight of 100 seeds range from 2 to 8 g; cotyledons red, orange, yellow, or green, bleaching to yellow, often showing through the testa, influencing its apparent colour" (Kay, 1979; Duke, 1981; and Muehlbauer et al., 1995). Flowers are small, pale blue, purple, white or pink, in axillary 1-4-flowered racemes; 1-4 flowers are borne on a single peduncle and a single plant can produce upto 10-150 peduncles each being 2.5-5 cm long (Muehlbauer et al., 1985). Flowering proceeds acropetally. Germination is hypogeal and this keeps the developing seedlings below ground level which reduces the effects of freezing and other desiccating environmental conditions (Muehlbauer et al., 1985). Seeds will germinate at temperatures above freezing but best at the range of 18-21°C; temperatures above 27°C are harmful; optimum temperatures for growth and yields are around 24°C. Lentils are grown as a cool weather or winter crop in the semi-arid tropics, cultivated from sea level to 3,800 m, but are not suited to the humid tropics. They are less damaged by drought than by water logging. Lentils thrive on a wide range of soils from light loams and alluvial soil to black cotton soils, best on clay soils; tolerate moderate alkalinity. Salt tolerance is higher during germination than during subsequent development. Lentils are quantitative longday plants, some cultivars tending to be dayneutral. Lentil is reported to require environments ranging from cool temperate steppe to wet through subtropical dry to moist forest life zones. It tolerates annual precipitation of 2.8-24.3 dm annual mean temperature of 6.3-27.3°C and pH of 4.5-8.2" (Kay 1979; Duke, 1981). Seed priming can be defined as “it is a seed treatment that involve the controlled hydration of seed to allow pre-germinative metabolic events to take place, but insufficient to allow radicle protrusion through the seed coat (Heydcker et al., 1973)”. Seed priming is a pre-sowing strategy for influencing seedling development by modulating pre-germination metabolic activity prior to emergence of the radicle and generally enhances rapid, uniform emergence and plant performance to achieve high vigour and better yields (McDonald, 2000). All priming treatments were effective in reducing the mean emergence time, while enhancing final emergence percentage, as compared to that of unprimed seed which had low vigour and poor seed performance; it has also noted that seed priming resulted in improved seedling growth as indicated by increased root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weight. It also enhances germination 3023 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 and early seedling growth in cucumber (Oluwagbenga et al., 2016). Priming is one of the most physiological methods which improves the seed performance and provides faster and synchronized germination. The primed seed give earlier, more uniform and sometime greater germination and seedling establishment and growth (Ashok et al., 2017). The ancient Greek farmers found that the seed of cucumber soaked in water or milk and honey before sowing results in increase germination rate and emergence (Evenari, 1980). Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) in order to check the best priming method of Lentil (K-75). The treatments used at different concentrations for priming were,T0- control, T1- distilled water (hydro priming), T2- GA3 (100ppm) (hormonal priming), T3- PEG 6000 (20%) (osmo priming), T4- KH2PO4 (1.0%), T5- KNO3 (1.0%), T6- KNO3 (2.0%), T7- KCl (1.0%), T8- KCl (2.0%), T9- ZnSO4 (0.5%) (halo priming), T10- Neem Leaf Extract (5%), T11- Tulasi Leaf Extract (5%), T12- Moringa Leaf Extract (5%) and (organic priming). After cleaning and grading, the seeds were soaked in respective priming solutions at different volume of seeds for twelve hours. Then the seeds were air dried under the shade to bring back to their original moisture content and used for sowing on laboratory. Hundred seeds of each treatment were placed for germination in four Replications in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). The between paper method used for samples and place for germination in germination chamber al 25 °C temperature. Germination parameters were Germination Percentage (%), Speed of germination, Root length (cm), Shoot length (cm), Seedling length (cm), Fresh weight of seedling (g), Dry weight of seedling (g), Seed vigour index I and Seed vigour index II. Preparation of solutions Hydro priming: A 100ml of distilled water was taken in a clean beaker. Hormonal priming: For the preparation of solution of the growth hormone GA₃ 100mg of chemical were taken in one beaker. This chemical was added in 1000 ml. of distilled water with constant stirring. The volume of solution will finally constitute to one litter and then it became 100 ppm solution of chemical. The flasks containing chemicals will be covered with muslin cloth to avoid any contamination. Halo priming: For the preparation of solution one gram of each chemical was taken in a beaker. These chemicals were added separately in 1000 ml. of