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Expert CONSULT Don’t Forget Your Online Access to Elsevier | ExpertConsult.com Enhanced eBooks for medical professionals Compatible with PC, Mac®, most mobile devices, and eReaders, Expert Consult allows you to browse, search, and interact with this title – online and offline. Redeem your PIN at expertconsult.com today! PIN REDEMPTION INSTRUCTIONS Start using these innovative features today: • Seamless, real-time integration between devices • Straightforward navigation and search • Notes and highlights sharing with other users through social media • Enhanced images with annotations, labels, and hot spots for zooming on specific details * • Live streaming video and animations * • Self-assessment tools such as questions embedded within the text and multiple-format quizzes * * some features vary by title 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Login or Sign Up at ExpertConsult.com Scratch off your PIN code below Enter PIN into the “Redeem a Book Code” box Click “Redeem” Go to “My Library” Use of the current edition of the electronic version of this book (eBook) is subject to the terms of the nontransferable, limited license granted on ExpertConsult.com. Access to the eBook is limited to the first individual who redeems the PIN, located on the inside cover of this book, at ExpertConsult.com and may not be transferred to another party by resale, lending, or other means. For technical assistance: Email: online.help@elsevier.com; Call: within the US and Canada: 800-401-9962; outside the US and Canada: +1-314-447-8200 ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography This page intentionally left blank ASE’s Comprehensive Echocardiography ROBERTO M. LANG, MD, FASE, FACC, FAHA, FESC, FRCP Professor of Medicine Director, Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Laboratories University of Chicago Medical Center Chicago, Illinois STEVEN A. GOLDSTEIN, MD, FACC Director, Noninvasive Cardiology Lab Washington Hospital Center Washington, District of Columbia ITZHAK KRONZON, MD, FASE, FACC, FAHA, FESC, FACP Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology Hofstra University School of Medicine, and LIJ/North Shore Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York BIJOY K. KHANDHERIA, MD, FASE, FACC, FESC, FACP Director, Echocardiography Services Aurora Health Care Aurora Medical Group Aurora St. Luke Medical Center Director, Echocardiography Center for Research and Innovation Aurora Research Institute Co-Director, Aurora Center for Cardio-Oncology Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Milwaukee, Wisconsin VICTOR MOR-AVI, PhD, FASE Professor, Director of Cardiac Imaging Research University of Chicago Medical Center Chicago, Illinois 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 ASE’S COMPREHENSIVE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-26011-4 Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dynamic echocardiography ASE’s comprehensive echocardiography / [edited by] Roberto M. Lang, Steven A. Goldstein, Itzhak Kronzon, Bijoy K. Khandheria, Victor Mor-Avi. – Second edition. p. ; cm. American Society of Echocardiography comprehensive echocardiography Comprehensive echocardiography Preceded by Dynamic echocardiography / American Society of Echocardiography; [edited by] Roberto M. Lang ... [et al.] c2011. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-26011-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Lang, Roberto M., editor II. Goldstein, Steven A., M.D., editor III. Kronzon, Itzhak, editor. IV. Khandheria, Bijoy, editor. V. Mor-Avi, Victor, editor. VI. American Society of Echocardiography, issuing body. VII. Title. VIII. Title: American Society of Echocardiography comprehensive echocardiography. IX. Title: Comprehensive echocardiography. [DNLM: 1. Echocardiography–methods. 2. Cardiovascular Diseases–ultrasonography. WG 141.5.E2] RC683.5.U5 616.1’207543–dc23 2014043847 Senior Content Strategist: Dolores Meloni Content Development Manager: Margaret Nelson Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Project Manager: Kate Mannix Design Direction: Brian Salisbury Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Amr E. Abbas, MD, FACC, FSCAI, FASE Yoram Agmon, MD Luigi P. Badano, MD, PhD, FESC, FACC Beaumont Health Royal Oak, Michigan Director, Echocardiography Laboratory and Heart Valves Clinic Department of Cardiology Rambam Health Care Campus; Associate Clinical Professor Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion–Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel Professor Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences University of Padua Padua, Italy Sahar S. Abdelmoneim, MD, MSc, MS, FESC Assistant Professor of Medicine Research Associate of Cardiovascular Diseases Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Theodore Abraham, MD Associate Professor Department of Cardiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Harry Acquatella, MD, FASE Director Echocardiography Laboratory Department of Medicine Centro Medico Caracas, Venezuela