Nội dung

Accounting Information Systems SEVENTH EDITION JAMES A. HALL Peter E. Bennett Chair in Business and Economics Lehigh University Accounting Information Systems, Seventh Edition James A. Hall VP/Editorial Director: Jack W. Calhoun Editor-in-Chief: Rob Dewey Sr. Acquisitions Editor: Matt Filimonov Editorial Assistant: Lauren Athmer ª 2011, 2008 Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Developmental Editor: Maggie Kubale Marketing Manager: Natalie King Marketing Coordinator: Heather McAuliffe Associate Content Project Manager: Jana Lewis Manager of Technology, Editorial: Matt McKinney For more information about our products, contact us at: Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.cengage.com/permissions. Media Editor: Bryan England Sr. Manufacturing Buyer: Doug Wilke Production Technology Analyst: Starratt Alexander Production House: Cadmus Communications Printer: Edwards Brothers South-Western Cengage Learning, a part of Cengage Learning. Cengage, the Star logo, and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license. Art Director: Stacy Jenkins-Shirley Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938064 Marketing Communications Manager: Libby Shipp ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-7857-0 Permissions Acquisition Manager: Roberta Broyer ISBN-10: 1-4390-7857-2 Cover Designer: Itzhack Shelomi Cover Image: iStock Photo Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 13 12 11 10 09 Cengage Learning 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH 45040 USA Brief Contents Preface xvii Part I Overview of Accounting Information Systems 1 Chapter 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 Chapter 2 Introduction to Transaction Processing 41 Chapter 3 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 111 Part II Transaction Cycles and Business Processes 151 Chapter 4 The Revenue Cycle 153 Chapter 5 The Expenditure Cycle Part I: Purchases and Cash Disbursements Procedures 217 Chapter 6 The Expenditure Cycle Part II: Payroll Processing and Fixed Asset Procedures 265 Chapter 7 The Conversion Cycle 305 Chapter 8 Financial Reporting and Management Reporting Systems 349 Part III Chapter 9 Advanced Technologies in Accounting Information 395 Database Management Systems 397 Chapter 10 The REA Approach to Database Modeling 459 Chapter 11 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 489 Chapter 12 Electronic Commerce Systems 523 iii iv Brief Contents Part IV Systems Development Activities 571 Chapter 13 Managing the Systems Development Life Cycle 573 Chapter 14 Construct, Deliver, and Maintain Systems Project 605 Part V Computer Controls and Auditing 663 Chapter 15 IT Controls Part I: Sarbanes-Oxley and IT Governance 665 Chapter 16 IT Controls Part II: Security and Access 703 Chapter 17 IT Controls Part III: Systems Development, Program Changes, and Application Controls 737 Glossary 773 Index 791 Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxvi Dedication xxvii Part I Chapter 1 Overview of Accounting Information Systems 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 THE INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT 4 What Is a System? 5 An Information Systems Framework 7 AIS Subsystems 9 A General Model for AIS 10 Acquisition of Information Systems 14 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 15 Business Segments 15 Functional Segmentation 16 The Accounting Function 19 The Information Technology Function 20 THE EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM MODELS 24 The Manual Process Model 24 The Flat-File Model 25 The Database Model 27 The REA Model 28 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 31 THE ROLE OF THE ACCOUNTANT 31 Accountants as Users 32 Accountants as System Designers 32 Accountants as System Auditors 32 SUMMARY 33 Chapter 2 Introduction to Transaction Processing 41 AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING 42 Transaction Cycles 42 ACCOUNTING RECORDS 44 Manual Systems 44 The Audit Trail 50 v vi Contents Computer-Based Systems 51 DOCUMENTATION TECHNIQUES 53 Data Flow Diagrams and Entity Relationship Diagrams 53 System Flowcharts 57 Program Flowcharts 64 Record Layout Diagrams 67 COMPUTER-BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS 67 Differences between Batch and Real-Time Systems 68 Alternative Data Processing Approaches 69 Batch Processing Using Real-Time Data Collection 71 Real-Time Processing 74 DATA CODING SCHEMES 74 A System without Codes 74 A System with Codes 76 Numeric and Alphabetic Coding Schemes 76 SUMMARY 79 APPENDIX 80 Chapter 3 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 111 ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS 112 Business Ethics 112 Computer Ethics 112 Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Ethical