An ethnomedicinal study of important medicinal plants in Kudermukh National Park of Karnataka: A review

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 9 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.909.432 An Ethnomedicinal Study of Important Medicinal Plants in Kudermukh National Park of Karnataka: A Review Rahul Pradhan1*, T. N. Manohara1, H. S. Suresh2 and Amit Prakash Nayak3 Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, Institute of Wood Science and Technology (IWST-ICFRE), Bengaluru, Karnataka 2 Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka Department of Forestry, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Ethnomedicinal, Native, Circulatory, Digestive Article Info Accepted: 26 August 2020 Available Online: 10 September 2020 This review article presents a list and uses of some medicinal plants distributed in the Kudermukh National Park of Karnataka. This paper provides information about 56ethno-medicinally useful plants grown in this region. In this paper, family, botanical name, local name, ethnomedicinal uses are given for each plant. All these plants are used in the treatment like injuries, respiratory ailments, circulatory system ailments, digestive disorders, colds, and fevers of human. This study represents a systematic attempt to explore the knowledge of the native people about plants, which they use to cure diseases and it is an attempt towards conserving the local knowledge of people to plants. Introduction It is documented that 80% of the world population has faith in traditional medicines, particularly plant drugs for their primary healthcare (Kala et al., 2006). The use of plants for medicinal purposes and human sustenance has been in practice in India since the Vedic age. The earliest mention of the medicinal use of the plants is found in the Rigveda, 1500-400 BC, Athurveda 1500 BC, Upnishada 1000-600 BC (Chauhan, 1999). In India about 17000 species of higher plants out of which 7500 are known for medicinal uses (Shiva, 1996). India is one of the major contributors to the world in terms of herbal drugs and its raw materials (Grunwald, 2000). In India Janaki Ammal (1956) initiated the work on ethnobotany while working in botanical survey of India. Kudremukh National Park is located at the trijunction of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Chikmagalur districts. It falls approximately 3477 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 at the middle of mid-Western Ghats (the stretch between Goa and Nilgiris). It lies to the south - west of Karnataka state and is just 50 kms. from the west-coast between the 750 01‟ to 750 25‟ east longitude and 130 01‟ to 130 29‟ north latitude. The National park is a part of Sahyadrihill ranges and constitutes a geographic barrier between the coastal areas and the hinterland. For ages this has segregated people and gave protection to the coastal areas, its wealth, its culture and traditions from casual invasion by the strong ruling polity of the maidan areas. The park derives its name from the highest hill peak known as the Kudremukh Peak having an altitude of 1892 meters from the sea level. It is the queen of many fascinating hill peaks in Karnataka. Materials and Methods Literature survey of publications related to traditional knowledge associated with plant resources of different tribes and communities in Western Ghats of India by various researchers were done. The literatures consist working plan of Kudermukh National Park, research papers in journals, contributed chapters in book and books available online, Pharmacognostical evaluation and in the Library of Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru and Library of Department of Forestry, IGKV, Raipur. This review paper describes Ethnomedicinal (the medicinal usages of plants in the treatments of different ailments of human being) uses of important tree species are mentioned. Ethnomedicinal use of different tree species in Kudermukh National Park Ethnomedicinal uses Bark are used as stimulant, febrifuge and in stomachache. Leaf and flower are Purgative and hydragogue in nature. Root has astringent property and used as gargle. Sterculia foetida L. Common name- Wild almond tree, Java olive tree, Family-Malvaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The bark is aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic. It is used in the treatment of dropsy and rheumatism. The leaves are aperients. The fruit is astringent and mucilaginous. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhea. The seeds are used as a purgative in Ghana. The oil from the seed is laxative and carminative. It is extracted on a local scale to be used in medicine. