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ACOUSTIC WAVES – FROM MICRODEVICES TO HELIOSEISMOLOGY Edited by Marco G. Beghi Acoustic Waves – From Microdevices to Helioseismology Edited by Marco G. Beghi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Roko Kerovec Image Copyright Bocos Benedict, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Acoustic Waves – From Microdevices to Helioseismology, Edited by Marco G. Beghi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-572-3 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Chapter 1 Theoretical and Numerical Investigations of Acoustic Waves 1 Analysis of Acoustic Wave in Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Media Using Finite Element Method Zi-Gui Huang 3 Chapter 2 Topological Singularities in Acoustic Fields due to Absorption of a Crystal 21 V. I. Alshits, V. N. Lyubimov and A. Radowicz Chapter 3 An Operational Approach to the Acoustic Analogy Equations 49 Dorel Homentcovschi and Ronald Miles Chapter 4 Exact Solutions Expressible in Hyperbolic and Jacobi Elliptic Functions of Some Important Equations of Ion-Acoustic Waves 67 A. H. Khater and M. M. Hassan Chapter 5 Acoustic Wave 79 P. K. Karmakar Part 2 Acoustic Waves as Investigative Tools 123 Chapter 6 Acoustic Waves: A Probe for the Elastic Properties of Films 125 Marco G. Beghi Chapter 7 Evaluation Method for Anisotropic Drilling Characteristics of the Formation by Using Acoustic Wave Information 147 Deli Gao and Qifeng Pan VI Contents Chapter 8 Machinery Faults Detection Using Acoustic Emission Signal 171 Dong Sik Gu and Byeong Keun Choi Chapter 9 Compensation of Ultrasound Attenuation in Photoacoustic Imaging 191 P. Burgholzer, H. Roitner, J. Bauer-Marschallinger, H. Grün, T. Berer and G. Paltauf Chapter 10 Low Frequency Acoustic Devices for Viscoelastic Complex Media Characterization 213 Georges Nassar Chapter 11 Modeling of Biological Interfacial Processes Using Thickness–Shear Mode Sensors 239 Ertan Ergezen, Johann Desa, Matias Hochman, Robert Weisbein Hart, Qiliang Zhang, Sun Kwoun, Piyush Shah and Ryszard Lec Chapter 12 Analysis of Biological Acoustic Waves by Means of the Phase–Sensitivity Technique 259 Wojciech Michalski, Wojciech Dziewiszek and Marek Bochnia Chapter 13 Photoacoustic Technique Applied to Skin Research: Characterization of Tissue, Topically Applied Products and Transdermal Drug Delivery 287 Jociely P. Mota, Jorge L.C. Carvalho, Sérgio S. Carvalho and Paulo R. Barja Chapter 14 Acoustic–Gravity Waves in the Ionosphere During Solar Eclipse Events 303 Petra Koucká Knížová and Zbyšek Mošna Part 3 Acoustic Waves as Manipulative Tools 321 Chapter 15 Use of Acoustic Waves for Pulsating Water Jet Generation 323 Josef Foldyna Chapter 16 Molecular Desorption by Laser–Driven Acoustic Waves: Analytical Applications and Physical Mechanisms 343 Alexander Zinovev, Igor Veryovkin and Michael Pellin Chapter 17 Excitation of Periodical Shock Waves in Solid–State Optical Media (Yb:YAG, Glass) at SBS of Focused Low–Coherent Pump Radiation: Structure Changes, Features of Lasing 369 N.E. Bykovsky and Yu.V. Senatsky Contents Chapter 18 Part 4 An Optimal Distribution of Actuatorsin Active Beam Vibration – Some Aspects, Theoretical Considerations Adam Brański Acoustic Wave Based Microdevices 397 419 Chapter 19 Multilayered Structure as a Novel Material for Surface Acoustic Wave Devices: Physical Insight 421 Natalya Naumenko Chapter 20 SAW Parameters Analysis and Equivalent Circuit of SAW Device 443 Trang Hoang Chapter 21 Sources of Third–Order Intermodulation Distortion in Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices: A Phenomenological Approach 483 Eduard Rocas and Carlos Collado Chapter 22 Shear Mode Piezoelectric Thin Film Resonators Takahiko Yanagitani Chapter 23 Polymer Coated Rayleigh SAW and STW Resonators for Gas Sensor Applications 521 Ivan D. Avramov Chapter 24 Ultrananocrystalline Diamond as Material for Surface Acoustic Wave Devices 547 Nicolas Woehrl and Volker Buck Chapter 25 Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Film Based Acoustic Devices: Material Synthesis and Device Fabrication 563 Jyoti Prakash Kar and Gouranga Bose Chapter 26 Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Harsh Environment 579 Cinzia Caliendo Chapter 27 Applications of In–Fiber Acousto–Optic Devices C. Cuadrado-Laborde, A. Díez, M. V. Andrés, J. L. Cruz, M. Bello-Jimenez, I. L. Villegas, A. Martínez-Gámez and Y. O. Barmenkov Chapter 28 Surface Acoustic Waves and Nano–Electromechanical Systems 637 Dustin J. Kreft and Robert H. Blick 501 595 VII Preface The subject of acoustic waves might easily be considered a mature one, quite specialized, with narrow and circumscribed fields of interest and of application. The present book is an evidence of the opposite: it witnesses how the concept of acoustic wave, a collective displacement of matter which perturbs an equilibrium configuration, is a pervasive concept, which emerges in very different fields. This type of phenomena can be analyzed from different points of view, it can be exploited in different ways, and is the object of active investigations. The present book, far