Issues 116 FRAUD AND ACCOUNTANTS 117 Definitions of Fraud 117 The Fraud Triangle 118 Financial Losses from Fraud 119 The Perpetrators of Frauds 120 Fraud Schemes 122 INTERNAL CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES 128 SAS 78/COSO Internal Control Framework 132 SUMMARY 137 Part II Chapter 4 Transaction Cycles and Business Processes 151 The Revenue Cycle 153 THE CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM 154 Overview of Revenue Cycle Activities 154 Sales Return Procedures 160 Cash Receipts Procedures 163 Contents Revenue Cycle Controls 166 PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 170 MANUAL SYSTEMS 171 Sales Order Processing 171 Sales Return Procedures 174 Cash Receipts Procedures 174 COMPUTER-BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS 177 Automating Sales Order Processing with Batch Technology 177 Keystroke 178 Edit Run 180 Update Procedures 180 Reengineering Sales Order Processing with Real-Time Technology 180 Transaction Processing Procedures 180 General Ledger Update Procedures 182 Advantages of Real-Time Processing 183 Automated Cash Receipts Procedures 183 Reengineered Cash Receipts Procedures 185 Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems 185 Daily Procedures 185 End-of-Day Procedures 187 Reengineering Using EDI 187 Reengineering Using the Internet 188 Control Considerations for Computer-Based Systems 188 PC-BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS 190 PC Control Issues 190 SUMMARY 191 APPENDIX 192 Chapter 5 The Expenditure Cycle Part I: Purchases and Cash Disbursements Procedures 217 THE CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM 218 Overview of Purchases and Cash Disbursements Activities 218 The Cash Disbursements Systems 225 Expenditure Cycle Controls 228 PHYSICAL SYSTEMS 230 A Manual System 230 The Cash Disbursements Systems 232 COMPUTER-BASED PURCHASES AND CASH DISBURSEMENTS APPLICATIONS 234 Automating Purchases Procedures Using Batch Processing Technology 234 vii viii Contents Cash Disbursements Procedures 239 Reengineering the Purchases/Cash Disbursements System 240 Control Implications 242 SUMMARY 243 Chapter 6 The Expenditure Cycle Part II: Payroll Processing and Fixed Asset Procedures 265 THE CONCEPTUAL PAYROLL SYSTEM 266 Payroll Controls 274 THE PHYSICAL PAYROLL SYSTEM 275 Manual Payroll System 275 COMPUTER-BASED PAYROLL SYSTEMS 277 Automating the Payroll System Using Batch Processing 277 Reengineering the Payroll System 279 THE CONCEPTUAL FIXED ASSET SYSTEM 281 The Logic of a Fixed Asset System 281 THE PHYSICAL FIXED ASSET SYSTEM 283 Computer-Based Fixed Asset System 283 Controlling the Fixed Asset System 286 SUMMARY 288 Chapter 7 The Conversion Cycle 305 THE TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT 306 Batch Processing System 307 Controls in the Traditional Environment 318 WORLD-CLASS COMPANIES AND LEAN MANUFACTURING 320 What Is a World-Class Company? 320 Principles of Lean Manufacturing 320 TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT PROMOTE LEAN MANUFACTURING 322 Physical Reorganization of the Production Facilities 322 Automation of the Manufacturing Process 323 ACCOUNTING IN A LEAN MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT 326 What’s Wrong with Traditional Accounting Information? 326 Activity-Based Costing (ABC) 328 Value Stream Accounting 329 INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT LEAN MANUFACTURING 331 Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) 331 Contents Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) 331 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems 333 SUMMARY 334 Chapter 8 Financial Reporting and Management Reporting Systems 349 THE GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM 349 The Journal Voucher 350 The GLS Database 350 GLS Procedures 352 THE FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM 352 Sophisticated Users with Homogeneous Information Needs 352 Financial Reporting Procedures 352 XBRL—REENGINEERING FINANCIAL REPORTING 355 XML 355 XBRL 356 The Current State of XBRL Reporting 361 CONTROLLING THE FRS 362 SAS 78/COSO Control Issues 362 Internal Control Implications of XBRL 364 THE MANAGEMENT REPORTING SYSTEM 365 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE MRS 365 Management Principles 365 Management Function, Level, and Decision Type 368 Problem Structure 370 Types of Management Reports 371 Responsibility Accounting 374 Behavioral Considerations 378 SUMMARY 380 Part III Chapter 9 Advanced Technologies in Accounting Information 395 Database Management Systems 397 OVERVIEW OF THE FLAT-FILE VERSUS DATABASE APPROACH 398 Data Storage 398 Data Updating 398 Currency of Information 399 Task-Data Dependency 399 The Database Approach 399 Flat-File Problems Solved 400 ix