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Common Fabaceae name – Rosewood, Family- Ethnomedicinal uses The bark is used in traditional medicine in India, to treat diarrhoea, indigestion and leprosy, and as a vermifuge. Spondias mangifera Willd. Common name- Indian hog plum, Wild mango, Family-Anacardiaceae Ethnomedicinal use Systematic descriptions Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall. Common name: Lythraceae Nandi tree Family- The bark is rubifacient and is being used in Indian indigenous medicine over painful joints. Its paste is utilized as an embrocation for the both articular and muscular 3478 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 rheumatisms. It is refrigerant, aromatic and astringent too which is given to prevent vomiting and is used in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhea. is also used in the treatment of infectious diseases such as bronchitis, dysentery, ulcer, diarrhea and skin diseases. are emmenagogue. Canarium strictum Roxb. Calophyllum elatum Wall ex. Choisy Canarium strictum exudates a resin called as „Sambrani‟ or „Dammar‟ which has medicinal as well as commercial uses. It‟s mostly used among tribal and folk people for medicinal purposes and also used in Siddha system of medicine. The resin powder is given orally to cure rheumatism, fever, cough, asthma, epilepsy, chronic skin disorders, syphilis, and hernia and also helps to improve complexion Common name- Poonspar tree, sirpoon tree, Family-Clusiaceae Ethnomedicinal use Oil from calophyllum genus plants hasantiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Seed oil rubefacient, irritant, vermifuge used for ring worm ad rheumatism. Ethnomedicinal use Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Common name -Warty marble tree, FamilyElaeocarpaceae Holigarna grahmii WightKurz Common name- Blistering varnish tree, Family- Anacardiaceae Ethnomedicinal use In Ayurveda, the plant is believed to be helpful in treatment of inflammation, arthritis, hemorrhoids, obesity, tumor, cancer, and skin diseases. Cedrela toona Roxb. ex Rottl. &Willd. Common name- Mountain Cedar Indian cedar, Family- Meliaceae Ethnomedicinal use Various parts of the medicinally throughout range. Common name- Black dammar FamilyBurseraeae plant are used its geographical Ethnomedicinal uses Rudraksha beads users have repeatedly confirmed the medicinal properties such as dielectrical energy and permanent magnetic properties, controls heart beat and has a positive effect on blood pressure, stress, anxiety, depression, palpitations and lack of concentration Elaeocarpus bark have been known to possess antimicrobial anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic activities. Different parts of rudraksha were taken for the alleviation of various health related problems such as mental disorders, headache, skin diseases and for healing wounds. The bark is used for stomachic, antibilious problem. Bischofia javanica Blume The bark is a powerful astringent, febrifuge, tonic, and antiperiodic. It is used to treat chronic dysentery and wounds. The flowers Common name-Bishop Phyllanthaceae 3479 wood, Family- Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 Ethnomedicinal use Cinnamomum malabathrum Burm.f. The plant has been shown has been shown to have antiulcer, anthelmintic and antidysenteric activities. The fresh bark is used to treat aching stomachs. The sap of the bark, mixed with lime, is used to treat sore feet. The crushed leaves are rubbed onto an aching stomach. Common name: Wild Cinnamomum, FamilyLauraceae Myristica malabarica Lam. Common name- Malabar nutmeg, FamliyMyristicaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The seeds are astringent. They are roasted, ground into powder and used in the treatment of diarrhea. The oil from the seed is used as an ointment to treat ulcers, ease rheumatism and allay pain. Both the aril and the seeds have been roasted, along with unripe plantains and a little opium, in order to cure dysentery. Ethnomedicinal uses It is used for treating wounds, fevers, intestinal worms, headaches and menstrual problems. The plant is also used for treatment of some tumours. The bark is used in the treatment of gastro-intestinal complaints such as dyspepsia, flatulence, diarrhoea and vomiting. The leaves are carminative. They are used in the treatment of colic and rheumatism. They are sweetish and heating, making them useful in vata, scabies, disease of the anus and rectum, tridosha, piles and heart troubles. The dried buds are used with various combinations