distilled water with constant stirring. The volume of solution will finally constitute to one litter, and then it becomes 1000 ppm stock solution of each chemical. The flasks containing chemicals was covered with muslin cloth to avoid any contamination For the preparation of KH2PO4 1%, KNO3 1% KCl 1% solution 10(g), KNO3 2% , KCl 2% solution 20(g), and ZnSO4 0.5% solution 0.5gm was taken in a measuring flask made up to 100ml distilled water while for PEG 1% solution 10(g). PEG 2% solution 20(g). Organic priming: The fresh neem leaves were collected separately. The leaves were washed thoroughly in tap water and crushed into fine paste by using mortar and pestle, 5g of the sample was ground by a blender with 100ml of distilled water. The ground mixture is filtered through a fine cotton cloth which constitutes 5% Neem, Tulasi and Moringa Leaf Extract. 3024 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Anisa Ruttanaruangboworn et al., (2017) and Bassi et al., (2011). Results and Discussion Analysis of variance The analysis of variance for seedling characters was presented in Table 1. Analysis of variance revealed that the differences among seven treatments were significant for seedling characters, viz., germination per cent, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, seed vigour index I and seed vigour index II. Mean performance The data presented in the table showed mean performance and range of 13 treatments for 9 seed quality parameters in table 2. Germination (%) Mean performance of seed germination percentage ranged from 96.5% to 77.75% with grand mean value of 88.05769%. The significantly highest seed germination percentage (96.5%) was recorded by seed priming treatment T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (94.75%), and the minimum (77.75%) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014. Speed of germination Mean performance of speed of germination ranged from 91.693 to 77.05 with grand mean value of 84.42135. The significantly highest speed of germination (91.693) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. speed of germination followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (91.653) and the minimum (77.05) was observed in control i.e. Root length (cm) Mean performance of root length (cm) ranged from 15.225cm to 9.185cm with grand mean value of 12.42212cm. The significantly highest root length (15.225cm) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (14.143cm) and the minimum (9.185cm) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014. Shoot length (cm) Mean performance of shoot length (cm) ranged from 24.430cm to 15.758cm with grand mean value of 21.23404cm. The significantly highest shoot length (24.430cm) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (23.913cm) the minimum (15.758cm) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014 Seedling length (cm) Mean performance of seedling length (cm) ranged from 38.555cm to 24.943cm with mean value of 33.57154cm. Seed treated with Neem Leaf Extract (5%) i.e. organic priming (T10) attained the highest length of seedling with (38.555cm) followed by KH2PO4 (1%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (38.055cm) and the minimum (24.943cm) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014. 3025 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 Seedling fresh weight (g) Seedling Vigour Index I Mean performance of seedling fresh weight (g) ranged from 3.175g to 2.45g with grand mean value of 2.880769g. The significantly highest seedling fresh weight (3.175g) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming and KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (3.175g). followed by Moringa Leaf Extract (5%) i.e. organic priming (T12) with (3.1g) the minimum (2.45g) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014 Mean performance of seedling vigour index I ranged from 3718.952 to 1939.370 with grand mean value of 2971.338. The significantly highest Seedling Vigour Index I (3718.952) was recorded by seed priming treatment in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (605.395) the minimum (1939.370) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014. Seedling dry weight (g) Seedling Vigour Index II Mean performance of seedling dry weight (g) ranged from 0.248g to 0.208g with grand mean value of 0.231346g. The significantly highest seedling dry weight (0.248g) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (0.243g) the minimum (0.208g) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., 2015 and Gayatri Nahak et al., 2014 Mean performance of seedling vigour index II ranged from 23.888 to 16.123 with grand mean value of 20.41154. The significantly highest seedling vigour index II (23.888) was recorded in T10 (Neem Leaf Extract) (5%) i.e. organic priming followed by KH2PO4 (1.0%) i.e. halo priming (T4) with (22.978) the minimum (16.123) was observed in control i.e. unprimed (T0) similar finding results reported by Serferbe Signaboubo et al., (2015) and Gayatri Nahak et al., (2014). Table.1 Analysis of variance