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Photo ©Tomasz Pietryszek / Getty Images. Cover design credit: Simon Levy Design Associates Architectural Theory David Goodman is Studio Associate Professor of Architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology and is co-principal of R+D Studio. He has also taught architecture at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design and at Boston Architectural College. His work has appeared in the journal Log, in the anthology Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, Alternatives, and in the Northwestern University Press publication Walter Netsch: A Critical Appreciation and Sourcebook. An Introduction to Harry Francis Mallgrave is a professor of architecture at Illinois Institute of Technology, and has enjoyed a distinguished career as an award-winning scholar, translator, and editor. His most recent publications include Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968 (2005), the two volumes of Architectural Theory: An Anthology from Vitruvius to 2005 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005–8, volume 2 with co-editor Christina Contandriopoulos), and The Architect’s Brain: Neuroscience, Creativity, and Architecture (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). Mallgrave and Goodman An Introduction to Architectural Theory is the first critical history of architectural thought over the last forty years. Beginning with the cataclysmic social and political events of 1968, the authors survey the criticisms of high modernism and its abiding evolution, the rise of postmodern and poststructural theory, traditionalism, New Urbanism, critical regionalism, deconstruction, parametric design, minimalism, phenomenology, sustainability, and the implications of new technologies for design. With a sharp and lively text, Mallgrave and Goodman explore issues in depth but not to the extent that they become inaccessible to beginning students. An Introduction to Architectural Theory 1968 to the Present Harry Francis Mallgrave and David Goodman Mallgrave_ffirs.indd ii 1/17/2011 10:02:14 AM An Introduction to Architectural Theory Mallgrave_ffirs.indd i 1/17/2011 10:02:13 AM Mallgrave_ffirs.indd ii 1/17/2011 10:02:14 AM An Introduction to Architectural Theory 1968 to the Present Harry Francis Mallgrave and David Goodman A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Mallgrave_ffirs.indd iii 1/17/2011 10:02:14 AM This edition first published 2011 © 2011 Harry Francis Mallgrave and David Goodman Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www. wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of Harry Francis Mallgrave and David Goodman to be identified as the authors of this work been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mallgrave, Harry Francis, 1947– An Introduction to Architectural Theory : 1968 to the Present / Harry Francis Mallgrave and David Goodman. p. cm Summary: “A sharp and lively text that covers issues in depth but not to the point that they become inaccessible to beginning students, An Introduction to Architectural Theory is the first narrative history of this period, charting the veritable revolution in architectural thinking that has taken place, as well as the implications of this intellectual upheaval. The first comprehensive and critical history of architectural theory over the last forty years surveys the intellectual history of architecture since 1968, including criticisms of high modernism, the rise of postmodern and poststructural theory, critical regionalism and tectonics. Offers a comprehensive overview of the significant changes that architectural thinking has undergone in the past fifteen years. Includes an analysis of where architecture stands and where it will likely move in the coming years.”– Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-8063-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4051-8062-7 (paperback) 1. Architecture–Philosophy. 2. Architecture–Historiography. I. Goodman, David, 1974– II. Title. NA2500.M277 2012 720.1–dc22 2010043539 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444395976; ePub 9781444395983 Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Malaysia 01 Mallgrave_ffirs.indd iv 2011 1/17/2011 10:02:14 AM Contents List of Illustrations Prelude: The 1960s Technology and Ecology Social Underpinnings of Modernism 1968 viii 1 3 6 11 Part One: 1970s 15 1 Pars Destruens: 1968–1973 17 Venturi and Scott Brown Rossi and Tafuri The Milan Triennale The IAUS and the New York Five 2 The Crisis of Meaning Semiotics and Architecture Five on Five Gray and White Variations on a Theme 3 Early Postmodernism The Language of Postmodernism Consummation in Venice European Counterpoints 4 Modernism Abides The Chicago High-Rise German Engineering British Renaissance Mallgrave_ftoc.indd v 18 23 27 30 37 39 43 45 48 53 54 57 59 65 65 70 74 12/13/2010 2:54:01 PM vi Contents Post-Metabolism in Japan The Special Case of Alexander Part Two: 1980s 5 6 7 8 Postmodernism and Critical Regionalism 79 85 89 91 Postmodernism Further Defined Postmodernism Opposed Critical Regionalism and Phenomenology Mérida and Venice 91 94 97 102 Traditionalism and New Urbanism 108 The Prince of Architecture The Paternoster Controversy Toward a New Urbanism 108 111 115 Gilded Age of Theory 123 Poststructural Theory Poststructural Architecture Eisenman and Tschumi 123 129 131 Deconstruction 141 Postmodernism Undefined Gehry The 68ers Come of Age “… a devious architecture …” 142 146 149 154 Part Three: 1990s and Present 159 9 Wake of the Storm 161 Fragments of Fragments From Derrida to Deleuze Geometry and Autonomy The End of the Figure: Manipulated Grounds Form without Rhetoric 161 164 167 171 174 10 Pragmatism and Post-Criticality OMA The Orange Revolution Post-Criticality 11 Minimalisms Materiality and Effects Neo-modernism Phenomenological Architecture Mallgrave_ftoc.indd vi 177 177 185 192 194 195 205 210 12/13/2010 2:54:01 PM Contents vii 12 Sustainability and Beyond 215 The Green Movement McDonough and Yeang Green Urbanism Biophilic Design Neuroaesthetics 217 218 223 226 229 Notes Acknowledgments Index Mallgrave_ftoc.indd vii 231 265 266 12/13/2010 2:54:01 PM Illustrations P.1 P.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 5.1 Mallgrave_flast.indd viii BBPR, Torre Velasca, Milan (1950–1958) Image depicting a “Cell Gateway,” from Christopher Alexander, Sanford Hirshen, Sara Ishikawa, Christie Coffin, and Shlomo Angel, Houses Generated by Patterns (1969) Learning from Las Vegas, by Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour Aldo Rossi, Gallaratese, Milan, Italy Giuseppe Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy Peter Eisenman, House I, Princeton, New Jersey (1967) Cover of Collage City, by Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter Stanley Tigerman, “The Titanic.” Antonio Gaudi, Casa Battló, Barcelona (1904–1906) Page from Rational Architecture Plate from Myron Goldsmith, “The Tall Building: The Effects of Scale” George Schipporeit and John Heinrich, Lake Point Tower, Chicago (1964–1967) Skidmore, Owens & Merrill, John Hancock Building, Chicago (1964–1969) Piano and Rogers, Georges Pompidou Cultural Centre, Paris (1971–1977) Norman Foster and Associates, Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, Hongkong (1979–1986) Kisho Kurokawa, Helix City (1960) Kisho Kurokawa, Wacoal Kojimachi Building, Tokyo (1982–1984) Fumihiko Maki, Wacoal Media Center, Tokyo (1982–1985) Rob Krier, Gateway to IBA Housing, South Tiergarten, Berlin (1980–1985) 2 10 21 28 31 32 46 51 56 62 67 68 69 76 78 80 82 85 96 12/14/2010 1:29:58 PM