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University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Accounting Undergraduate Honors Theses Accounting 5-2016 Effect of Automated Advising Platforms on the Financial Advising Market Benjamin Faubion Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/acctuht Part of the Accounting Commons, and the Finance and Financial Management Commons Recommended Citation Faubion, Benjamin, "Effect of Automated Advising Platforms on the Financial Advising Market" (2016). Accounting Undergraduate Honors Theses. 24. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/acctuht/24 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Accounting at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Accounting Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Accounting Undergraduate Honors Theses Accounting 5-2016 Effect of Automated Advising Platforms on the Financial Advising Market Benjamin Faubion Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/acctuht Part of the Accounting Commons, and the Finance and Financial Management Commons This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Accounting at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Accounting Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Effect of Automated Advising Platforms on the Financial Advising Market By Benjamin Faubion Advisor: Alexey Malakhov An Honors Thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Accounting Sam M. Walton College of Business University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas May 13, 2016 1 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Robo-Advisors ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Fee Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Portfolio Customization ................................................................................................................................ 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Tables...........................................................................................................................................................11 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 18 2 Introduction Beginning to plan and save for retirement is a daunting task for the average working American. Throughout the course of one’s professional career it is important to put aside a small portion of annual income in hopes to retire with a standard of living equal to or better than the current. In planning for retirement many individuals seek advice on saving strategies and investment options from financial advisors, who specialize in structuring personal investments. Over the past several years a new competitor has entered the financial advising market. Automated advising platforms, often referred to as Robo-Advisors, are software driven financial advisors with the goal of providing trustworthy financial advice and investment services to individuals and company retirement plans at a fraction of the cost of traditional human financial advisors. The programs use similar strategies to human financial advisors by measuring the risk level, time horizon, and financial needs/desires of investors, then creating a personalized investment portfolio to achieve those goals. The process for developing a portfolio around these goals is where the Robo-Advisor and human financial advisor differ. When individuals first meet with a financial advisor the first step is to have a conversation allowing the financial advisor to learn about the client, his/her family, and life goals. From this information the advisor can plug this information into proprietary software to develop risk profiles and time horizons for clients. While this comes across as an organic process to advising clients, the process is no different with a Robo-Advisor. Robo-Advisors cut out the middle-man and have clients manually input personal information into questionnaires not so different from those used by a financial advisor. From the responses of the client, Robo-Advisors then build personalized financial portfolios to achieve client specific goals. 3 Financial advisors are tasked with securing and growing the largest sum of money individuals will ever accumulate throughout their life. When selecting a financial advisor, careful scrutiny is required. The most common areas of comparison between financial advisors is on performance and fees. Comparing performance between individual financial advisors is nearly impossible. Fee structure is a much more comparable metric amongst financial advisors, and this is where the Robo-Advisors find opportunity. Financial Advisors make the majority of their money in two methods. First through annual fees charged as a percentage of client assets under their control. These annual fees average out to around 1% across the industry (Clements, 2015). Current Robo-Advisors are charging customers fractions of that of traditional human advisors. The second money making opportunity for financial advisors is by recommending and placing clients into mutual funds from which they receive kickbacks. While Robo-Advisors will place clients into lower expense ETFs instead of high fee mutual funds. Minimized investment fees have driven many investors to replace their current advisor with one of the many Robo-Advising platforms on the market. The following sections outline and analyze the key differences between financial advisors and Robo-Advisors. First with a comparison of fees, the different advisors are compared, contrasted, and the implications of different fee structures analyzed. Second with comparisons of performance and an overview of the different financial instruments and strategies used by advisors. Third is an overview of the customization ability for both human and Robo-Advisors. Ending with a conclusion outlining the key points made throughout the thesis. 