for seed quality character of Lentil (K-75) S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Mean Sum of Squares Parameters Treatment Error Seed Germination 170.215* 6.776 Speed of Germination 80.844* 12.032 Root Length 10.967* 1.388 Shoot Length 23.939* 3.317 Seedling Length 56.060* 3.507 Seedling Fresh Weight 0.181* 0.009 Seedling Dry Weight 0.001* 0.000 Seed Vigour Index I 1,021,619.717* 22,193.763 Seed Vigour Index II 20.284* 0.641 *Significant at 5% level of Significance 3026 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 Table.2 Mean performance of various seed treatments on different characters S. No Treatments Germination percentage Speed of Germination Root Length (cm) Shoot Length (cm) Seedling Length (cm) Seedling Dry Weight (g) 0.208 0.235 0.235 0.235 0.243 0.233 0.215 0.215 0.230 0.233 0.248 0.240 0.240 0.231346 Seedling Vigour Index I Seedling Vigour Index II 24.943 30.020 35.985 32.415 38.055 34.995 33.283 34.998 31.603 30.220 38.555 36.338 35.023 33.57154 Seedling Fresh Weight (g) 2.450 2.800 2.775 2.725 3.175 3.050 2.775 2.750 2.800 2.825 3.175 3.050 3.100 2.880769 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 Grand Mean 77.750 84.000 89.000 79.500 94.750 87.000 78.500 94.250 92.750 85.750 96.500 92.750 92.250 88.05769 77.050 85.408 80.815 82.290 91.653 81.023 80.197 81.845 83.580 86.028 91.693 88.335 87.563 84.42135 9.185 11.160 13.555 11.833 14.143 11.968 13.258 12.823 10.083 11.748 15.225 13.265 13.245 12.42212 15.758 18.860 22.430 20.583 23.913 23.028 20.025 22.175 21.520 18.473 24.430 23.073 21.778 21.23404 1,939.370 2,514.695 3,202.165 2,572.990 3,605.395 3,044.430 2,610.133 3,298.395 2,931.280 2,587.670 3,718.952 3,370.195 3,231.730 2971.338 16.123 19.755 20.915 18.685 22.978 20.230 16.865 20.260 21.330 19.923 23.888 22.265 22.135 20.41154 15. 16. C.D (5%) SE (m) 3.737 1.302 4.980 1.734 1.691 0.589 2.615 0.911 2.689 0.936 0.139 0.048 0.009 0.003 213.878 74.488 1.150 0.400 17. SE (d) 1.841 2.453 0.833 1.288 1.324 0.068 0.005 105.342 0.566 3027 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 It is concluded that Lentil (K-75) seeds treated with Neem Leaf Extract (5%) (Organic priming) was recorded significantly higher in respect of seed germination and quality parameters. Neem is cheap source available with farmers and is nature friendly to use. The experimental on the observation on the increase in the germination of the 3028 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(11): 3022-3029 Lentil is indicatives to the priming with Neem leaf Extract have the effect on the physiological processes of the seeds. References Derya Ozveren Yucel (2012). The Effect of Different Priming Treatments and Germination Temperatures on Germination Performance of Lentil seeds, ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science Vol. 7 (12): 1990-6145. Ghassemi-Golezani K., A.A. Aliloo, M. Valizadeh, M. Moghaddam (2008). Effect of Hydro and Osmo-priming on Seed Germination and Field Emergence of Lentil, Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj 36 (1): 29-33. Ghassemi-Golezani K., A.A. Aliloo, M. Valizadeh, M. Moghaddam (2008). Effects of different priming techniques on seed invigoration and seedling establishment of lentil, Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment Vol. 6 (2): 222-226. Faruk Toklu (2015). Effects of Different Priming Treatments on Seed Germination Properties, yield Components and Grain yield of Lentil, Not Bot Horti Agrobo 43(1): 153-158. Jamkhogin Lhungdim, S.K. Chongtham, R.J. Koireng, M.P. Neupne (2014). Seed invigoration and yield of Lentil through Seed priming under different seed rates, Environment and Ecology, 32(2): 527531. Pankaj Kumar, SC Vimal, Sarvjeet and Jai Prakash Gupta (2017). Enhancement of yield components and seed quality parameters by growth regulators in Lentil, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(5): 22-26. Prashansha Singh, Anand Kumar Pandey and AH Khan (2017). Effect of Seed Priming on Growth, Physiology and yield of Lentil Cv. Ndl-1, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 717-719. Sevil Saglam, Sibel Day, Gamze Kaya, Aysegul Gurbuz (2010). Hydropriming Increases Germination of Lentil under Water Stress, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2 (2): 103-106. Gayatri N. and Sahu R. K. (2014). Bio efficacy of leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on growth parameters, wilt and leaf spot diseases of Brinjal. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 8(6), 269-276. Signaboubo, S. Noumbo, G. T. Aoudou, Y. Fovo, J. D. and Keuete E. (2015). Efficacy of three local plant extracts as seed treatment on the germination, infection and vigour index of two cotton seed varieties from Chad. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 6(2), 3947. How to cite this article: Ehunme Sutnga, A.K. Chaurasia and Neha Reddy, A. 2020. Assessment of Different Seed Priming Methods on Quality Parameters of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(11): 3022-3029. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.366 3029