ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

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ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Antimicrobial Agents Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Antimicrobial Agents, Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0723-1 Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants Olgica Stefanović, Ivana Radojević, Sava Vasić and Ljiljana Čomić Future Antibiotic Agents: Turning to Nature for Inspiration Nataša Radić and Tomaž Bratkovič 3 25 Chapter 3 Natural Antimicrobial Peptides from Eukaryotic Organisms 51 Renaud Condé, Martha Argüello, Javier Izquierdo, Raúl Noguez, Miguel Moreno and Humberto Lanz Chapter 4 The Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae to Naturally Derived Selected Classes of Flavonoids 73 Johannes Bodenstein and Karen Du Toit Chapter 5 Antibacterial Activity of Novel Sulfonylureas, Ureas and Thioureas of 15-Membered Azalides Mirjana Bukvić Krajačić and Miljenko Dumić 85 Chapter 6 Antimicrobial Activity of Condiments André Silvério and Maria Lopes 109 Chapter 7 An Alternative Approaches for the Control of Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 129 Varaprasad Bobbarala and Chandrasekhar K. Naidu Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Activity of Lectins from Plants 145 Aphichart Karnchanatat Chapter 9 The Natural Antimicrobial Chromogranins/SecretograninsDerived Peptides – Production, Lytic Activity and Processing by Bacterial Proteases 179 Ménonvè Atindehou, Rizwan Aslam, Jean-François Chich, Youssef Haïkel, Francis Schneider and Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue VI Contents Chapter 10 Mechanisms Determining Bacterial Biofilm Resistance to Antimicrobial Factors Kamila Myszka and Katarzyna Czaczyk 213 Chapter 11 Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytes from Brazilian Medicinal Plants 239 Chirlei Glienke, Fabiana Tonial, Josiane Gomes-Figueiredo, Daiani Savi, Vania Aparecida Vicente, Beatriz H. L. N. Sales Maia and Yvelise Maria Possiede Chapter 12 Quinolones: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity 255 Pintilie Lucia Chapter 13 Superbugs: Current Trends and Emerging Therapies Amy L. Stockert and Tarek M. Mahfouz Chapter 14 The Prophylactic Use of Acidifiers as Antibacterial Agents in Swine V. G. Papatsiros and C. Billinis 273 295 Chapter 15 From Synthesis to Antibacterial Activity of Some New Palladium(II) and Platinum(IV) Complexes 311 Ivana D. Radojević, Verica V. Glođović, Gordana P. Radić, Jelena M. Vujić, Olgica D. Stefanović, Ljiljana R. Čomić and Srećko R. Trifunović Chapter 16 Antibacterial Agents in Dental Treatments 333 Saeed Rahimi, Amin Salem Milani, Negin Ghasemi and Shahriar Shahi Chapter 17 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. ex Ness: A Potent Antibacterial Plant 345 Qamar Uddin Ahmed, Othman Abd. Samah and Abubakar Sule Chapter 18 Antibacterial Agents from Lignicolous Macrofungi Maja Karaman, Milan Matavulj and Ljiljana Janjic Chapter 19 Antibacterial Agents in Textile Industry 387 Sheila Shahidi and Jakub Wiener Chapter 20 Silver Nanoparticles: Real Antibacterial Bullets G. Thirumurugan and M. D. Dhanaraju 407 361 1 Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants Olgica Stefanović, Ivana Radojević, Sava Vasić and Ljiljana Čomić Labaratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac Serbia 1. Introduction Man is in constant contact with a large number of different bacteria which temporarily or permanently inhibit his body creating temporary or permanent community. Relations which are thus established are various and very complex, from those positive to those whose consequences for man are extremely negative. Very often, both on and in man’s body, bacteria which have the ability to cause an infection are present. This ability of pathogenic bacteria is reflected in possession of certain pathogenicity factors. A set of factors which enable successful invasion and damage of the host are: toxins, surface structures and enzymes. Between the host and the pathogen very complex relations are established whose income depends on host’s characteristics as well as on pathogen’s characteristics. Infections caused by bacteria can be prevented, managed and treated through anti-bacterial group of compounds known as antibiotics. Antibiotics are natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. When bacteria are exposed to an antibiotic, they doubly respond: i) they are sensitive what cause the inhibition of their growth, division and death or ii) they can remain unaffected or resistant. