Nội dung

The University of Ottawa Press is grateful for the support of the Department of Canadian Heritage in the publication of this book. Cover photograph and design: Kevin Matthews Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Accounting for Culture: thinking through cultural citizenship / edited by Caroline Andrew, Monica Gattinger, M. Sharon Jeannotte, and Will Straw. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7766-0596-8 1. Canada—Cultural policy. 2. Canada—Intellectual life—21st century—Citizen participation. 3. Canada—Civilization—21st century. I. Andrew, Caroline, 1942FC95.5.A32 2005 306'.0971 C2005-901624-8 Accounting for Culture: Thinking Through Cultural Citizenship edited by Caroline Andrew Monica Gattinger M. Sharon Jeannotte Will Straw This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword by Judith A. LaRocque ix Foreword by Donna Cardinal xiii Contributor biographies xiv Introduction Caroline Andrew and Monica Gattinger - Accounting for Culture: Thinking Through Cultural Citizenship 1 PARTI The Evolution and Broadening of Cultural Policy Rationales 1. Colin Mercer - From Indicators to Governance to the Mainstream: Tools for Cultural Policy and Citizenship 9 2. Dirk Stanley - The Three Faces of Culture: Why Culture is a Strategic Good Requiring Government Policy Attention 21 3. Catherine Murray - Cultural Participation: A Fuzzy Cultural Policy Paradigm 32 PART II Voices 4. John Meisel - The Chameleon-like Complexion of Cultural Policy: Re-educating an Octogenarian 57 5. Allan Gregg - Refraining the Case for Culture 74 6. Tom Sherman - Artists' Behaviour in the First Decade 82 v This page intentionally left blank PART III New Approaches in a Changing Cultural Environment 7. John A. Foote - The Changing Environments of Cultural Policy and Citizenship in Canada 91 8. Stuart Cunningham, Terry Cutler, Greg Hearn, Mark David Ryan, and Michael Keane - From "Culture" to "Knowledge": An Innovation Systems Approach to the Content Industries 104 9. M. Sharon Jeannotte -Just Showing Up: Social and Cultural Capital in Everyday Life 124 10. Karim H. Karim - The Elusiveness of Full Citizenship: Accounting for Cultural Capital, Cultural Competencies, and Cultural Pluralism 146 11. Rosaire Garon - Les pratiques culturelles en mutation a la fin du XXe siecle: la situation au Quebec 159 12. Will Straw - Pathways of Cultural Movement 183 PART IV Governance, Indicators, and Engagement in the Cultural Sector 13. Monica Gattinger - Creative Pique: On Governance and Engagement in the Cultural Sector 201 14. Gilles Paquet - Governance of Culture: Words of Caution 221 15. Christian Poirier - Vers des indicateurs culturels elargis? Justificatifs des politiques culturelles et indicateurs de performance au Quebec et en Europe 235 16. Nancy Duxbury - Cultural Indicators and Benchmarks in Community Indicator Projects 257 Conclusion M. Sharon Jeannotte and Will Straw - Reflections on the Cultural and Political Implications of Cultural Citizenship 273 Annex Greg Baeker - Back to the Future: The Colloquium in Context: The Democratization of Culture and Cultural Democracy vii 279 This page intentionally left blank Foreword Accounting for Culture: Examining the Building Blocks of Cultural Citizenship The following are the opening remarks made by Judith A. LaRocque, Deputy Minister for the Department of Canadian Heritage, at a colloquium held in Ottawa in November 2003 celebrating the fifth anniversary of the Canadian Cultural Research Network and the tenth anniversary of the Department of Canadian Heritage. On behalf of the Department of Canadian Heritage, I would like to welcome you all here tonight on an occasion that marks a number of important milestones. First, it is the fifth anniversary of the Canadian Cultural Research Network (CCRN), which held its inaugural colloquium in Ottawa in June 1998. I am pleased that the CCRN has chosen to meet here again five years later, in partnership with the Department of Canadian Heritage and the University of Ottawa, to examine the theme of Accounting for Culture: Examining the Building Blocks of Cultural Citizenship. For the Department of Canadian Heritage, this colloquium also marks a couple of significant events: the tenth anniversary of our creation and the launch of the Canadian Cultural Observatory's new on-line service, http://www.culturescope.ca. When the department was formed ten years ago, many wondered about the relationship between its two halves. Just what did culture have to do with citizenship? Why would anyone try to bring together the people who worked with artists and museums and broadcasters with the people who were concerned about official languages, multiculturalism, and citizen participation? Avec 1'Universite d'Ottawa, je suis certaine que nous allons faire du progres au cours des deux prochains jours pour repondre aux questions que je viens de poser. It is important that we think hard about this because there is a growing realization among cultural policy-makers that economic justifications of cultural and heritage activities are no longer adequate (if they ever were) for policy and advocacy purposes. ix We are increasingly concerned with the social and citizenship dimensions of culture. The social dimension does not just mean belter measures of consumption and demand for cultural goods. It means understanding how Canadian culture affects citizens and how Canadian citizens interact with and shape their culture. It means understanding cultural diversity, citizen participation, and community building. As Canada becomes a more diverse place, the sources and kinds of cultural expression become more diverse. We need to understand these cultural changes if our policies are going to help us to benefit from this diversity. We need information on the characteristics of cultural change, and on the effects of cultural participation on people and the motivations which drive them. Cultural participation is one of the key tools people use to build their sense of attachment and connection to each other. Cultural participation also bridges fault lines and builds common understandings where only difference existed. Engagement with culture is hard to distinguish from community development and the growth of citizenship. When people engage with culture, they necessarily engage with each other, with people like them in some way, and inevitably with people who are different. Cultural policy has the potential therefore to reach out beyond the traditional realm of industry, art, and museum to influence citizenship, values, tolerance, and the very construction of Canadian society. To support these new policy directions, we obviously need different data than we have now. But our needs go beyond data. We need scholarship to understand the relationship between culture and society. We also need theory to link culture to its social effects, and we need conceptual frameworks to help us focus in on the indicators that will really tell us what is going on. That is why I find the dual themes of this colloquium so interesting and so timely. Under the Accounting for Culture theme, you are going to look at new tools to support planning, reporting, and assessment of cultural policies and actions. And under the Cultural Citizenship theme, you are going to link these new tools to "rebuilding the case for culture," specifically, examining culture's role in supporting new understandings of citizenship and civic participation. I think that by doing this alone you are breaking important new ground. However, you are doing even more. By inviting the participation of both researchers and policymakers at this colloquium and by focusing clearly on "knowledge transfer" as a key element, you are building a bridge between those who think about cultural citizenship and those who will have to address the new policy imperatives of diversity and inclusion. In the coming months, as Ottawa undertakes the "changing of the guard," I believe that there will be a huge appetite for new ideas, for creative approaches to persistent problems, and for what David Zussman of the Public Policy Forum has termed "a more evidence-based approach to public policy." I view this colloquium as an important step in creating those ideas and building the evidence base that we will need to address the emerging issues surrounding cultural citizenship. Une autre partie tres importante du colloque, et un evenement marquant pour le ministere du Patrimoine canadien, est le lancement du service en ligne de l'Observatoire l canadien,http://www.culturescope.ca l L'Observatoire culturel canadien est une initiative du ministere du Patrimoine canadien, avec le support du programme Culture Canadienne en ligne. Sa mission est de x