4 Robo-Advisors In comparing different Robo-Advisors, the eight most prominent platforms were selected for comparison; WealthFront, Charles Schwab Intelligent Portfolios, Betterment, WiseBanyan, SIGFIG, FutureAdvisor, Vanguard, and Personal Capital. Below are brief descriptions of each Robo-Advising platform and their advertised benefits. WealthFront began in December 2011 under the leadership of Dr. Burton Malkiel, Chief Investment Officer, with $7,685,010 assets under management. Today WealthFront holds over $2 billion in assets under management. Boasted as being “the most tax-efficient, low-cost, hassle-free way to invest”, WealthFront has operated as a pioneer in the Robo-Advising marketplace with advanced tax, stock diversification, ETF, and indexing strategies (WealthFront, 2016). Charles Schwab Intelligent Portfolios was a more recent entry into the Robo-Advising marketplace, opening to the public in March 2015. The Intelligent Portfolio option was a response by Charles Schwab to the booming Robo-Advisor trend, while still playing off the reputation and name brand of Charles Schwab. Schwab states that “if you have time for a cup of coffee, you have time to start investing with Schwab Intelligent Portfolios” (Charles Schwab, 2016). Betterment was one of the first Robo-Advising platforms to hit the market, founded in 2010 by Jon Stein and Eli Broverman. Betterment offers investors a wide diversification of investments, with options in over 100 countries. Offering excess cash investments and automated portfolio rebalancing, Betterment grants investors the freedom to set up scheduled deposits and not worry about maintaining their portfolios. (Betterment, 2016) 5 WiseBanyan, founded by Herbert Moore and Vicki Zhou in November 2013, promises to be the world’s first free financial advisor. Investors will pay $0 management fees, trading fees, and rebalancing fees upon launch. WiseBanyan promises investors a fully automated system with daily rebalancing, reinvestment of dividend, and depositing. (WiseBanyan, 2016) SIGFIG, originally started as WikiInvest in 2007 by Mike Sha and Parker Conrad, operates an investment account consolidator and Robo-Advising platform. Investors have the opportunity to migrate all their existing accounts under the SIGFIG roof, allowing for one-stop easy access to different accounts, along with Robo-Advising platforms directed toward tracking and achieving the future financial goals of clients. (SIGFIG, 2016) FutureAdvisor was launched in 2010 by Bo Lu and Jon Xu, both using their background of computer science and engineering to develop an investing platform for the modern age. Today FutureAdvisor offers clients investment services and management for retirement planning, college savings, and investment philosophy. FutureAdvisor offers clients value by aligning the goals of their different existing retirement accounts for the future. (FutureAdvisor, 2016) Vanguard Personal Capital is the most recent of the major investment companies’ forays into the Robo-Advisor marketplace. Using its current Retirement Planner, Vanguard projects investors’ financial needs and builds a portfolio and retirement plan around them. Vanguard advertises that along with their advisors, investors can increase annual returns by 3% or more (Vanguard, 2016). Personal Capital, led by Shlomo Benartzi and Harry Markowitz, developed a RoboAdvising platform around the Modern Portfolio Theory. Personal Capital builds investment portfolios around six investment asset classes; US Stocks and Bonds, International Stocks and 6 Bonds, Commodities and ETFs, and Cash. Personal Capital uses licensed advisors in conjunction with their Robo-Advisor platform targeting clients with over $1 million in assets to invest. (Personal Capital, 2016) Fee Analysis The true comparison and competitive advantage for Robo-Advisors comes in the form of fee savings for investors. Traditionally a 1% fee is standard for an actively-managed account (Clements, 2015). The Robo-Advising platforms studied all fall well short of the standard 1% fee, with some charging no fee to investors for assets under management. Below, the selected Robo-Advising platforms are compared on varying levels of invested capital and portfolio performance. Depending on income levels, investors will contribute varying amounts to their retirement funds. In forecasting the projected contribution amount over the life of investment, original contribution amounts are grown at accelerating rates until the model investor is 45 years old, then begins to slow in growth until tapering out at age 60. When accounting for investment level, investors were broken into Low, Medium, and High investment levels. The different investment levels were created using a baseline national average retirement savings contributions of $172,000 at age 60 (Collinson, 2015). With this information a low investment level established at $137,977 in investments spread throughout the life of the investor. The medium level of investment sets lifetime contributions to $241,459. Finally the high level of investment assumes $344,491 lifetime contributions. All of these investment levels were then tested in accordance with the Robo-Advisors fee structure and minimum account balance requirements. 7 The different investment levels were also tested along different levels of economic performance in order to gain a total picture of the merit of each Robo-Advising platform in poor, average, and above average performance levels. To establish these performance levels, a baseline average performance was set at 9.0%, with a poor performance level at 3.0%, and an above average performance level set at 15.0%. These different levels were then tapered over the life of the investment to reflect rebalancing of portfolios in accordance with investor risk tolerances and time horizons changing as they grow closer to and reach retirement age. When the eight Robo-Advising platforms are compared along the basis of investment level and economic performance, three platforms emerge as dominant. Betterment is the best of the available Robo-Advising platforms due to the $0 account minimum balance and the relatively low fees. WealthFront and SIGFIG battle for the second best Robo-Advising platforms. WealthFront favors investors with less capital to invest and situations when the portfolios earn average to below average returns. SIGFIG beats out WealthFront for investors with large amounts of capital to invest and times when financial markets are seeing above average performance. WiseBanyan was the only outlier when comparing the fees of the different Robo-Advising platforms. WiseBanyan advertises and charges a 0% fee for assets under management, which would place them first amongst their competition. Unclear is the manner in which WiseBanyan earns money. WiseBanyan states that their only source of income is through a la carté product and services. While this appears transparent at first glance, WiseBanyan may have quite limited investment options outside of those which would incur additional fees to clients. 8