in the treatment of cough and urinary disease. The stem bark extract has been shown to possess a protective effect against tumours. Litsea lam Garcinia gummigutta L.N. Robson Common name-Listea, Family–Lauraceae Common name- Malabar tamarind, FamilyClusiaceae Ethnomedicinal use It includes antibacterial, antifungal, acaricidal, insecticidal, antioxidant and anticancer properties. The plant possesses medicinal properties and has been traditionally used for curing various gastro-intestinal ailments (e.g., diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion, and gastroenteritis) along with diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injury. Besides its medicinal properties, Litsea is known for its essential oil, which has protective action against several bacteria, possesses antioxidant and antiparasitic properties, exerts acute and genetic toxicity as well as cytotoxicity, and can even prevent several cancers. Ethnomedicinal uses Root is used as traditional medicine for treating intestinal parasites, constipation, cancer, piles, bowels complaints, rheumatism, edema, delayed menstruation, demulcent, bilious affections and other diseases. Malabar tamarind is shown to possess antioxidant, antihelmintic, anticattarhal, anti-cancer and antimicrobial activities. Oroxylum indicum( L.) Kruz Common name- Indian trumpet flower, Sonapatha or Shyonaka, Family: Bignoniacea 3480 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 sprinkled or blown inside the ear for controlling discharge from ears. Ethnomedicinal use Sonapatha possesses anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and immunomodulaory properties mainly. The bitter bark of the root is astringent, blood purifier and tonic. It is used in the treatment of stomach complaints, diarrhoea and dysentery. The root is credited with antirheumatic, antidysenteric and diuretic properties. The seeds and bark are used medicinally for alleviating body pain, especially during fevers and as an antiphlogistic medicine. It is also applied to burns and wounds. The juice of the bark is taken internally to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. A decoction of the bark is refrigerant, used in the treatment of fevers and jaundice. A decoction of the leaves is drunk as a treatment for stomach-ache and applied externally in the treatment of cholera, fever, childbirth and rheumatic swellings. Lodhra, Common name: Velvetymelon feather foil, Family: Euphorbiaceae. Ethnomedicinal use The whole plant as well as individual parts of the plant is used traditionally to cure a variety of human ailments like diabetes, inflammation, cancer, healing of wounds, anti-diarrheal activity etc. Various extracts of the plant have been reported to possess antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiurolithiatic, antibacterial activity etc. Memecylon edule Roxb. Common name-Kaayam, Melastomataceae Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Common nameSymplocaceae Glochidin velutinum Wight Family: Family: Ethnomedicinal uses The bark is used to treat bruises. An infusion of the flowers is used to treat inflammation of the conjunctiva. Ethnomedicinal uses Bark has expectorant, astringent, febrifuge, anti-inflammatory, stomachic, haemostatic, suppurative and constipating properties. Leaves, bark and root is used for treating dysentery, diarrhea, uterine diseases, liver diseases, liver disorders, leprosy, uterine disorders, conjunctivitis and opthalmia. Bark powder is used to heal wounds. When combined with sugar, it is used to treat menorrhagia and other uterine disorders. In Ayurveda, the herb is used to provide glow to skin and make body attractive. Decoction or cold infusion is provided in divided dose of 50-60 ml for treating uterine bleeding disorders. Apply the bark paste for rashes, itching and insect bites. The bark powder is Macaranga peltate (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. Common name-Chandada, Euphorbiaceae Family: Ethnomedicinal use The leaves are used in a post-natal bath and as a repellent for ants. It is also used traditionally to treat convulsions, diarrhoea and as an abortifacient. Bark is used as a vermifuge, febrifuge, aperient and anti-anaemic tonic, and to treat cough, bronchitis and gonorrhoea. A decoction of the roots is applied against amenorrhoea, and as an emmenagogue and abortifacient, a decoction of the bark to treat 3481 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 cough, and a decoction of the leaves to treat gonorrhoea. The bark is also used as a purgative and against cough, and a decoction of the roots to treat oedema. The bark and roots are administered to treat asthma, cough, headache, rheumatism and for liver and stomach complaints, whereas a decoction of the bark is applied to toothache and thrush. Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Common name: Bandicoot Berry Family: Vitaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The juice of young leaves is used as a digestive. Young shoots are chewed to relieve a severe cough. The pounded leaves are used for poulticing cuts and skin complaints in general. They are placed upon the head in cases of fever, headache and as a general anodyne for body pains. The leaf juice is applied on the head as a remedy for dizziness or vertigo. A decoction of the shoots is applied to sores. The root is considered antipyretic and diaphoretic. It is used to relieve muscular pain, and is an ingredient of a preparation to treat leucorrhoea, intestinal cancer and cancer of the uterus. A decoction of the roots is taken to relieve stomach-ache, colic, dysentery and diarrhoea. The roots are an ingredient for a treatment against yaws. The crushed roots are applied as a poultice to treat ringworms, diarrhoea, colic and sores. The crushed root is also applied to rashes, stings, allergic reactions etc from other plants. An infusion of the inflorescence is used in the treatment of chest pain in children. Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Common name: Banchalita, Family: Vitaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The juice of young leaves is used as a digestive juice. Young shoots are chewed to relieve a severe cough. The pounded leaves are used for poulticing cuts and skin complaints in general. They are placed upon the head in cases of fever, headache and as a general anodyne for body pains. The leaf juice is applied on the head as a remedy for dizziness or vertigo. A decoction of the shoots is applied to sores. In the Oro province the body is beaten for some time with leafy shoots to relieve body pains, fevers and sleeplessness. The root is considered antipyretic and diaphoretic. It is used to relieve muscular pain, and is an ingredient of a preparation to treat leucorrhoea, intestinal cancer and cancer of the uterus. A decoction of the roots is taken to relieve stomach-ache, colic, dysentery and diarrhoea. The roots are an ingredient for a treatment against yaws. The crushed roots are applied as a poultice to treat ringworms, diarrhoea, colic and sores. The crushed root is also applied to rashes, stings, allergic reactions etc from other plants. An infusion of the inflorescence is used in the treatment of chest pain in children. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murr. Common name: French Mulberry, Family: Lamiaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The leaf juice is applied on the affected skin to cure scabies. The seeds are treated as to treat oral infections and “intestinal complaints”, the leaf extract is used to treat rheumatism, the juice of the fruit is used to treat fever, and an aromatic oil from the roots is used to treat “disordered stomach”. The root juice is used to “treat irregular menstruation” and to promote delayed menstruation, and the leaves are known to be chewed with salt as an anthelmintic. 3482 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 Psychotria dalzelli Hook.f. Common name: Dalzell's Psychotria, Family: Rubiaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The juice that has been freshly pressed from the leaves are used as eyedrops for treating migraine headaches Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Common nameCombreteaceae Myrobalan, Family: Ethnomedicinal uses The fruit contains anthraquinones and tannins. It is anthelmintic, astringent (especially when ripe), digestive, tonic and laxative (especially when unripe). The fruit is used internally principally in the treatment of digestive and respiratory problems. In Indian herbal medicine the ripe fruit is used in cases of diarrhoea and indigestion, whilst the unripe fruit is used as a laxative in cases of chronic constipation. The fruit is often used to treat upper respiratory tract infections that cause symptoms of sore throats, hoarseness and coughs. Externally, the fruit is used to make a lotion for sore eyes. Pterocarpus marsumpium Roxb. Common name: Indian Kino TreeFamily: Fabaceae astringent. It is used in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea and the irritation caused by gastric infection and colitis. Although it has an unpleasant flavour, it makes a good mouthwash and gargle. It is commonly used in cases of toothache and also as a douche to treat vaginal discharge. The resin is applied topically in the treatment of skin conditions. The bark is used, either as a powder or in decoction, in the treatment of diarrhoea. A decoction of the bark is very useful for diabetic patients. The heartwood is considered to be anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and astringent. It is used to treat a range of complaints. The bruised leaves are used as a poultice on boils, sores and skin diseases. Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. Common name-Indian Milled-Leaf Tree, Family- Clusiaceae Ethnomedicinal use The heartwood is dark red; not clearly demarcated from the lighter-coloured sapwood. There are occasional very short, fine, white, concentrically running lines, especially in the sapwood. The wood is very hard and heavy. It is used to make ricepounders and, with its excellent qualities, endeavors have been made to introduce the timber as a sleeper and paving-block wood. The wood makes a good fuel Mesua ferrea (L.) Common name: Indian Family: Callophyllaceae Ethnomedicinal uses Indian Kino is often used in herbal medicine in India, the leaves, bark and most commonly the resin being used. A strongly astringent herb, it is also alterative. In addition, various trials have shown a hypoglycaemic effect from an aqueous extract of the heartwood. The resin obtained from wounds in the bark is Rose Chestnut, Ethnomedicinal uses A mixture of pounded kernels and seed oil is used for poulticing wounds. The seed-oil is used for treating itch, scabies and other skin eruptions, dandruff and 3483 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 rheumatism. The fruit is alterative and stimulant paste of the fruit is applied to boils The flowers are astringent and stomachic. A paste made from the flowers is used in the treatment of amoebic dysentery. A decoction of the flowers is drunk by women after childbirth. Ethnomedicinal uses Gutta-percha is a natural latex obtained from the sap of the tree. The latex is also used as a part of decoction with other medicinal plants to treat scars, wounds and skin infections. Aglaia barberi Gamble Dipterocarpus indicus. Bedd. Common name: New Guinea rosewood, Family: Dipterocarpaceae Common name: Law‟s Aglaia, Family: Meliaceae Ethnomedicinal uses Ethnomedicinal uses Olea resin is applied for treating rheumatic complaints. The leaves are used in the treatment of headaches, it has insecticidal properties, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial or anthelmintic bioactivity. Hopea parviflora Bedd. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Common name: Iron wood of Malabar, Family: Dipterocarpaceae Common name:Ceylon Sapindaceae oak, Family: Ethnomedicinal uses Ethnomedicinal uses The resin from the trunk is used to treat sores and wounds. The bark is astringent, used for treatment of diarrohea. It is also used to treat inflammation in gums. Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. Common name: Dipterocarpaceae Thingam, Family: Powdered seeds are applied to wounds and ulcers of cattle to remove maggots. The bark is astringent and is used against leprotic ruptures, skin inflammations and ulcers, while an infusion is taken against malaria. The oil obtained from the seed is applied externally to cure itching, acne and other skin afflictions. Ethnomedicinal uses The plant parts showed a wide range of medicinal properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal and antihepatotoxic. Palaquium ellipticum (Dalzell) Baill. Common name: Palai Family: Sapotaceae Massaging the oil into the scalp is said to promote the growth of hair lost through baldness. The pulp of the fruit is astringent and appetite inducing. An oil extracted from the seed, called 'kusum oil', is a valuable component of true Macassar oil used in hairdressing. It is also used for lighting purposes. The oil is also used in the batik industry, and in Southern India, as a cooling bath oil. 3484 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 Hopea wightiana Wall. Common name: Dipterocarpaceae Ethnomedicinal uses Ponga, Family: Ethnomedicinal uses The bark is astringent, used for treatment of diarrohea. It is also used to treat inflammation in gums. It is also used to treat incontinence. Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C. DC. Common name: Meliaceae White cedar, Family: Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. Common name: Wight's Crest-Petal, Family: Celastraceae Ethnomedicinal uses The fruits and wood are used in traditional medicine. A decoction of the wood is useful in the treatment of arthritis, anorexia, cardiac debility, expelling intestinal worms, inflammation, leprosy & rheumatism. The wood oil is used in treating ear and eye diseases. Longan, Ethnomedicinal uses Bark extract displayed marked antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities. Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Common name: Kokum, Family: Clusiaceae, Dimocarpus longan Lour. Common name: Sapindaceae, The mucilage of the Bark is used as a shampoo due to its cooling effect. The bark powder is used for mental upset, bark decoction is recommended for rheumatism and asthma. Leaf paste is applied for all types of Joint pains. Bark decoction is poured as Dhara for swellings and paste with mustard seeds is applied externally for bruises. Leaves are used externally to treat ulcers. Leaf and Bark mixture are used to treat fractures, weakness and debility. Family: Ethnomedicinal uses The flesh of the fruit is administered as a stomachic, febrifuge and vermifuge, and is regarded as an antidote for poison. A decoction of the dried flesh is taken as a tonic and treatment for insomnia and neurasthenic neurosis. In both North and South Vietnam, the 'eye' of the longan seed is pressed against a snakebite in the belief that it will absorb the venom. Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. Common name: Large-Flowered Bay Tree, Family: Lauraceae, Ethnomedicinal uses Garcinia indica, popularly known as Kokam, is a rich anti-oxidant and is well-known as a famous summer drink. The seed butter is used as a remedy in the treatment of dysentery and mucous diarrhoea. The aqueous extraction from the fruits of this species is also used in order to reduce anxiety. The root, bark, fruit and the seed oil are used to treat piles, abdominal disorders, mouth diseases and worm infestations. It is useful as an infusion, or by direct application, in skin ailments such as rashes caused by allergies. Kokum butter is an emollient helpful in the treatment of burns, scalds and chaffed skin. The fruits are steeped in sugar syrup to make amrutkokum which is drink to relieve sunstroke. 3485 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(9): 3477-3490 Garcinia Morella (Gaertn.) Desr. Ethnomedicinal uses Common name: Indian gamboge tree, Family: Clusiaceae The plant is believed to be helpful in treatment of inflammation, arthritis, hemorrhoids, obesity, tumor, cancer, and skin diseases by traditional medicine practitioners. Ethnomedicinal uses Gamboge, a gum-resin obtained from the plant, is used as an ointment plant used by traditional healers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. It is a strong purgative and hence used in ascites, worms, hypertension. Also useful in amenorrhea. It is a good complexion enhancer Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz Common name: Blistering Varnish Tree, Family Anacardiaceae Ethnomedicinal uses Leaves are dried and decoction is used to treat cough, cold, inflammation, tumor, cancer and various skin diseases. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. Common name: Mysore gamboge, Family: Clusiaceae Eugenia singampattiana Beddome Common name: Myrtaceae Ethnomedicinal uses The fruit as a whole or its extracts are used in treatment of various ailments like fever, stomach problems, skin diseases and sexual disorders. The plant is also used in treatment of various ailments of livestock. Diospyros ebenumJ.Koenig ex Retz. Common name: Malabar ebony, Family: Ebenaceae Ethnomedicinal uses A decoction of root-bark is used in rheumatism and swellings. The plant and parts, especially the fruit has been used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug in many local traditional medicines: Chinese herbal medicine, Tibetan medicine, and Ayurvedic medicine Jungle guava, Family: Ethnomedicinal uses The plant is used to get relief from toothache, digestive problems, asthma, giddiness, body pain, rheumatism, gastric complaints and also as mouth freshener. A paste prepared from equal quantities of leaves and flowers are consumed to cure body pain and throat pain and tender fruits are consumed to relief from leg sores and rheumatism. A paste is being prepared from equal quantities of stems, leaves and flowers are consumed with palm sugar to get relief from gastric complaints Euonymus indicus Heyne ex Roxb. Common name: Indian Family: Celastraceae, Spindle Wood, Ethnomedicinal uses Holigarna arnottiana Wall. ex Hook. f. Common name: Malabar Family: Anacardiaceae marking nut, The bark is especially useful in the treatment of liver disorders which follow or accompany fevers. The seeds are strongly emetic and 3486
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