David B. Adams, RCS, RDCS, FASE Cardiac Sonographer Cardiac Diagnostic Clinic Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Mohamed Ahmed, MD Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School UmassMemorial Healthcare Worcester, Massachusetts Carlos Alviar, MD Cardiology Fellow Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York Bonita Anderson, DMU (Cardiac), M Appl Sc (Med Ultrasound) Senior Lecturer Medical Radiation Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Edgar Argulian, MD, MPH Mount Sinai St. Luke’s Hospital Mount Sinai Health System New York, New York Federico M. Asch, MD, FACC, FASE Karima Addentia, MD Section of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Jonathan Afilalo, MD, MSc Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology Jewish General Hospital McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada Associate Director Cardiovascular Core Laboratories MedStar Health Research Institute at Washington Hospital Center; Assistant Professor of Medicine Georgetown University Washington, DC Gerard P. Aurigemma, MD, FASE Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School UmassMemorial Healthcare Worcester, Massachusetts Vikram Agarwal, MD, MPH Kelly Axsom, MD Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology Mount Sinai St. Luke’s and Roosevelt Hospitals Mount Sinai Health Network New York, New York Fellow Cardiovascular Diseases Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York Revathi Balakrishnan, MD Cardiology Fellow Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York Sourin Banerji, MD Heart Failure and Transplant Fellow University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Sripal Bangalore, MD, MHA Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Director of Research Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Director Cardiovascular Outcomes Group New York University School of Medicine New York, New York Manish Bansal, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatric Cardiology Texas Children’s Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Thomas Bartel, MD Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Rebecca Lynn Baumann, MD Fellow Department of Cardiology UMass Memorial Medical Center Worcester, Massachusetts Helmut Baumgartner, MD Director Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease Department of Cardiovascular Medicine University Hospital Muenster; Professor of Cardiology/Adult Congenital Heart Disease Medical Faculty University of Muenster Muenster, Germany v vi Contributors Roy Beigel, MD Darryl J. Burstow, MBBS, FRACP Blai Coll, MD The Heart Institute Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California; The Leviev Heart Center Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Associate Professor Department of Medicine University of Queensland; Senior Staff Cardiologist Department of Cardiology The Prince Charles Hospital Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Department of Internal Medicine Section of Cardiology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Benjamin Byrd III, MD J. Todd Belcik, RCS, RDCS Senior Research Associate/Research Sonographer Knight Cardiovascular Institute Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Marek Belohlavek, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Bioengineering Director Translational Ultrasound Research Laboratory Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona Ricardo Benenstein, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York Professor Department of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, Tennessee Scipione Carerj, MD Cardiology Institution Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Messina Messina, Italy John D. Carroll, MD Director Cardiac and Vascular Center Director Interventional Cardiology Division of Cardiology University of Colorado Denver Aurora, Colorado Scott Chadderdon, MD Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Eric Berkowitz, MD Hari P. Chaliki, MD Department of Cardiovascular Disease Lenox Hill Hospital New York, New York Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Arizona Angelo Biviano, MD Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York Cardiology Institution Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Messina Messina, Italy Abdellaziz Dahou, MD, MSc Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Quebec, Quebec, Canada Jacob P. Dal-Bianco, MD Department of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Daniel A. Daneshvar, MD Cardiology Fellow North Shore LIJ/Lenox Hill Hospital New York, New York Melissa A. Daubert, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina Ravin Davidoff, MBBCh University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Jeanne M. DeCara, MD Farooq A. Chaudhry, MD, FACP, FACC, FASE, FAHA Division of Cardiology Jewish General Hospital Montreal, Quebec, Canada Robert O. Bonow, MD, MS Geoff Chidsey, MD Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Cardiology Director Center for Cardiovascular Innovation Division of Cardiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Maurizio Cusma-Picconne, MD, PhD Kwan-Leung Chan, MD, FRCPC, FAHA, FACC Director Echocardiography Laboratory Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital New York, New York Nimrod Blank, MD Research and Education Sonographer Department of Pediatric Echocardiography Advocate Children’s Hospital Oak Lawn, Illinois Chief Medical Officer Section of Cardiovascular Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts Nicole M. Bhave, MD Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan Vivian W. Cui, MD Assistant Professor Department of Cardiology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee Sofia Churzidse, MD University Clinic Essen Essen, Germany Associate Professor of Medicine Section of Cardiology University of Chicago Medicine Chicago, Illinois Antonia Delgado-Montero, MD Department of Cardiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Lisa Dellefave-Castillo, MS, CGC Genetic Counselor Department of Medicine The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Ankit A. Desai, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Cardiology Sarver Heart Center University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Contributors Kavit A. DeSouza, MD Arturo A. Evangelista, MD Steven A. Goldstein, MD, FACC Interventional Cardiology Columbia University Division of Cardiology Mount Sinai Medical Center Miami Beach, Florida Professor Cardiac Imaging Department Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron Barcelona, Spain Director Noninvasive Cardiology Lab Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC Steven B. Feinstein, MD John Gorcsan III, MD Cardiology Fellow NS/LIJ Lenox Hill Hospital New York, New York Department of Internal Medicine Section of Cardiology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Illinois Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Robert Donnino, MD Beatriz Ferreira, MD, PhD Riccardo Gorla, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Departments of Radiology and Medicine New York University Langone Medical Center Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System New York, New York Department of Cardiology Maputo Heart Institute Maputo, Mozambique Department of Cardiology West German Heart Centre Essen, Germany Elyse Foster, MD Julia Grapsa, MD, PhD Bryan Doherty, MD Pamela S. Douglas, MD, MACC, FASE, FAHA Ursula Geller Professor of Research in Cardiovascular Disease Duke University School of Medicine; Director Imaging Program Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham, North Carolina Professor of Medicine Araxe Vilensky Endowed Chair Cardiology University of California San Francisco, California Department of Cardiology Hammersmith Hospital Imperial College of London London, United Kingdom Benjamin H. Freed, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Anesthesia Department of Anesthesiology University of Cincinnati Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio Assistant Professor of Medicine Northwestern Memorial Hospital Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Julius M. Gardin, MD, MBA David M. Dudzinski, MD, JD, FAHA Fellow in Echocardiography Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory and Critical Care Department Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Raluca Dulgheru, MD GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences Department of Cardiology Heart Valve Clinic University of Liége University Hospital Sart Tilman Liége, Belgium Jean G. Dumesnil, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FASE(Hon:) Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Quebec, Quebec, Canada Uri Elkayam, MD Division of Cardiology University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Raimund Erbel, MD, FASE, FAHA, FACC, FESC Professor Department of Cardiology University Clinic Essen Essen, Germany Francine Erenberg, MD Department of Pediatric Cardiology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Professor and Chair Department of Medicine Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack, New Jersey; Professor Department of Medicine Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Newark, New Jersey Edward A. Gill, MD Professor of Medicine Adjunct Professor of Radiology Departments of Medicine and Cardiology University of Washington; Director of Echocardiography Harborview Medical Center Seattle, Washington Linda Gillam, MD, MPH Chair Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Morristown Medical Center Morristown, New Jersey Erin S. Grawe, MD Christiane Gruner, MD Department of Cardiology University Heart Center University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland Pooja Gupta, MD, FAAP, FACC, FASE Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine; Director Michigan Adult Congenital Heart Center Children’s Hospital of Michigan Detroit, Michigan Swaminatha Gurudevan, MD Senior Clinical Cardiologist Department of Cardiology Healthcare Partners Medical Group Pasadena, California Rebecca