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics can be natural (intrinsic) or acquired. Natural resistance is achieved by spontaneous gene mutation. The acquired resistence occurs after the contact of bacteria with an antibiotic as a result of adaptation of a species to adverse environmental conditions. In such population, an antibiotic as a selective agent, acts on sensitive individuals, while resistant survive and become dominant. Bacteria gain antibiotic resistance due to three reasons namely: (i) modification of active site of the target resulting in reduction in the efficiency of binding of the drug, (ii) direct destruction or modification of the antibiotic by enzymes produced by the organism or, (iii) efflux of antibiotic from the cell (Sheldon, 2005). The evolution of antibacterial resistance in human pathogenic and commensal microorganisms is the result of the interaction between antibiotic exposure and the transmission of resistance within and between individuals. It is especially interesting the phenomenon of horizontally gene transfer. Extrachromosomal DNA material, so-called plasmids, often carry genes of resistance and can transfer information within and between the individuals of the same or related bacterial species, thus also spreading the resistance. Transformation, transduction and conjugation represent the horizontal gene transfer mechanisms of resistance between the bacteria. 2 Antimicrobial Agents Having in mind the current progress of resistance spreading and resilience of larger and larger number of bacteria to traditional antibiotics as well as a way of transmitting the gene of resistance, above all via plasmids, one can conclude that the ability of obtaining bacterium resistance to antibiotics represents a very dynamic and unpredictable phenomenon. For that reason, bacterial resistance to antibiotics represents a major health problem. Solving this problem and search for new sources of antimicrobial agents is a worldwide challenge and the aim of many researches of scientific and research teams in science, academy institutions, pharmaceutical companies. One of the approaches in solving this issue is testing the biologically active compounds of plant origin. 1.1 Plants as potential antibacterial agents Healing potential of plants has been known for thousands of years. Medicinal use of plants and their products was passed down from generation to generation in various parts of the world throughout its history and has significantly contributed to the development of different traditional systems of medicine. Even today, the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 80% of the global population relies on traditional herbal medicines as part of standard healthcare (Foster et al., 2005). Many drugs presently prescribed by physicians are either directly isolated from plants or are artificially modified versions of natural products. In Western countries, approximately 25% of the drugs used are of natural plant origin (Payne et al., 1991). Plants produce a whole series of different compounds which are not of particular significance for primary metabolism, but represent an adaptive ability of a plant to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental conditions. They can have a remarkable effect to other plants, microorganisms and animals from their immediate or wider environment. All these organic compounds are defined as biologically active substances, and generally represent secondary metabolites, given the fact that they occur as an intermediate or end products of secondary plant metabolism. These secondary metabolites, apart from determining unique plant traits, such as: colour and scent of flowers and fruit, characteristic flavour of spices, vegetables, they also complete the functioning of plant organism, showing both biological and pharmacological activity of a plant. Therefore, medicinal properties of plants can be attributed to secondary metabolites (Hartmann, 2008). 1.1.1 Antibacterial secondary metabolites It is known and proved by in vitro experiments that plants produce a great number of secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial activity (Iwu et al., 1999; Cowan, 1999; Rios & Recio, 2005; Cos et al., 2006). These plant-formed antibiotics have been classified as phytoanticipins, which are preformed inhibitory compounds, or phytoalexins, which are derived from precursors via de novo synthesis in response to microbial attack (VanEtten et al., 1994). Antibacterial secondary metabolites are usually classified in three large molecule families: phenolics, terpenes and alkaloids. The phenolics and polyphenols are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites that have exhibited antimicrobial activity. Important subclasses in this group of compounds include phenols, phenolic acids, quinones, flavones, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins and coumarins. Phenols are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl functional
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