from pretending to give an exhaustive overview of the subject, offers instead a sampling of various points of view, of applications, and of research objectives which are actively pursued. It must first be remembered that acoustic waves are supported by all the forms of matter: solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. And if similarities among the different phenomena are deep enough for them to deserve the same name, nevertheless the peculiarities connected to the various media are significant. Although the range of involved length and time scales is huge, going from sub-micrometric layers exploited in microdevices to seismic waves propagating in the Sun’s interior, the more profound peculiarities of the various cases concern the very heart of the phenomena, namely the type of forces which, in different types of media, tend to restore the equilibrium configuration. These phenomena can be approached under different points of view. A first type of approach aims at a better comprehension of phenomena. Many aspects of acoustic waves are nowadays well understood, but the investigation is obviously never ending. A line of research aims at the theoretical exploration, also by relatively sophisticated mathematical analyses, of various aspects of phenomena whose basic laws are well established. Concerning acoustic waves in elastic solids, Huang recalls the characters of such waves in homogeneous isotropic media. Then he exploits recent computational tools to analyze the modifications occurring in media which are periodically inhomogeneous, like composite materials. Alshits, Lyubimov & Radowicz investigate instead the elastic waves in solids which are homogeneous but anisotropic, like single crystals. They show that the addition of a dissipative term to the elasto-dynamic equations has consequences which go far beyond the intuitive introduction of a damping. This term can modify the same topology of the slowness surface, inducing a X Preface splitting of acoustic axes. Homentcovschi & Miles review and reformulate in an operational way the ‘acoustic analogy’ theory which describes how noise is generated in the interaction of gas flow with stationary or mobile bodies; the application of this approach to a range of technologies (jets, propellers, aircrafts) is easily imagined. Khater & Hassan consider various nonlinear evolution equations which are well established in plasma physics and fluid dynamics, and which admit wave solutions, either periodic waves or solitary waves. They seek exact solutions, which helps to understand phenomena more than purely numerical solutions. Karmakar considers various aspects involved in perturbations of plasmas, from ion acoustic excitation to turbulence, and focuses on the effects of the inertia of electrons, which is much smaller than that of ions but is not always completely negligible. He then combines various arguments to give a picture of solar wind plasma, which needs the description of the solar surface boundary. A second type of approach exploits acoustic waves as probes to gain information about the properties or the behavior of a system. Beghi revises various methods based on acoustic waves which aim at the elastic characterization of materials, namely of thin films. Gao & Pan consider a specific problem of significant technical relevance for the oil and gas industry: the drillability of rocks, and in particular its anisotropy. They shows how the outcome of laboratory acoustic tests correlates with the drilling properties of rocks. Gu & Choi consider instead the acoustic emission from rotating machinery, and show how it can be exploited for the early detection of faults. Burgholzer and coworkers focus on the photoacoustic imaging technique, and in particular on the image reconstruction to achieve the tomographic capability: they analyze methods to compensate for ultrasound attenuation in the media being observed. Since acoustic waves are relatively a non invasive probe, they can be exploited also on delicate materials and on biological systems. Nassar presents various applications to delicate systems in the agro-industry, like cheese undergoing ripening, for which dedicated low frequency sensors had to be developed. Erzegen and co-workers characterize the performance of the multi-resonant thickness shear mode sensor, exploited with a genetic algorithm for data processing: this type of sensor is devoted to the characterization of biological interfaces. Finally, two chapters present measurements performed in vivo. Michalski, Dziewiszek & Bochnia discuss the performance of phase sensitive techniques to characterize non linear systems, and show how these techniques can be applied to cochlear microphonics to study ear behavior. Mota, Carvalho & Barja present photoacoustic measurements performed on human skin, to characterize the skin itself, and the transdermal drug delivery. A completely different system is found in the ionosphere, where acoustic-gravity waves are found. Koucka & Mosna show how the ionogram technique can be exploited to investigate the ionosphere, in particular exploiting the waves excited by the shadow of an eclipse.