T. Hahn, MD, FACC, FASE Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University Medical Center New York, New York Steven Giovannone, MD Cardiology Fellow Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology New York University Langone Medical Center New York, New York Yuchi Han, MD, MMSc Assistant Professor Cardiovascular Division Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mark Goldberger, MD Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, New York vii Jennifer L. Hellawell, MD Fellow Cardiovascular Medicine Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts viii Contributors Samuel D. Hillier, MBChB, MA, FRACP Department of Echocardiography The Prince Charles Hospital; School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Brian D. Hoit, MD, FACC, FASE Professor Department of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics Case Western Reserve University; Director of Echocardiography Harrington Heart & Vascular Center University Hospital Case Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio Richard Humes, MD, FAAP, FACC, FASE Professor of Pediatrics Wayne State University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Cardiology Children’s Hospital of Michigan Detroit, Michigan Vikrant Jagadeesan, MD Department of Medicine Section of Cardiology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Co-Director, Aurora Center for Cardio-Oncology Clinical Adjunct Professor of Medicine University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Milwaukee, Wisconsin Payal Kohli, MD Gene H. Kim, MD Claudia E. Korcarz, DVM, RDCS, FASE Assistant Professor of Medicine Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Institute of Cardiovascular Research Department of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois Alexander Janosi, MD Department of Cardiology West-German Heart and Vascular Center University of Duisburg-Essen Essen, Germany Peter A. Kahn, BA MS-2 Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University New York, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland Sanjiv Kaul, MD, FASE, FACC Professor and Division Head Cardiovascular Medicine Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Bijoy K. Khandheria, MD, FASE, FACC, FESC, FACP Director Echocardiography Services Aurora Health Care Aurora Medical Group Aurora/St. Luke Medical Center; Director, Echocardiography Center for Research and Innovation Aurora Research Institute; Senior Scientist Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Medicine Division University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health Madison, Wisconsin Michael S. Kim, MD Smadar Kort, MD, FACC, FASE, FAHA Assistant Professor of Medicine Cardiology Director Structural Heart Disease Program Section of Interventional Cardiology University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado Professor of Medicine Director of Cardiovascular Imaging Director, Valve Center Stony Brook University Medicine Stony Brook, New York Bruce J. Kimura, MD, FACC Medical Director Cardiovascular Ultrasound Laboratory Scripps Mercy Hospital; Associate Clinical Professor Department of Cardiology University of California San Diego, California Sonia Jain, MD, MBBS Fellow Cardiovascular Disease Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco, California Mary Etta King, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School; Staff Echocardiographer Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Dmitry Kireyev, MD Clinical and Research Fellow in Medicine Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory Cardiology Division Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts James N. Kirkpatrick, MD Assistant Professor Cardiovascular Medicine Division Department of Medicine Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Allan L. Klein, MD, FRCP(C), FACC, FAHA, FASE Professor of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University; Director of Pericardial Center Cardiovascular Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Wojciech Kosmala, MD, PhD Professor Department of Cardiology Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland Konstantinos Koulogiannis, MD Associate Director Cardiovascular Core Lab Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Morristown Medical Center Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute Morristown, New Jersey Ilias Koutsogeorgis, MD Department of Cardiology Hammersmith Hospital Imperial College of London London, United Kingdom Frederick W. Kremkau, PhD, FACR, FAIUM Professor of Radiologic Sciences Center for Applied Learning Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina Eric V. Krieger, MD Assistant Professor Departments of Medicine and Cardiology University of Washington; Director of Echocardiography Adjunct Professor of Radiology Departments of Medicine and Cardiology Harborview Medical Center Seattle, Washington Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE, FACC, FAHA, FESC, FACP Professor of Medicine Department of Cardiology Hofstra University School of Medicine, and LIJ/North Shore Lenox Hill, Hospital New York, New York